In a number of countries, plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas. Some countries have a country-wide floral emblem ; others in addition have symbols representing subdivisions. Different processes have been used to adopt these symbols – some are conferred by government bodies, whereas others are the result of informal public polls. The term floral emblem, which refers to flowers specifically, is primarily used in Australia and Canada. In the United States, the term state flower is more often used.
49-551: Cassia fistula , also known as golden shower , purging cassia , Indian laburnum , kani konna , or pudding-pipe tree , is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae . The species is native to the Indian subcontinent and adjacent regions of Southeast Asia . It is the official state flower of Kerala state and Delhi UT in India . It is also a popular ornamental plant and is also used in herbal medicine . The golden shower tree
98-1857: A molecular phylogeny of plants placed the flowering plants in their evolutionary context: Bryophytes [REDACTED] Lycophytes [REDACTED] Ferns [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The main groups of living angiosperms are: Amborellales [REDACTED] 1 sp. New Caledonia shrub Nymphaeales [REDACTED] c. 80 spp. water lilies & allies Austrobaileyales [REDACTED] c. 100 spp. woody plants Magnoliids [REDACTED] c. 10,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Chloranthales [REDACTED] 77 spp. Woody, apetalous Monocots [REDACTED] c. 70,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1 cotyledon , 1-pore pollen, usu. parallel-veined leaves Ceratophyllales [REDACTED] c. 6 spp. aquatic plants Eudicots [REDACTED] c. 175,000 spp. 4- or 5-part flowers, 3-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Amborellales Melikyan, Bobrov & Zaytzeva 1999 Nymphaeales Salisbury ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Austrobaileyales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992 Chloranthales Mart. 1835 Canellales Cronquist 1957 Piperales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Magnoliales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Laurales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Acorales Link 1835 Alismatales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Petrosaviales Takhtajan 1997 Dioscoreales Brown 1835 Pandanales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Liliales Perleb 1826 Asparagales Link 1829 Arecales Bromhead 1840 Poales Small 1903 Zingiberales Grisebach 1854 Commelinales de Mirbel ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Floral emblem#Thailand The national flower of Mauritius
147-442: A woody stem ), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of broad-leaved trees , shrubs and vines , and most aquatic plants . Angiosperms are distinguished from the other major seed plant clade, the gymnosperms , by having flowers , xylem consisting of vessel elements instead of tracheids , endosperm within their seeds, and fruits that completely envelop the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
196-505: A cathartic made from the pulp is sometimes added to tobacco. Cassia fistula flower extract displayed an anti-aging properties when introduced to the human skin fibroblast and has a variety of cosmetic and nutritional applications. It displays an ability to cause hypopigmentation and can be applied as a whitening agent. Cassia fistula is both the national tree and national flower of Thailand – in Thai ratchaphruek (Thai: ราชพฤกษ์) and
245-465: A floral offering for spirits and deities, and also often present during funerals, which has caused it to be seen as having mystical and sacred properties. Moon orchid was chosen for its beauty, while the other two rare flowers, Rafflesia arnoldii and Titan arum , were chosen to demonstrate uniqueness and Indonesia's rich biodiversity. Each of the 34 provinces of Indonesia also has a native plant as its provincial flower . The national flower of Iran
294-499: A more diverse meaning in Slovenian culture. First meaning comes from French and Russian revolutionaries and symbolises revolution and workers. Red carnations also symbolise love and courtship. In folksongs and folk traditions, when young men in the country villages were calling girls in the night under their windows and serenading them, receiving a red carnation bouquet meant, that the serenaded girl accepted their courtship. Finally, at
343-463: A small white flower with sweet fragrance, has long been considered a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition , as it symbolizes purity, sacredness, graceful simplicity and sincerity. For example, on her wedding day, a traditional Indonesian bride's hair is often adorned with arrangements of jasmine, while the groom's kris is often adorned with a lock of jasmine. However, jasmine is also often used as
