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146-470: By extension, "Golden Age" denotes a period of primordial peace , harmony , stability , and prosperity . During this age, peace and harmony prevailed in that people did not have to work to feed themselves for the earth provided food in abundance. They lived to a very old age with a youthful appearance, eventually dying peacefully, with spirits living on as "guardians". Plato in Cratylus (397 e) recounts

292-543: A State of Nature with the celestial harmony of which man's nature is (or should be, if properly regulated) a microcosm , reflects the Hellenistic cosmology that prevailed among literate classes of Virgil's era. It is seen again in Ovid 's Metamorphoses (7 CE), in which the lost Golden Age is depicted as a place and time when, because nature and reason were harmoniously aligned, men were naturally good: The Golden Age

438-621: A messianic prophecy of Jesus in which he is called the " Prince of Peace ". In the Gospel of Luke , Zechariah celebrates his son John : "And you, child, will be called the prophet of the Most High; for you will go before the Lord to prepare his ways, to give knowledge of salvation to his people by the forgiveness of their sins. By the tender mercy of our God, the dawn from on high will break upon us, to give light to those who sit in darkness and in

584-670: A Golden Age exist in the said world's prehistory; when deities or elf -like creatures existed, before the coming of humans . For example, in The Silmarillion by J. R. R. Tolkien , a Golden Age exists in Middle-earth legendarium. Arda (the part of the world where The Lord of the Rings is set), was designed to be symmetrical and perfect. After the wars of the Gods, Arda lost its perfect shape (known as Arda Unmarred ) and

730-437: A National Park in 1938. The aim of this declaration was "...the preservation in perpetuity of the natural environment of the region, i.e. of wild flora, fauna and natural landscape, as well as its cultural and other values...". In addition the declaration has aimed promoting scientific research along with environmental education for the public and tourist development in the region. Specific laws prohibit all forms of exploitation on

876-482: A box that she was forbidden to open; however, her uncontrollable curiosity got the better of her and she opened the box, thereby unleashing all manner of evil into the world. The Orphic school held similar beliefs about the early days of man, likewise denominating the ages with metals. In common with the many other mystery cults prevalent in the Graeco-Roman world (and their Indo-European religious antecedents),

1022-573: A cave that he named Shelter of the Muses , and he spent many summers painting views of the mountain. Olympus was later photographed and mapped in detail by others, and a series of successful climbs and winter ascents of the steepest summits in difficult weather conditions took place. Climbing Mount Olympus is a non-technical hike, except for the final section from the Skala summit to the Mytikas peak, which

1168-496: A common noun, as a synonym of οὐρανός ouranos "sky". Mount Olympus was historically also known as Mount Belus , after Iliad 1.591, where the seat of the gods is referred to as βηλὸς θεσπέσiος "heavenly threshold". In Ancient Greek religion and mythology , "Olympus" was the name of the home of the Twelve Olympian gods . This was conceived of as a lofty mountaintop, and in all regions settled by Greek tribes ,

1314-456: A considerable variety of herbaceous plants. Gorges and ravines are covered by oriental planes , willows , black alders and riverside greenery. Typical species of this zone is Bosnian pine. This rare kind of pine occurs sporadically higher than 1,000 metres and gradually replaces the black pine, while over 1,400 metres it creates an almost unmixed forest. Over 2,000 metres the forest becomes sparser, reaching to 2,750 metres, thus creating one of

1460-728: A continuity of views of the Popes to have confidence in the Holy Rosary as a means to foster peace. In the Encyclical Mense maio , 1965, in which he urged the practice of the Holy Rosary, and as reaffirmed in the encyclical Christi Matri , 1966, to implore peace, Pope Paul VI stated in the apostolic Recurrens mensis , October 1969, that the Rosary is a prayer that favors the great gift of peace. Hindu texts contain

1606-520: A convent. Further west, in the edge of Mavratza stream, at 1,020 m, there is the Agia Triada Sparmou Monastery , that flourished in the early 18th century, possessed great property and assisted to establish the famous Tsaritsani ' school. It was abandoned in 1932, but in 2000 it was completely renovated and reopened as a male monastery, affiliated to Elassona 's diocese. Archaeological evidence suggests that Mount Olympus

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1752-485: A culture hero rather than a god, was thought to have maintained a Golden Age in the world by helping humans by doing things such as eating every single plant to see which ones were edible, as well as his own suffering because of various poisonings he survived with the help of his supernatural digestive system, that came to an end with his death. In modern fantasy worlds , whose background and setting sometimes draw heavily on real-world myths, similar or compatible concepts of

1898-432: A dream incarnate of ineffable happiness, surrounded nevertheless with a halo of 'sweetly sad' melancholy": There had been, from the beginning of classical speculation, two contrasting opinions about the natural state of man, each of them, of course, a "Gegen-Konstruktion" to the conditions under which it was formed. One view, termed "soft" primitivism in an illuminating book by Lovejoy and Boas conceives of primitive life as

2044-428: A golden age of plenty, innocence, and happiness – in other words, as civilized life purged of its vices. The other, "hard" form of primitivism conceives of primitive life as an almost subhuman existence full of terrible hardships and devoid of all comforts – in other words, as civilized life stripped of its virtues. Arcady, as we encounter it in all modern literature, and as we refer to it in our daily speech, falls under

2190-787: A hole – The Bore – being drilled in the Dark One's prison. The immediate effects were not realised, but the Dark One gradually asserted power over humanity, swaying many to become his followers. This resulted in the War of Power and eventually the Breaking of the World. Another example is in the background of the Lands of Lore classic computer game, where the history of the Lands is divided in Ages. One of them

2336-586: A nation is responsible for providing peace and security against foreign threats and aggression. National security can be threatened by a range of factors, including actions by other states (such as military or cyber attacks), violent non-state actors (such as terrorist attacks), organized criminal groups (such as narcotic cartels), and natural disasters (such as floods and earthquakes). Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be transnational, include economic inequality and marginalisation, political exclusion , climate change , and nuclear proliferation . In view of

2482-475: A natural limit that separates the mountain from Lower Olympus. There are also many precipices and a number of caves, even nowadays unexplored. The form and layout of the rocks favor the emergence of numerous springs, most of them lower than 2,000 m, small seasonal lakes and streams and a small river, Enipeas, with its springs in the site Prionia and its estuary in the Aegean Sea . The origin of

2628-448: A new Golden Age of peace and justice was about to return: Ultima Cumaei venit iam carminis aetas; magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo: iam redit et Virgo, redeunt Saturnia regna; iam nova progenies caelo demittitur alto. Translation: Now the last age by Cumae's Sibyl sung Has come and gone, and the majestic roll Of circling centuries begins anew: Astraea returns, Returns old Saturn's reign, With