392-648: A symbol for the 2010 Tunisian Revolution . The national flower of Zimbabwe is the flame lily, Gloriosa superba . The national flower of Afghanistan is the Tulip . It is called Lala (لاله) in the Farsi language and Khatol in the Pashto language . The national flower of Bangladesh is the water lily Nymphaea nouchali . It is called Shapla (শাপলা) in the Bengali language . The national flower of Bhutan
441-526: A symbol of the Imperial House of Japan , and featured on the Imperial Seal since at least 1183. The national flower of Jordan is black iris (Iris nigricans) . The national flower of Laos is the plumeria ( champa ), despite it no longer being endemic. The national flower of Malaysia is the bunga raya (Chinese hibiscus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ). The national flower of
490-610: A total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed. Nearly all species belong to the eudicot (75%), monocot (23%), and magnoliid (2%) clades. The remaining five clades contain a little over 250 species in total; i.e. less than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among nine families. The 25 most species-rich of 443 families, containing over 166,000 species between them in their APG circumscriptions, are: The botanical term "angiosperm", from Greek words angeíon ( ἀγγεῖον 'bottle, vessel') and spérma ( σπέρμα 'seed'),
539-575: Is Hibiscus syriacus . Known in South Korea as mugunghwa ( Korean : 무궁화), the flower's symbolism relates to the Korean word mugung , which means "eternity" or "inexhaustible abundance". Despite being made the national flower officially after Korea regained its independence from Japan, mugunghwa has been associated with Korean culture for many centuries, with the Silla kingdom having called itself
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#1732790861939588-524: Is Ruizia boutoniana . The national flower of Nigeria is Costus spectabilis which is commonly known as Yellow Trumpet. The national flower of the Seychelles is the tropicbird orchid (known locally as orkid payanke ), Angraecum eburneum . The national flower of South Africa is the King Protea , Protea cynaroides . The national flower of Tunisia is jasmine . It was chosen as
637-505: Is Natalie's ramonda ( Ramonda nathaliae ). It is considered a symbol of Serbia's struggle and victory in World War I , with country suffering the largest casualty rate relative to its population. To commemorate Serbian soldiers who died in war as well as the resurrection of the country after the devastating war, people wear artificial Natalie's ramonda as a symbol of remembrance, especially during week leading up to Armistice Day , which
686-544: Is edelweiss ( Leontopodium nivale ). The flower of the strawberry tree ( Arbutus unedo ) is the national flower of Italy. The strawberry tree is also the national tree of Italy because of its green leaves, its white flowers and its red berries, colors that recall the Italian flag . While most people believe it to be the tulip , the actual national flower of the Netherlands is the daisy ( Bellis perennis ). It
735-858: Is starting to impact plants and is likely to cause many species to become extinct by 2100. Angiosperms are terrestrial vascular plants; like the gymnosperms, they have roots , stems , leaves , and seeds . They differ from other seed plants in several ways. The largest angiosperms are Eucalyptus gum trees of Australia, and Shorea faguetiana , dipterocarp rainforest trees of Southeast Asia, both of which can reach almost 100 metres (330 ft) in height. The smallest are Wolffia duckweeds which float on freshwater, each plant less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) across. Considering their method of obtaining energy, some 99% of flowering plants are photosynthetic autotrophs , deriving their energy from sunlight and using it to create molecules such as sugars . The remainder are parasitic , whether on fungi like
784-456: Is a legume , 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long and 1.5–2.5 cm ( 9 ⁄ 16 –1 in) broad, with a pungent odor and containing several seeds. The tree has strong and very durable wood, and has been used to construct "Ehela Kanuwa", a site at Adam's Peak , Sri Lanka , which is made of C. fistula ( ahala, ehela , or aehaela , ඇහැල in Sinhala ) heartwood. The golden shower tree
833-733: Is a common adornment on religious images. Sampaguita in the Filipino language is a direct loan word from the Indian sanskrit word "campaka". Plants of some species of flowers like Sampaguita, fruits like mango and nangka , vegetables like ampalaya , patola , malunggay , name of Philippine's pre-Christian chief god Bathala (from sanskrit Bhattara Guru ), came from India during pre-Spanish Indianised trade and influences . Among strong traces of continuity of Hindu influence in Philippines are placing of Sampaguita garland around