2774-596: A new breed of men sent down from heaven. Somewhat later, shortly before he wrote his epic poem the Aeneid , which dealt with the establishment of Roman Imperial rule, Virgil composed his Georgics (29 BCE), modeled directly on Hesiod's Works and Days and similar Greek works. Ostensibly about agriculture, the Georgics are in fact a complex allegory about how man's alterations of nature (through works) are related to good and bad government. Although Virgil does not mention

2920-633: A number of interesting data for the mountain's climate. The average temperature is −5 °C in winter and 10 °C in summer. The average annual precipitation heights vary from 149 cm at Prionia (1,100 m) to 170 cm at Aghios Antonios, about half of them rainfall and hailstorms in summer and the rest snowfall in winter. The weather may change several times in the same day. In summer rainfalls are frequent, commonly as evening thunderstorms, many times accompanied by hail and strong winds. However water springs over 2,000 metres are scarce and visitors should ensure that they have always water and of course

3066-579: A period in the history of the United States, is a parody of this usage of "golden age" (suggesting that the period has the outward appearance of a golden age, but is in actuality much less desirable). Peace Peace is a state of harmony in the absence of hostility and violence . In a societal sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. "Psychological peace" (such as peaceful thinking and emotions)

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3212-625: A reference to a succession of kingdoms in Nebuchadnezzar 's dream in Daniel 2 , in decreasing order identified as gold, silver, bronze, iron and finally mixed iron and clay. 31 "Your Majesty looked, and there before you stood a large statue – an enormous, dazzling statue, awesome in appearance. 32 The head of the statue was made of pure gold, its chest and arms of silver, its belly and thighs of bronze, 33 its legs of iron, its feet partly of iron and partly of baked clay. 34 While you were watching,

3358-426: A road leads to Prionia, where the hike begins at the bottom of the mountain. Generally speaking Olympus's climate can be described as Mediterranean with continental influence. Its local variations are the result of the impact of the sea and the rugged terrain of the region. In the lower locations (Litochoro and the foothills) the climate is typically Mediterranean, i.e. hot and dry in the summer, but humid and cold in

3504-420: A rock was cut out, but not by human hands. It struck the statue on its feet of iron and clay and smashed them. 35 Then the iron, the clay, the bronze, the silver and the gold were all broken to pieces and became like chaff on a threshing floor in the summer. The wind swept them away without leaving a trace. But the rock that struck the statue became a huge mountain and filled the whole earth." The interpretation of

3650-537: A site of community interest. In June 2016 the Olympus National Park Information Center , located at Litochoro, opened its gates. It informs their visitors about geology, archaeological sites, mythology, monasteries, plants, animals and other subjects affecting Mount Olympus. Hikers will find help from professional rangers, a guide provides tours for groups in the mountain area. The Park is protected by specific legislation. Under

3796-454: A tradition Orpheus, son of Apollo and Calliope (one of the Muses), taught here the mystic ceremonies of worship of Dionysus (also known as Bacchus). By the sea, in a strategic position, at Macedonia's gates is located Platamon Castle , built between 7th and 10th century AD in the ancient town of Heracleia. To the north the ancient Pydna is located. Here, in 168 BC, the decisive battle between

3942-573: A translation of the Hebrew word shalom , which, according to Jewish theology, comes from a Hebrew verb meaning 'to be complete, whole'. Although "peace" is the usual translation, it is an incomplete one, because shalom , which is also cognate with the Arabic salaam , has multiple other meanings in addition to peace, including justice, good health, safety, well-being, prosperity, equity, security, good fortune, and friendliness, as well as simply

4088-481: A wall, an impressive precipitous amphitheatrical cavity, 700 metres (2,300 ft) in depth and 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) in circumference, the 'Megala Kazania'. On the east side of the high peaks the steep slopes form zone like parallel folds, the 'Zonaria'. Even narrower and steeper scorings, the 'Loukia', lead to the peak. On the north side, between Stefani and Profitis Ilias, extends the Muses' Plateau, at 2,550 metres (8,370 ft), while further south, almost in

4234-490: A whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. The obligation of the state to provide for domestic peace within its borders is usually charged to the police and other general domestic policing activities. The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state to enforce the law , to protect the lives, liberty and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder. Their powers include

4380-514: Is All-Aware of what you do." The Judaic tradition associates God with peace, as evidenced by various principles and laws in Judaism. Shalom , the biblical and modern Hebrew word for peace, is one of the names for God according to the Judaic law and tradition. For instance, in traditional Jewish law , individuals are prohibited from saying " Shalom " when they are in the bathroom as there

4526-400: Is a YDS class 3 rock scramble and due to high exposure to heights, requires resistance to acrophobia . It is estimated that over 10,000 people visit Mount Olympus each year, most of them reaching only the Skala and Skolio summits. Most climbs of Mount Olympus start from the town of Litochoro , which took the name City of Gods because of its location at the foot of the mountain. From there

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4672-454: Is a prohibition on uttering any of God's names in the bathroom, out of respect for the divine name. Jewish liturgy and prayer is replete with prayers asking God to establish peace in the world. The שמונה עשרה , a key prayer in Judaism that is recited three times each day, concludes with a blessing for peace. The last blessing of the שמונה עשרה , also known as the Amida ("standing" as the prayer

4818-723: Is also called the Golden Age, a time when the Lands were ruled by the 'Ancients', and there were no wars. This age ended with the 'War of the Heretics'. The Golden Age may also refer to a state of early childhood. Herbert Spencer argued that young children progress through the cognitive stages of evolution of the human species and of human civilization, thereby linking pre-civilization and infancy. Kenneth Grahame called his evocation of early childhood ' The Golden Age ' and J. M. Barrie 's fictional character Peter Pan , who first appeared in ' The Little White Bird '

4964-472: Is also probably cognate with the Mycenean Greek word 𐀄𐀬𐀠𐀊𐀍 (u-ru-pi-ja-jo) which is, most likely, a term used to describe people, or possibly an ethnic group . In Homeric Greek ( Odyssey 6.42), the variant Οὔλυμπος Oulumpos occurs, conceived of as the seat of the gods (and not identified with any specific peak). Homer ( Iliad 5.754, Odyssey 20.103) also appears to be using οὔλυμπος as

5110-467: Is also used in the sense of "quiet", reflecting calm, serene, and meditative approaches to family or group relationships that have an absence of quarreling, disturbances and agitation; but seek clarity of conversation, and tranquility. In many languages, the word 'peace' is also used as a greeting or a farewell, for example the Hawaiian word aloha , as well as the Arabic word salaam . In English

5256-466: Is an extensive massif near the Thermaic Gulf of the Aegean Sea , located on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia , between the regional units of Larissa and Pieria , about 80 km (50 mi) southwest from Thessaloniki . Mount Olympus has 52 peaks and deep gorges. The highest peak, Mytikas ( Μύτικας Mýtikas ), meaning "nose", rises to 2,917.727 metres (9,572.60 ft) and

5402-526: Is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. After authorization by the Security Council ,

5548-601: Is attained by ending pain and suffering. They regard pain and suffering is stemming from cravings (in the extreme, greed), aversions (fears), and delusions and suffering is attachments to outcomes. To eliminate such pain and suffering and achieve personal peace, followers in the path of the Buddha adhere to a set of teachings called the Four Noble Truths — a central tenet in Buddhist philosophy. Islam derived from

5694-495: Is awarded biennially to a student or a student organization that has made a significant contribution to promoting peace and human rights. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize , is awarded annually "in recognition of an individual's or an organisation's contribution for the advancement of the cause of peace". The prize was first launched in 2009 by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize Committee under

5840-551: Is awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee , a group of five individuals chosen by the Norwegian parliament. Nominees for the prize come from around the world, and are often those who have worked to end conflict, protect human rights, or promote humanitarian efforts. It is awarded annually to internationally notable persons following the prize's creation in the will of Alfred Nobel . According to Nobel's will,

5986-466: Is awarded to an organization or an individual whose life and work has demonstrated significant contributions to: The achievement of peace with justice locally, nationally or internationally The promotion and attainment of human rights The philosophy, language and practice of non-violence A peace museum is a museum that documents historical peace initiatives. Many provide advocacy programs for nonviolent conflict resolution. This may include conflicts at

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6132-514: Is known to have been the site of a sanctuary of Zeus in antiquity based on archaeological finds discovered in 1961. In the modern era, a series of explorers tried to study the mountain and to reach its summit. Examples include the French archaeologist Leon Heuzey (1855), the German explorer Heinrich Barth (1862), and the German engineer Edward Richter. Richter tried to reach the summit in 1911 but

6278-449: Is less well-defined, yet perhaps a necessary precursor to establishing "behavioural peace". Peaceful behaviour sometimes results from a "peaceful inner disposition". It has been argued by some that inner qualities such as tranquility , patience , respect , compassion , kindness , self-control , courage , moderation , forgiveness , equanimity , and the ability to see the big picture can promote peace within an individual, regardless of

6424-899: Is marked by important, rare and endangered species. Large mammals, that lived formerly in the region, like roe deer , have disappeared. In ancient times there were lions ( Pausanias ), while at least until the 16th century there were brown bears (Life of St. Dionysios the Later). Thirty-two mammal species have been recorded, including Balkan chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica) , roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) , wild boar , wildcat (Felis sylvestris) , beech marten (Martes foina) , red fox and red squirrel . There have also been detected 108 species of birds (like sparrowhawk , cinereous vulture , rock partridge , white stork , rock dove , European robin , lanner falcon , peregrine falcon , tree falcon, golden eagle , short-toed snake eagle , booted eagle and hoopoe ). Many of them, particularly

6570-594: Is mixed with black pine and Bosnian pine . In this zone there is also beech . While in the neighboring mountains Pierians and Ossa it creates an extended vegetation zone, in Olympus it is restricted to small clusters, appearing as islets, mainly in more humid locations and the best soils. A particularly rich variety of trees and shrubs is found in Enipeas' gorge. One can see there elm , cherry plum , European yew , hazel , holly , Cornus mas , manna ash , maple and

6716-608: Is said while standing), is focused on peace, beginning and ending with supplications for peace and blessings. Peace is central to Judaism's core principle of מָשִׁיחַ ("messiah") which connotes a time of universal peace and abundance, a time where weapons will be turned into plowshares and lions will sleep with lambs. As it is written in the Book of Isaiah : They shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks; nation will not lift sword against nation and they will no longer study warfare. The wolf will live with

6862-537: Is snowcapped for about nine months (September to May). In some places the winds gather snow, 8–10 metres thick ( anemosouria in Greek), while in some deep ravines the snow is maintained all over the year (everlasting snow). For this Olympus's alpine region, recordings have been made in the 1960s in the highest-elevation weather station in Greece, that was established on the summit of Aghios Antonios (2,815 m), providing

7008-612: Is that an understanding between the three great powers will render war impossible and educational relations make the strongest tie'. This peace purpose of the Rhodes Scholarships was very prominent in the first half of the 20th century, and became prominent again in recent years under Warden of the Rhodes House Donald Markwell , a historian of thought about the causes of war and peace. This vision greatly influenced Senator J. William Fulbright in

7154-421: Is the central, almost vertical, rocky peaks, that impress the visitor. Over the town of Litochoro, on the horizon, the relief of the mountain displays an apparent "V", between two peaks of almost equal height. The left limb is the peak named Mytikas (or Pantheon). It is Greece's highest peak. Then, on the right is Stefani (or Thronos Dios [Throne of Zeus – 2,902 metres (9,521 ft)]), which presents

7300-599: Is the highest peak in Greece , and one of the highest peaks in Europe in terms of topographic prominence . In Greek mythology , Olympus is the home of the Greek gods , on Mytikas peak. The mountain has exceptional biodiversity and rich flora . It has been a National Park , the first in Greece, since 1938. It is also a World Biosphere Reserve . Olympus remains the most popular hiking summit in Greece, as well as one of

7446-625: Is therefore at the same time an inquiry into its form. Is it simply the absence of mass organized killing (war), or does peace require a particular morality and justice? ( just peace ). Societal peace can be seen at least in two forms: Since 1945, the United Nations and the United Nations Security Council have operated under the aim to resolve conflicts without war. Nonetheless, nations have entered numerous military conflicts since then. The United Nations (UN)

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7592-623: Is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad , the world's largest city by then, where Islamic scholars and polymaths from various parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and translate all of the known world's classical knowledge into Syriac and Arabic. Old Norse : Gullaldr ("Age of Gold")

7738-521: Is used in Gylfaginning to describe the period after the creation of the world, and before the arrival of three women out of Jötunheimr , who have been proposed to be the Norns . A second ideal period is Fróði's Peace , a semi-legendary time during the rule of a Danish king in which peace and prosperity was seen throughout Northern Europe . Shennong , in the myth cycles that thought of him as

7884-410: Is without fault? The chariot that leads to victory is of another kind. Valour and fortitude are its wheels; Truthfulness and virtuous conduct are its banner; Strength, discretion, self-restraint and benevolence are its four horses, Harnessed with the cords of forgiveness, compassion and equanimity... Whoever has this righteous chariot, has no enemy to conquer anywhere. Buddhists believe that peace

8030-481: The Ice age , is of particular interest to botanists. The intense diversity of the landscape, the varying orientation of the slopes and their position in relation to the sea affect locally Olympus's climate and so a local microclimate prevails, combined with the geological background and the soil favor the growth of particular vegetation types and biotopes. Generally Olympus's northeast side is densely forested, as it receives

8176-459: The Satya Yuga "because it was the time when all people were happy". Satya Yuga ( a.k.a. Krita Yuga ) according to Mahabharata : Men neither bought nor sold; there were no poor and no rich; there was no need to labour, because all that men required was obtained by the power of will; the chief virtue was the abandonment of all worldly desires. The Krita Yuga was without disease; there