882-550: Is a medium-sized tree, growing to 10–20 m (33–66 ft) tall with fast growth. The leaves are deciduous , 15–60 cm (6–24 in) long, and pinnate with three to eight pairs of leaflets, each leaflet 7–21 cm (3–8 in) long and 4–9 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) broad. The flowers are produced in pendulous racemes 20–40 cm (8–16 in) long, each flower 4–7 cm ( 1 + 5 ⁄ 8 – 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) diameter with five yellow petals of equal size and shape. The fruit
931-468: Is a public holiday. The national flower of Slovenia is a carnation . It is traditionally present at all significant moments of someone's life. White carnations can be traditionally present at Slovenian christenings and at Slovenian weddings, where the bride has a white carnation flower stuck in her hair and the groom wears a white carnation pinned to his breast pocket or buttonhole. While white carnation represents happiness and celebration, red carnation has
980-453: Is known as "cassia pods". Within developing countries, approximately 80% of populations prefer the usage of traditional medicine to resolve primary medical symptoms. The medicines and drugs derived from plants along with other herbal formulations are considered low risk and have less side effects in comparison to modern medicine by many locals especially within the Asian communities. In India,
1029-503: Is not a nitrogen fixer. Cassia fistula is widely grown as an ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical areas. It blooms in late spring/early summer in hot, dry weather. Flowering is profuse, with trees being covered with yellow flowers, many times with almost no visible leaves. It grows well in dry climates. Growth for this tree is best in full sun on well-drained soil; it is relatively drought-tolerant and slightly salt-tolerant. It will tolerate light brief frost, but can get damaged if
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#17327908619391078-456: Is the Korean mountain magnolia ( Magnolia sieboldii , Korean : 목란/ 木蘭 mongnan ). The national flower of Pakistan is common jasmine also known as Jasminum officinale. The Philippines adopted the sampaguita (Arabian jasmine, Jasminum sambac ) in 1934 as its national flower because it symbolizes purity and cleanliness due to its color and sweet smell. It is popularly strung into garlands presented to visitors and dignitaries and
1127-422: Is the blue poppy. Previously misidentified as the non-native Meconopsis grandis , national flower of Bhutan was identified in 2017 as Meconopsis gakyidiana , a new distinct species. The national flower of Brunei is Simpoh Ayer ( Dillenia suffruticosa ). Cambodia formally adopted the romduol ( Khmer : រំដួល ) as its national flower in the year 2005 by a royal decree. The royal decree designates
1176-578: Is the water lily which is also called nymphaea ( Niloofare Abi , in Persian ). The flower is the national flower of Iran since the Achaemenid Empire era (552 BC). The national flower of Israel is the poppy anemone ( Anemone coronaria ; calanit metzuya in Hebrew ), chosen in 2013 to replace Cyclamen persicum . The national flower of Japan is the chrysanthemum , which has been
1225-491: The Alismatales grow in marine environments, spreading with rhizomes that grow through the mud in sheltered coastal waters. Some specialised angiosperms are able to flourish in extremely acid or alkaline habitats. The sundews , many of which live in nutrient-poor acid bogs , are carnivorous plants , able to derive nutrients such as nitrate from the bodies of trapped insects. Other flowers such as Gentiana verna ,
1274-456: The Maldives is the pink polyantha rose ( Rosa polyantha ), called fiyaathoshi finifenmaa . The national flower of Mongolia is Scabiosa comosa ( Mongolian : бэр цэцэг , ber tsetseg ). The national flower of Myanmar is Pterocarpus indicus ( paduak ). The national flower of Nepal is the tree rhododendron ( Rhododendron arboreum ). The national flower of North Korea
1323-722: The Vishu festival of Kerala which falls in the month of April. The tree has been depicted on a 20- rupee stamp. The tree is frequently cultivated in Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka where the Sinhala name is Ehela , ඇහැල. The tree is also the provincial tree of the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. In Laos , its blooming flowers known locally as dok khoun are associated with the Lao New Year . People use
1372-584: The clade Angiospermae ( / ˌ æ n dʒ i ə ˈ s p ər m iː / ). The term 'angiosperm' is derived from the Greek words ἀγγεῖον / angeion ('container, vessel') and σπέρμα / sperma ('seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. The group was formerly called Magnoliophyta . Angiosperms are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders , 416 families , approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species . They include all forbs (flowering plants without
1421-460: The orchids for part or all of their life-cycle, or on other plants , either wholly like the broomrapes, Orobanche , or partially like the witchweeds, Striga . In terms of their environment, flowering plants are cosmopolitan, occupying a wide range of habitats on land, in fresh water and in the sea. On land, they are the dominant plant group in every habitat except for frigid moss-lichen tundra and coniferous forest . The seagrasses in
1470-892: The "Big Five" extinction events in Earth's history, only the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event had occurred while angiosperms dominated plant life on the planet. Today, the Holocene extinction affects all kingdoms of complex life on Earth, and conservation measures are necessary to protect plants in their habitats in the wild ( in situ ), or failing that, ex situ in seed banks or artificial habitats like botanic gardens . Otherwise, around 40% of plant species may become extinct due to human actions such as habitat destruction , introduction of invasive species , unsustainable logging , land clearing and overharvesting of medicinal or ornamental plants . Further, climate change
1519-790: The "Country of the Mugunghwa" (Korean: 근화향, Romanized: Geunhwahyang ). The national flower of Sri Lanka is Nil mānel (නිල් මානෙල්), the blue-star water-lily ( Nymphaea stellata ). Although nil means "blue" in Sinhala , the Sinhalese name of this plant is often rendered as "water-lily" in English. This beautiful aquatic flower appears in the Sigiriya frescoes and has been mentioned in ancient Sanskrit , Pali and Sinhala literary works. Buddhist lore in Sri Lanka claims that this flower
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1568-407: The art and mythology of ancient India. There are three types of floral emblems used to symbolize Indonesia : All three were chosen on World Environment Day in 1990, and enforced by law through Presidential Decree ( Keputusan Presiden ) No. 4 1993, On the other occasion, bunga bangkai ( Titan arum ) was also added as puspa langka together with rafflesia . Melati ( Jasminum sambac ),
1617-542: The blossoms are commonly referred to as dok khun (Thai: ดอกคูน). Its yellow flowers symbolize Thai royalty . A 2006–2007 flower festival, the Royal Flora Ratchaphruek , was named after the tree. Cassia fistula is also featured on a 2003 joint Canadian -Thai design for a 48- cent stamp, part of a series featuring national emblems . The Indian laburnum is the state flower of Kerala . The flowers are of ritual importance in preparation of Kani during
1666-424: The cold persists. It can be subject to mildew or leaf spot , especially during the second half of the growing season. The tree blooms better with pronounced differences between summer and winter temperatures. Various species of bees and butterflies are known to be pollinators of C. fistula flowers, especially carpenter bees ( Xylocopa sp.). In 1911, Robert Scott Troup conducted an experiment to determine how
1715-560: The common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous , over 300 million years ago. In the Cretaceous , angiosperms diversified explosively , becoming the dominant group of plants across the planet. Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, and a small number of flowering plant families supply nearly all plant-based food and livestock feed. Rice , maize and wheat provide half of
1764-659: The flowering plants as an unranked clade without a formal Latin name (angiosperms). A formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants rank as the subclass Magnoliidae. From 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has reclassified the angiosperms, with updates in the APG II system in 2003, the APG III system in 2009, and the APG IV system in 2016. In 2019,
1813-543: The flowers as offerings at the temple, and also hang them in their homes for the New Year in belief that the flowers will bring happiness and good luck to the households. The laburnum is the school tree of National Taiwan Normal University , thought to be because of the seed pods' similarity to the whips used by teachers in times past. Flowering plant Basal angiosperms Core angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits , and form
1862-482: The funeral of a loved one, their acquaintances, friends and family bid a final farewell to the deceased by each throwing a red carnation into the open grave. Furthermore, carnations often appear embroidered on tablecloths, handkerchiefs, blouses, bed linen, lace and on parts of Slovenian national costume, such as skirts, trouser legs and traditional headwear, especially avba . Additionally, carnations are often flowers hanging from flowerbeds on balconies and windows, which