8322-452: The Vedic or ancient Hindu culture saw history as cyclical , each cycle composed of four yugas (ages) – Satya Yuga (Golden Age), Treta Yuga (Silver Age), Dvapara Yuga (Bronze Age) and Kali Yuga (Iron Age) – correspond to the four Greek ages. Similar beliefs occur in the ancient Middle East and throughout the ancient world, as well. There is

8468-460: The world view of Orphism was cyclical. Initiation into its secret rites, together with ascetic practices, was supposed to guarantee the individual's soul eventual release from the grievous circle of mortality and also communion with the gods. Orphics sometimes identified the Golden Age with the era of the god Phanes , who was regent over the Olympus before Cronus. In classical mythology however,

8614-465: The "Age of Legends" is the name given to the previous Age: In this society, channelers were common and Aes Sedai – trained channelers – were extremely powerful, able to make angreal , sa'angreal , and ter'angreal , and holding important civic positions. The Age of Legends is seen as a utopian society without war or crime, and devoted to culture and learning. Aes Sedai were frequently devoted to academic endeavours, one of which inadvertently resulted in

8760-572: The "Special Regulation" entrance to the Park is allowed only by the existing roads and traffic is allowed from sunrise to sunset only on formed paths. The visitor should also know that the following activities are not allowed: Olympus' massif is found about in the middle of Continental Greece and is easy to approach from the national railway network on the Athens-Thessaloniki line and the secondary roads that connect towns and villages around

8906-453: The 1920s, for example amongst members of the League of Nations Union , gave way to widespread disillusion in the 1930s as the League struggled to respond to challenges from Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan. The prominent scholar, Sir Alfred Eckhard Zimmern , who is widely regarded as one of the most influential intellectuals of the League of Nations, drew inspiration for his studies from

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9052-599: The 5th century BC, as Herodotus (1.56) identifies Olympus as the peak in Thessaly. In Pieria , at Olympus's northern foot, the mythological tradition had placed the nine Muses , patrons of the Fine Arts, daughters of Zeus and the Titaness Mnemosyne . In antiquity, the Olympus massif formed the border between Thessaly and Macedon . The history of the surrounding area is consequently of interest in

9198-807: The European myth of the Ages of Man 500 BCE–350 BCE appears in the late 6th century BCE works of the Greek poet Hesiod 's Works and Days (109–126). Hesiod, a deteriorationist, identifies the Golden Age, the Silver Age , the Bronze Age, the Heroic Age , and the Iron Age . With the exception of the Heroic Age, each succeeding age was worse than the one that went before. Hesiod maintains that during

9344-627: The German invaders, who suspected it was a guerrilla den. Nowadays it has been partially restored and operates as a dependency of the New Monastery of Dionysios , that is outside Litochoro. On Olympus's southern foot, in a dominant position (820 m) in Ziliana gorge, there is the Kanalon Monastery, 8 km away from Karya. It was founded in 1055 by the monks Damianos and Joakim and since 2001 it has been restored and operates as

9490-636: The Golden Age by name in the Georgics , he does refer in them to a time where man was in harmony with nature before the reign of Jupiter , when: Fields knew no taming hand of husbandmen To mark the plain or mete with boundary-line. Even this was impious; for the common stock They gathered, and the earth of her own will All things more freely, no man bidding, bore. ante Iouem nulli subigebant arua coloni ne signare quidem aut partiri limite campum fas erat; in medium quaerebant, ipsaque tellus omnia liberius nullo poscente ferebat. ( Georgics , Book 1: 125–28 ) This view, which identifies

9636-451: The Golden Age was associated with the reign of Saturn . In the 5th century BCE, the philosopher Empedocles , like Hesiod before him, emphasized the idea of primordial innocence and harmony in all of nature, including human society, from which he maintained there had been a steady deterioration until the present. A tradition arose in Greece that the site of the original Golden Age had been Arcadia , an impoverished rural area of Greece where

9782-448: The Golden Age, before the invention of the arts, the earth produced food in such abundance that there was no need for agriculture: [Men] lived like gods without sorrow of heart, remote and free from toil and grief: miserable age rested not on them; but with legs and arms never failing they made merry with feasting beyond the reach of all devils. When they died, it was as though they were overcome with sleep, and they had all good things; for

9928-515: The Hellenistic and the Roman period. Currently there is a unique archaeological park of 200 hectares, with the ancient town and the sacred places of worship, outside its walls. Many statues and other invaluable items are kept in the nearby Dion's archaeological museum . Pimblia and Leivithra , two other towns in Olympus's region, are related to Orpheus and the "Orphic" mysteries . According to

10074-481: The Lydians pioneered the use of coinage as a form of currency. Both inventions were rapidly adopted by surrounding nations through further trade and cooperation. Peace has not always been achieved through peaceful means; in many cases, it has been enforced by the victors of war, often through the use of violence and coercion. In his work Agricola , the Roman historian Tacitus, writes passionately and critically about

10220-714: The Macedonians and the Romans took place. Between Pydna and Mount Olympus are a fortified bishop's seat from the Byzantine period called Louloudies and the Macedonian Tombs of Katerini and Korinos . In the Olympus region, there are also several Christian monuments, among them the highest-elevation chapel of Orthodox Christianity , dedicated to Prophet Elias , in Greek tradition associated with mountaintops , on

10366-411: The Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "...shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." In creating the Rhodes Scholarships for outstanding students from the United States, Germany and much of the British Empire, Cecil Rhodes wrote in 1901 that 'the object

10512-566: The UN sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The forces, also called the "Blue Helmets", who enforce UN accords are awarded United Nations Medals , which are considered international decorations instead of military decorations. The peacekeeping force as

10658-624: The abolition of various organizations which tend to institutionalize aggressive behaviors, such as the military, or arms manufacturers; to opposition to any organization of society that might rely in any way upon governmental force. Groups that sometimes oppose the governmental use of force include anarchists and libertarians . Absolute pacifism opposes violent behavior under all circumstance, including defense of self and others. Mount Olympus Mount Olympus ( / oʊ ˈ l ɪ m p ə s , ə ˈ l ɪ m -/ , Greek : Όλυμπος , romanized :  Ólympos , IPA: [ˈoli(m)bos] )

10804-513: The birds of prey, are scarce. In addition there are the common reptiles of Greek fauna (22 species such as snakes , turtles , lizards , etc.) and some amphibians (8 species) in streams and seasonal ponds, as well as a great variety of insects, particularly butterflies. Greece's highest mountain, dwelling of the Twelve Gods of antiquity, has been the first region in the country to be applied specific protective rules, by its declaration as

10950-413: The center of the massif, extends the alpine tundra region of Bara, at an elevation of 2,350 metres (7,710 ft). Olympus has numerous ravines and gullies. Most distinguishable of the ravines are those of Mavrologos-Enipeas (14 km) and Mavratzas-Sparmos (13 km) near Bara and 'cut' the massif in two oval portions. On the southern foothills the great gorge of Ziliana, 13 km long, consists of

11096-502: The classics, along with other British scholars such as Gilbert Murray and Florence Stawell. This group of scholars is often referred to as the "Greece and peace" set, due to their shared interest in ancient Greek civilization and the promotion of peace. The creation of the League of Nations, and the hope for informed public opinion on international issues (expressed for example by the Union for Democratic Control during World War I), also saw

11242-419: The coming of the messianic age constituting one of the thirteen core principles of faith in Judaism, according to Maimonides . Pacifism is the categorical opposition to the behaviors of war or violence as a means of settling disputes or of gaining advantage. Pacifism covers a spectrum of views ranging from the belief that international disputes can and should all be resolved via peaceful behaviors; to calls for

11388-725: The context of the Rise of Macedon , the Chremonidean War and the Macedonian Wars during the 4th to 2nd centuries BC. In the period of the Ottoman Empire the mountain was a hiding place and base of operations for klephts and armatoloi . It was known as Semavatevi in Turkish during the nearly 400 years of Ottoman rule. In Olympus, the second armatoliki was founded, led by Kara Michalis in 1489. The action of

11534-463: The countryside of Macedonia. However, Olympus's armatoloi, even after their capitulation to Ali Pasha , never ceased fighting on land and at sea. Among them who were active there and in nearby regions were Nikotsaras, Giorgakis Olympios and the legendary family of Lazaioi. In the early 20th century, even for some time after the liberation from the Ottoman Empire (1912), robbers were active in

11680-741: The creation after World War I of bodies dedicated to understanding international affairs, such as the Council on Foreign Relations in New York and the Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House in London. At the same time, the academic study of international relations started to professionalise, with the creation of the first professorship of international politics, named for Woodrow Wilson, at Aberystwyth , Wales, in 1919. The late 19th century idealist advocacy of peace which led to

11826-710: The creation of the Nobel Peace Prize , the Rhodes Scholarships , the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , and ultimately the League of Nations , also saw the re-emergence of the ancient Olympic ideal. Led by Pierre de Coubertin , this culminated in the holding in 1896 of the first of the modern Olympic Games . Since 1901, the Nobel Peace Prize has been the world's most prestigious honor given to individuals or organizations who have made significant contributions to peace. The prize

11972-405: The deciduous species most common are Fraxinus , Ulmus , Montpellier maple , Judas tree , terebinth , Cotinus coggygria and others. The evergreen broadleaf trees' zone is gradually replaced by ecosystems of European black pine , that forms compact clusters, with no intermediate zone of deciduous oaks, although trees of these species occur sporadically within clusters of black pine. On

12118-636: The directive of the caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Mirza Masroor Ahmad . The Culture of Peace News Network , otherwise known simply as CPNN , is a UN authorized interactive online news network, committed to supporting the global movement for a culture of peace. Every year in the first week of November, the Sydney Peace Foundation presents the Sydney Peace Prize . The Sydney Peace Prize

12264-420: The dream follows in verses 36–45. The Jewish Golden Age refers to the period of Muslim rule of Spain, which allowed Jewish culture to thrive. The Indian teachings differentiate the four world ages ( yugas ) not according to metals, but according to dharmic qualities (virtues), where the first age starts with the most and the last age ends with the least. The end is followed by a new cycle ( Yuga Cycle ) of

12410-405: The earth will be full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea. This last metaphor from Tanakh (Hebrew bible) symbolizes the peace by which a longed-for messianic age will be characterized, a peace in which natural enemies, the strong and the weak, predator and prey, will live in harmony. Jews pray for the messianic age of peace every day in the מָשִׁיחַ, in addition to faith in

12556-502: The eastern side of the mountain in an area of about 4,000 hectares, that is the core of the Park. A wider region, around this core, has been designated "peripheral zone of the National Park", so that its managing and exploitation to be done so as not to adversely affect the core's protection. At present, the park has been expanded to 24,000 hectares. Administratively it belongs to Pieria's and Larissa's Prefectures and specifically to

12702-429: The elevation rises, meteorological phenomena are more intense and the changes in temperature and humidity are often sudden. The coastal northeast slopes of Olympus receive more rain than the continental northwest, so, as a result, there is a clear difference in vegetation, being more abundant in the first of them. The hottest month is August, while the coldest is February. The mountain's highest zone, over 2,000 metres,

12848-403: The emergence of the whole region and the sea. Around one million years ago glaciers covered Olympus and created its plateaus and depressions. With the temperature rise that followed, the ice melted and the streams that were created swept away large quantities of crushed rock in the lowest places, forming the alluvial fans , that spread out all over the region from the foothills of the mountain to

12994-634: The external circumstances of their life. The term 'peace' originates from the Anglo-French pes , and the Old French pais , meaning "peace, reconciliation, silence, agreement" (11th century). The Anglo-French term pes itself comes from the Latin pax , meaning "peace, compact, agreement, treaty of peace, tranquility, absence of hostility, harmony." The English word came into use in various personal greetings from c.  1300 as

13140-473: The flora includes many endemic species of the Balkans. Beyond Bosnian pine's zone follows an extensive zone, without trees, with alpine meadows, consisted by a mosaic of grassland ecosystems, depending on the topography, the slope and the orientation of the ground. In general, this alpine flora with more than 150 plant species, contains snow accumulation meadows, grassy swamps, alpine scree and rock crevices. On

13286-565: The following passages: May there be peace in the heavens, peace in the atmosphere, peace on the earth. Let there be coolness in the water, healing in the herbs and peace radiating from the trees. Let there be harmony in the planets and in the stars, and perfection in eternal knowledge. May everything in the universe be at peace. Let peace pervade everywhere, at all times. May I experience that peace within my own heart. Let us have concord with our own people, and concord with people who are strangers to us. Ashwins (Celestial Twins) create between us and

13432-417: The fruitful earth unforced bare them fruit abundantly and without stint. They dwelt in ease and peace. Plato in his Cratylus referred to an age of golden men and also at some length on Ages of Man from Hesiod's Works and Days . The Roman poet Ovid simplified the concept by reducing the number of Ages to four: Gold, Bronze, Silver, and Iron. Ovid's poetry was likely a prime source for the transmission of

13578-617: The goal of the Fulbright fellowships to promote international understanding and peace, and has guided many other international fellowship programs, including the Schwarzman Scholars to China created by Stephen A. Schwarzman in 2013. The International Gandhi Peace Prize, named after Mahatma Gandhi , is awarded annually by the Government of India . It was launched as a tribute to the ideals espoused by Gandhi in 1995 on

13724-564: The golden race of humans who came first. He clarifies that Hesiod did not mean literally made of gold, but good and noble. In classical Greek mythology, the Golden Age was presided over by the leading Titan Cronus ; in Latin authors it was associated with the god Saturn . In some versions of the myth Astraea also ruled. She lived with men until the end of the Silver Age. But in the Bronze Age, when men became violent and greedy, she fled to