1911-482: The golden shower tree is known as aragvadha , meaning "disease killer". The fruit pulp is considered a purgative , and self-medication or any use without medical supervision is strongly advised against in Ayurvedic texts. Though it has been used in herbalism for millennia, little research has been conducted in modern times, although it is an ingredient in some mass-produced herbal laxatives. When used as such, it
1960-556: The harshest winters. The triple grouping of stamens represents Dr. Sun Yat-sen 's Three Principles of the People , while the five petals symbolize the five branches of the government. The national flower of Thailand is the Golden Shower Tree ( Cassia fistula ), locally known as dok khuen or rachapruek . The national flower of Vietnam is the lotus flower (Nelumbo nucifera) . The national flower of Austria
2009-518: The manner of vines or lianas . The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of moss and 11,000 species of pteridophytes . The APG system seeks to determine the number of families , mostly by molecular phylogenetics . In the 2009 APG III there were 415 families. The 2016 APG IV added five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, for
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2058-552: The neck of visitors to show hospitality and friendship, throwing the rice over bride and groom for prosperity, performing paninilbihan , paying dowry, visiting a shrine to pray for fertility, etc. The national flower of Saudi Arabia is Taif’s Rose (Rosa × damascena) . The national flower of Singapore is a hybrid orchid cultivar known as the Singapore orchid or Vanda Miss Joaquim ( Papilionanthe teres × Papilionanthe hookeriana ). The national flower of South Korea
2107-460: The seeds of C. fistula are dispersed. He found that golden jackals feed on the fruits and help in seed dispersal. It is used in Vishu festivals as a traditional trademark in Kerala. In India, flowers of the golden shower tree are sometimes eaten by people. The leaves have also been used to supplement the diets of cattle, sheep, and goats fed with low-quality forages. In Ayurvedic medicine ,
2156-568: The spring gentian, are adapted to the alkaline conditions found on calcium -rich chalk and limestone , which give rise to often dry topographies such as limestone pavement . As for their growth habit , the flowering plants range from small, soft herbaceous plants , often living as annuals or biennials that set seed and die after one growing season, to large perennial woody trees that may live for many centuries and grow to many metres in height. Some species grow tall without being self-supporting like trees by climbing on other plants in
2205-523: The taxon as Mitrella mesnyi , however, this is a taxonomically illegitimate synonym for Sphaerocoryne affinis , which does not occur in Cambodia. The accepted species name for romduol is Sphaerocoryne lefevrei . The symbolic flower of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong orchid tree ("洋紫荊"), Bauhinia blakeana . The lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) is the national flower of India. It is a sacred flower in
2254-559: The world's staple calorie intake, and all three plants are cereals from the Poaceae family (colloquially known as grasses). Other families provide important industrial plant products such as wood , paper and cotton , and supply numerous ingredients for beverages , sugar production , traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals . Flowering plants are also commonly grown for decorative purposes , with certain flowers playing significant cultural roles in many societies. Out of
2303-483: Was coined in the form "Angiospermae" by Paul Hermann in 1690, including only flowering plants whose seeds were enclosed in capsules. The term angiosperm fundamentally changed in meaning in 1827 with Robert Brown , when angiosperm came to mean a seed plant with enclosed ovules. In 1851, with Wilhelm Hofmeister 's work on embryo-sacs, Angiosperm came to have its modern meaning of all the flowering plants including Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. The APG system treats
2352-484: Was elected in a public vote in 2023. The national flower of North Macedonia is the poppy . Portugal does not officially have a national flower, though the lavender is commonly cited. The carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus ) is also a symbol of the nation's triumph against the authoritarian far-right Estado Novo dictatorship, known as the Carnation Revolution . The national flower of Serbia
2401-552: Was one of the 108 auspicious signs found on Prince Siddhartha 's footprint. The national flower of the Republic of China was officially designated as the plum blossom by the Executive Yuan on 21 July 1964. The plum blossom, known as the meihua ( Chinese : 梅花 ; pinyin : méihuā ), is a symbol of resilience and perseverance in the face of adversity, because plum trees often bloom most vibrantly even during
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