13870-633: The greed and arrogance of the Roman Empire, portraying it as a ruthless and self-serving power. One, that Tacitus says is by the Caledonian chieftain Calgacus , ends with: " Auferre trucidare rapere falsis nominibus imperium, atque ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant. " ("To ravage, to slaughter, to usurp under false titles, they call empire; and where they make a desert, they call it peace." —Oxford Revised Translation). Discussion of peace

14016-434: The greetings, "hello" and "goodbye". On a personal level, peaceful behaviours are kind, considerate, respectful, just, and tolerant of others' beliefs and behaviors – tending to manifest goodwill. This understanding of peace can also pertain to an individual's introspective sense or concept of her/himself, as in being "at peace" in one's own mind, as found in European references from c.  1200 . The early English term

14162-479: The heading of “soft" or golden-age primitivism. To be sure, this real Arcady was the domain of Pan, who could be heard playing the syrinx on Mount Maenalus ; and its inhabitants were famous for their musical accomplishments as well as for their ancient lineage, rugged virtue, and rustic hospitality. There are analogous concepts in the religious and philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent . For example,

14308-567: The herdsmen still lived on acorns and where the goat-footed god Pan had his home among the poplars on Mount Maenalus . However, in the 3rd century BCE, the Greek poet, Theocritus , writing in Alexandria , set his pastoral poetry on the lushly fertile island of Sicily, where he had been born. The protagonist of Theocritus's first Idyll , the goat herder , Daphnis , is taught to play the Syrinx (panpipes) by Pan himself. Writing in Latin during

14454-500: The highest forest tree line limit (limit of forest growth) in the Balkans and Europe. Another feature of this zone is that over 2,500 metres the trees appear in a crawling form . The region, where Bosnian pine grows, is mostly dry and its slopes are rocky. There are no springs or water streams. The vegetation growing there is adapted to specific local conditions and represented by typical shrubs, graminaceous , chasmophytes etc., while

14600-452: The highest local elevation tended to be so named; among the numerous peaks called Olumpos in antiquity are mountains in Mysia , Laconia , Lycia , Cyprus , Attica , Euboea , Ionia and Lesbos , and others. Thessalian Olympus is the highest peak in any territory with Greek settlement and came to be seen as the "Pan-Hellenic" representative of the mythological seat of the gods, by at least

14746-698: The highest mountains on Earth were above the clouds and winds. Augustine of Hippo , writing in the early Middle Ages, similarly reported in On Genesis that "on the peak of Mount Olympus, which is said to rise above the area of this humid air, we are told, certain letters are regularly made in the dust and are a year later found whole and unmarred by those who climb that mountain for their solemn memorials." The third highest peak of Mount Olympus, called Agios Antonios (Άγιος Αντώνιος "Saint Anthony", 40°04′04″N 22°21′04″E  /  40.0677°N 22.3511°E  / 40.0677; 22.3511 , 2,817 m),

14892-493: The history of a specific field – " Golden age of alpinism ", " Golden Age of American animation ", " Golden Age of Comics ", " Golden Age of Science Fiction ", " Golden Age of Television ", " Golden Age of Hollywood ", " Golden age of arcade video games ", " Golden Age of Radio ", " Golden Age of Hip Hop " " Golden Age of Kamishibai Theater" (in Japan) and even " Golden Age of Piracy " or " Golden Age of Porn ". Usually,

15038-480: The king of Lydia around 600 BCE. Both marriages involved Greek princesses from the house of Agamemnon and kings from what is now Turkey. The marriages between the Greek princesses and the kings of Phrygia and Lydia had a significant impact on the region, leading to the transfer of important technological innovations from Anatolia to Greece . In particular, the Phrygians introduced the Greek alphabet, while

15184-490: The klephts in Olympus led the Turks to visit their outrage on the klephts' ally-village of Milia (in the late 17th century), which they destroyed. In that period Livadi in Olympus became the seat of the armatoliki of Olympus and Western Macedonia, with their first renowned commander Panos Zidros. In the 18th century the Turks had to replace the armatoloi (who very often joined the klephts) with Muslim Albanian armatoloi who ravaged

15330-413: The lamb, the leopard will lie down with the goat, the calf and the lion and the yearling together; and a little child will lead them. The cow will feed with the bear, their young will lie down together, and the lion will eat straw like the ox. The infant will play near the hole of the cobra, and the young child put his hand into the viper's nest. They will neither harm nor destroy on all my holy mountain, for

15476-590: The limits of their spread within Northern Greece. An important book about the plants and flowers, from the beach of the Aegean Sea up to the upper regions of Mount Olympus, was written in 1980 by the Swedish botanist Arne Strid . Most of those found in lower elevation are the common Mediterranean and central European species. Ramonda heldreichii (syn. Jankaea heldreichii ), a plant relict of

15622-417: The massif of Voulgara. The villages Petra , Vrontou and Dion lie to the northeast, while on the eastern side there is the town of Litochoro , where Enipeas bisects the massif of Olympus. On its southeastern side, the Ziliana gorge divides Mount Olympus from Kato Olympos (Lower Olympus), while on its southwestern foothills, there are the villages Sykaminea and Karya . The Agia Triada Sparmou Monastery and

15768-1109: The meadows, the rocks and the steep slopes live most of the endemic plants, among them some of the most beautiful wildflowers in Greece. Half of them are found only in the Balkans and 23 only in Olympus and nowhere else. The list of 23 local endemic plants at Mount Olympus from the Olympus National Park Management Agency: Achillea ambrosiaca, Alyssum handelii, Asprerula muscosa, Aubrieta thessala , Campanula oreadum , Carum adamovicii, Centaurea incompleta, Centaurea litochorea, Centaurea transiens, Cerastrium theophrasti, Coincla nivalis, Erysimum olympicum, Festuca olympica, Genista sakellariadis, Ramonda heldreichii , Ligusticum olympicum, Melampyrus ciliatum, Ophrys helenae ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. helenae ), Poa thessala, Potentilla deorum , Rynchosinapis nivalis, Silene dionysii, Silene oligantha, Veronica thessalica, Viola striis-notata, Viola pseudograeca . Olympus's fauna, which has not been systematically studied so far, includes considerable variety and

15914-414: The most impressive and steep peak of Olympus, with its last sharply rising 200 metres presenting the greatest challenge for climbers. Further south, Skolio ( 40°04′58″N 22°21′26″E  /  40.0829°N 22.3571°E  / 40.0829; 22.3571 second highest sub-peak – 2,911 metres (9,551 ft)) completes an arc of about 200 degrees, with its steep slopes forming on the west side, like

16060-452: The most popular in Europe. Organized mountain refuges and various mountaineering and climbing routes are available. The usual starting point is the town of Litochoro which lies in the eastern foothills of the mountain, some 100 km (62 mi) from Thessaloniki . The shape of Olympus was formed by rain and wind, which produced an isolated tower almost 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) above

16206-529: The most rainfall, while the southwest one has significantly sparser vegetation. In Olympus there are generally four sequential flora zones, but due to the complex topography and variety of microclimates, these do not form an obvious clear sequence with elevation. A zone of evergreen broadleaf trees ( maquis ) occurs between 300 and 500 metres elevation. Along with oak ( Quercus ilex ) and Greek strawberry tree there occur kermes oak , strawberry tree , Phillyrea latifolia , bay laurel , cedar and others. Of

16352-506: The mountain, with the principal base for excursions being the town of Litochoro, where there are many hotels and taverns. In addition, on Pieria's coastal zone there are many camp sites and lodgings. The nearest international airport is that of Thessaloniki, and railway stations are those of Litochoro, Katerini and Leptokarya . There is frequent service by KTEL buses and a taxi stand is in Litochoro's central square. The official list of

16498-426: The municipalities Diou-Olympou and Katerinis (Pieria) and Τempon and Elassonas (Larissa). Its lowest elevation is 600 metres and its peak, Mytikas, at 2,917.727 metres. In 1981 UNESCO proclaimed Olympus "Biosphere Reserve". European Union has listed Olympus in the "Significant for Birdlife Regions of European Union". It is also registered in the list of Natura 2000 European Network as a special protection area and

16644-612: The myth of the Golden Age during the period when Western Europe had lost direct contact with Greek literature. In Hesiod's version, the Golden Age ended when the Titan Prometheus conferred on mankind the gift of fire and all the other arts. For this, Zeus punished Prometheus by chaining him to a rock in the Caucasus , where an eagle eternally ate at his liver. The gods sent the beautiful maiden Pandora to Prometheus's brother Epimetheus . The gods had entrusted Pandora with

16790-404: The name Όλυμπος (Olympos) is unknown. One theory suggests that it is compounded of ou lyma (οὐ λύμα) and pous (πούς), meaning "pure foot", conforming to Hesiod 's description of the earth as a sort of footstool for heaven up from which rise the "Blessed Gods". According to Robert S.P. Beekes the word is of pre-Greek origin and he speculates that it originally meant "mountain" . The word

16936-550: The necessary clothing for any weather conditions. The research of Olympus's plants started in 1836, when the French botanist Aucher-Éloy studied them. According to this and later studies, the National Park of Olympus is considered one of the richest flora regions in Greece, with about 1,700 species and subspecies, that represent some 25% of Greek flora. Of them 187 are characterized as significant, 56 are Greek endemic and of them 23 are local endemic, i.e. they can be found only in Olympus, and 16 are rare in Greece or/and have there

17082-439: The northern slopes of Xirolakos valley, between 600 and 700 metres elevation, there is a high forest of downy oak of about 120 hectares. The black pine dominates on the eastern and northern side of the mountain, between 500 and 1,700 metres. In this zone there is also hybrid fir in small groups and scrubs or small clumps, particularly in the lower region and in the sites Naoumi (west) and Stalamatia and Polykastro (east), where it

17228-449: The occasion of the 125th anniversary of his birth. This is an annual award given to individuals and institutions for their contributions towards social, economic and political transformation through non-violence and other Gandhian methods. The award carries Rs. 10 million in cash, convertible in any currency in the world, a plaque and a citation. It is open to all persons regardless of nationality, race, creed or sex. The Student Peace Prize

17374-653: The personal, regional or international level. Smaller institutions include the Randolph Bourne Institute , the McGill Middle East Program of Civil Society and Peace Building and the International Festival of Peace Poetry . Religious beliefs often seek to identify and address the basic problems of human life, including conflicts between, among, and within persons and societies. In ancient Greek-speaking areas ,

17520-601: The power of arrest and the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with the police forces of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from the military and other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing. Police forces are usually public sector services, funded through taxes. The national security apparatus of

17666-697: The region – the best known of them the notorious Giagoulas ( el ), while during the German invasion in 1941 the Hellenic Army fought significant battles along with units of New Zealanders and Australians . During the German Occupation (1941–1944) the mountain was one of the centers of the Greek Resistance , while a little later the Greek Civil War (1946–49) started there, in Litochoro. The whole region of Pieria's Olympus

17812-534: The root word salam which literally means peace. Quran states "those who believe and whose hearts find comfort in the remembrance of Allah. Surely in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find comfort." and stated "O believers! When you are told to make room in gatherings, then do so. Allah will make room for you ˹in His grace˺. And if you are told to rise, then do so. Allah will elevate those of you who are faithful, and ˹raise˺ those gifted with knowledge in rank. And Allah

17958-584: The same four ages: Satya Yuga (golden age), Treta Yuga , Dvapara Yuga , and Kali Yuga (dark age), of which we are currently in Kali Yuga . In Satya Yuga , knowledge, meditation, and communion with spirit hold special importance. Most people engage only in good, sublime deeds and mankind lives in harmony with the Earth. Ashrams become devoid of wickedness and deceit. Natyam (such as Bharatanatyam ), according to Natya Shastra , did not exist in

18104-461: The sea, which is only 18 kilometres (11 mi) away from Litochoro. Olympus has many peaks and an almost circular shape. The mountain has a circumference of 80 kilometres (50 mi), an average diameter of 26 kilometres (16 mi), and 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi) of area. To the northwest lies the Aromanian village of Kokkinopilos . The Makryrema stream separates Olympus from

18250-629: The sea. The Geological Museum of Mount Olympus , located in Leptokarya , provides detailed information about the geological structure of the mountain. The complicated geological past of the region is obvious from the morphology of Olympus and its National Park. Features include deep gorges and lots of smooth peaks, many of them over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), including Aghios Antonios (2,815 metres (9,236 ft)), Kalogeros (2,700 metres (8,900 ft)), Toumpa (2,801 metres (9,190 ft)) and Profitis Ilias (2,803 metres (9,196 ft)). However, it

18396-691: The shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace." As a testimony of peace , Peace Churches in the Anabaptist Christian tradition (such as the Mennonites and Quakers ), as well Holiness Methodist Pacifists (such as the Immanuel Missionary Church ), practice nonresistance and do not participate in warfare. In the Catholic Church , numerous pontifical documents on the Holy Rosary document

18542-461: The stars, where she appears as the constellation Virgo , holding the scales of Justice, or Libra . European pastoral literary tradition often depicted nymphs and shepherds as living a life of rustic innocence and peace, set in Arcadia , a region of Greece that was the abode and center of worship of their tutelary deity, goat-footed Pan , who dwelt among them. The earliest attested reference to

18688-508: The strangers a unity of hearts. May we unite in our minds, unite in our purposes, and not fight against the heavenly spirit within us. Let not the battle-cry rise amidst many slain, nor the arrows of the war-god fall with the break of day A superior being does not render evil for evil. This is a maxim one should observe... One should never harm the wicked or the good or even animals meriting death. A noble soul will exercise compassion even towards those who enjoy injuring others or cruel deeds... Who

18834-456: The summit of the same name (Προφήτης Ηλίας Profitis Ilias ), at 2,803 m. It was built in the 16th century by Saint Dionysios of Olympus , who also founded the most significant monastery in the region. The Old Monastery of Dionysios (elevation 820 m) lies in Enipeas' gorge and is accessible by car from Litochoro. It was looted and burned by the Ottomans and in 1943 it was destroyed by

18980-550: The term "Golden Age" is bestowed retroactively, when the period in question has ended and is compared with what followed in the specific field discussed. The term has also been used prospectively. For example, on July 27, 2020, the President of the United States, Donald Trump , published a post on Twitter promising a future "golden age" once the country recovered from the COVID-19 pandemic. The term Gilded Age , which refers to

19126-605: The turbulent period of revolutionary change at the end of the Roman Republic (roughly between 44 and 38 BCE), the poet Virgil moved the setting for his pastoral imitations of Theocritus back to an idealized Arcadia in Greece, thus initiating a rich and resonant tradition in subsequent European literature. Virgil, moreover, introduced into his poetry the element of political allegory, which had been largely absent in Theocritus, even intimating in his fourth Eclogue that

19272-473: The village Pythion lie to the west. Olympus's dry foothills, known as the Xirokampi, are covered in chaparral and provides habitat for animals such as wild boar. Further east, the plain of Dion is fertile and watered by the streams which originate on Olympus. Mount Olympus is formed of sedimentary rock laid down 200 million years ago in a shallow sea . Various geological events that followed caused

19418-550: The virtue of peace was personified as the goddess Eirene , and in Latin-speaking areas as the goddess Pax . Her image was typically represented by ancient sculptors as a full-grown woman, usually with a horn of plenty and scepter and sometimes with a torch or olive leaves . Christians , who believe Jesus of Nazareth to be the Jewish Messiah called Christ (meaning Anointed One), interpret Isaiah 9:6 as

19564-464: The wide range of risks, the preservation of peace and the security of a nation state have several dimensions, including economic security, energy security, physical security, environmental security, food security, border security, and cyber security. These dimensions correlate closely with elements of national power. The principal forerunner of the United Nations was the League of Nations . It

19710-441: The winter. Higher it is more humid, warm and sometimes severe, with more intense meteorological phenomena; in these locations it often snows throughout winter, while rain and snow is not unusual even in the summer. The temperature varies in winter from −10 °C to 10 °C and in summer from 0 °C to 20 °C, while winds are an almost daily occurrence. Generally the temperature falls 1 °C per 200 m of elevation. As

19856-429: The word peace is occasionally used as a farewell, especially for the dead, as in the phrases " rest in peace " or " peace out ". Peace was forged through diplomacy in the form of royal marriages, both in the distant past and in modern times. Two early examples of royal marriages being used to establish diplomatic relations are Hermodike I , who married the king of Phrygia around 800 BCE, and Hermodike II , who married

20002-516: Was abducted by klephts , who also killed the Ottoman gendarmes that accompanied him. It was just one year after the liberation of northern Greece from Ottoman rule, on 2 August 1913, that the summit of Olympus was finally reached. The Swiss Frédéric Boissonnas and Daniel Baud-Bovy , aided by a hunter of wild goats from Litochoro, Christos Kakkalos , were the first to reach Greece's highest peak. Kakkalos, who had much experience climbing Olympus,

20148-844: Was called Arda Marred . Another kind of 'Golden Age' follows later, after the Elves awoke; the Eldar stay on Valinor , live with the Valar and advance in arts and knowledge, until the rebellion and the fall of the Noldor , reminiscent of the Fall of Man. Eventually, after the end of the world, the Silmarilli will be recovered and the light of the Two Trees of Valinor rekindled. Arda will be remade again as Arda Healed . In The Wheel of Time universe,

20294-581: Was created at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , and emerged from the advocacy of Woodrow Wilson and other idealists during World War I. The Covenant of the League of Nations was included in the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, and the League was based in Geneva until its dissolution as a result of World War II and replacement by the United Nations. The high hopes widely held for the League in

20440-527: Was declared an archaeological and historical site for the preservation of its monumental and historical character. Five kilometres away from the sea is Dion , sacred city of the ancient Macedons, dedicated to Zeus and the Twelve Olympians. Its prosperity lasted from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD. The excavations, continuing since 1928, have revealed numerous findings of the Macedonian,

20586-658: Was especially popular during the Deistically inclined 18th century. It is often erroneously attributed to Rousseau , who did not share it. In his famous essay, " Et in Arcadia ego : Poussin and the Elegiac Tradition", Erwin Panofsky remarks how in ancient times, "that particular not overly opulent, region of central Greece, Arcady, came to be universally accepted as an ideal realm of perfect bliss and beauty,

20732-408: Was first; when Man, yet new, No rule but uncorrupted Reason knew: And, with a native bent, did good pursue. Unforc'd by punishment, un-aw'd by fear. His words were simple, and his soul sincere; Needless was written law, where none opprest: The law of Man was written in his breast. The Graeco-Roman concept of the "natural man" delineated by Ovid and many other classical writers,

20878-502: Was named after Pan , a Greek god from the Golden Age. Barrie's further works about Peter Pan depict early childhood as a time of pre-civilised naturalness and happiness, which is destroyed by the subsequent process of education. The term "Golden Age" is at present frequently used in the context of a specific time in the history of a particular country – such as the " Spanish Golden Age ", " Dutch Golden Age ", " Danish Golden Age ", " Golden Age of Flanders " – or

21024-421: Was no lessening with the years; there was no hatred or vanity, or evil thought whatsoever; no sorrow, no fear. All mankind could attain to supreme blessedness. The Islamic Golden Age (Arabic: العصر الذهبي للإسلام, romanized: al-'asr al-dhahabi lil-islam), was a period of cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam , traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 14th century. This period

21170-629: Was regularly visited in religious pilgrimages through antiquity and the early Middle Ages. For instance, ancient Greek pottery, coins, and evidence of sacrificial ashes estimated to be from 400 B.C. have been found on the summit. Plutarch , writing during the Roman Empire , reported that writings and sacrificial ashes left by priests and religious pilgrims on the summit of the mountains of Mount Kyllini and Mount Olympus could be found intact several years later, neither being washed away by rains or scattered by winds. Plutarch cited this as evidence that

21316-422: Was the first of the three to climb Mytikas. Afterwards, and until his death in 1976, he was the official guide on Olympus. In 1921, he and Marcel Kurz reached the second highest summit of Olympus, Stefani. Based on these explorations, Kurz in 1923 edited Le Mont Olympe , a book that includes the first detailed map of the summits. In 1928, the painter Vasilis Ithakisios climbed Olympus together with Kakkalos, reaching

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