101-666: Golders Green Crematorium and Mausoleum was the first crematorium to be opened in London , and one of the oldest crematoria in Britain. The land for the crematorium was purchased in 1900, costing £6,000 (the equivalent of £136,000 in 2021), and the crematorium was opened in 1902 by Sir Henry Thompson . Golders Green Crematorium, as it is usually called, is in Hoop Lane, off Finchley Road , Golders Green , in northwest London , ten minutes' walk from Golders Green Underground station . It
202-592: A Neapolitan presepio. The presepio was handcrafted between 1700 and 1830, and re-creates the nativity within a panorama of 18th-century Italian village life. More than 100 human and angelic figures, along with animals, accessories, and architectural elements, cover 250 square feet and create a depiction of the nativity as seen through the eyes of Neapolitan artisans and collectors. The Radio City Christmas Spectacular , an annual musical holiday stage show presented at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, features
303-459: A tumulus , similar to Urnfield burials, and qualifying as the earliest description of cremation rites. This may be an anachronism, as during Mycenaean times burial was generally preferred, and Homer may have been reflecting the more common use of cremation at the time the Iliad was written, centuries later. Criticism of burial rites is a common aspersion by competing religions and cultures, including
404-508: A 20 feet (6.1 m) blue spruce . Static nativity scenes depict Jesus, Mary, Joseph, farm animals, and sometimes other characters. While most home nativity scenes are packed away at Christmas or shortly thereafter, nativity scenes in churches usually remain on display until the feast of the Baptism of the Lord . The nativity scene may not accurately reflect gospel events. With no basis in
505-738: A Living Nativity segment with live animals. In 2005, President of the United States of America, George W. Bush and his wife, First Lady of the United States , Laura Bush displayed an 18th-century Italian presepio . The presepio was donated to the White House in the last decades of the 20th century. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh annually display Neapolitan Baroque nativity scenes which both originated from
606-607: A backdrop setting of a stable. Different traditions of nativity scenes emerged in different countries. Hand-painted santons are popular in Provence . In southern Germany, Austria and Trentino-Alto Adige , the wooden figurines are handcut. Colorful szopki are typical in Poland . In the United States, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City annually displays a Neapolitan Baroque nativity scene before
707-490: A beautiful and tranquil environment for visitors. There are several large tombs, two ponds and bridge, and a large crocus lawn. Another notable feature is a special children's section, which includes a swinging bench. There is also a 'communist corner' with memorials to notables of the Communist Party of Great Britain . There are two cremation chapels and a Chapel of Memory. There are also three columbaria containing
808-698: A cave near the Sanctuary of Greccio in the Central Italy town of Greccio . The very small chapel where it is said to have taken place survives. The painting over its altar, and others before 1400, by Giotto at the Assisi Lower Church, and by Antonio Vite in Pistoia , depict Saint Francis kneeling and placing a small baby into a chest-like manger. Giotto adds a miniature ox and ass. A substantial set of stone figures by Arnolfo di Cambio ,
909-418: A coffin or a combustible container. This allows the body to be quickly and safely slid into the cremator. It also reduces health risks to the operators. The coffin or container is inserted (charged) into the cremator as quickly as possible to avoid heat loss. Some crematoria allow relatives to view the charging. This is sometimes done for religious reasons, such as in traditional Hindu and Jain funerals, and
1010-529: A cremator, which is located at a crematorium or crematory . In many countries, the crematorium is a venue for funerals as well as cremation. A cremator is an industrial furnace that is able to generate temperatures of 871–982 °C (1,600–1,800 °F) to ensure the disintegration of the corpse. Modern cremator fuels include oil , natural gas , propane , and, in Hong Kong, coal gas . Modern cremators automatically monitor their interior to tell when
1111-475: A dramatic rather than sculptural rendition, is attributed to Saint Francis of Assisi . Francis' 1223 living nativity scene is commemorated on the calendars of the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican liturgical calendars, and its creation is described by Saint Bonaventure in his Life of Saint Francis of Assisi c. 1260 . Saint Francis' manger scene is said to have been enacted at Christmas 1223 in
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#17327727602541212-683: A festival known as "Belenismo sa Tarlac". Perhaps the best known nativity scene in America is the Neapolitan Baroque Crèche displayed annually in the Medieval Sculpture Hall of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Its backdrop is a 1763 choir screen from the Cathedral of Valladolid and a twenty-foot blue spruce decorated with a host of 18th-century angels. The nativity figures are placed at
1313-546: A half the bodies are completely burned. This corresponds to a daily capacity of about 2,000 bodies... Crematoria III and IV work on nearly the same principle, but their capacity is only half as large. Thus the total capacity of the four cremating and gassing plants at B IRKENAU amounts to about 6,000 daily. The Holocaust furnaces were supplied by a number of manufacturers, with the best known and most common being Topf and Sons as well as Kori Company of Berlin, whose ovens were elongated to accommodate two bodies, slid inside from
1414-643: A leading sculptor of the day, was made for Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome around 1290. The surviving portion includes figures for the Holy Family , the Three Kings , and the ox and ass from the neck up. The scene's popularity inspired much imitation throughout Christian countries , and in the early modern period sculpted cribs, often exported from Italy, were set up in many Christian churches and homes. These elaborate scenes reached their artistic apogee in
1515-573: A long debate about the merits and demerits of cremation. Laws against cremation were challenged and invalidated in 1915 (two years after the construction of the first crematorium in the Netherlands), though cremation did not become legally recognised until 1955. During World War II (1939–45), Nazi Germany used specially built furnaces in at least six extermination camps throughout occupied Poland including at Auschwitz-Birkenau , Chełmno , Belzec , Majdanek , Sobibor and Treblinka , where
1616-439: A plain, particle-board coffin (known in the trade as a "chippie", "shipper" or "pyro") can be used. Handles (if fitted) are plastic and approved for use in a cremator. Cremations can be "delivery only", with no preceding chapel service at the crematorium (although a church service may have been held) or preceded by a service in one of the crematorium chapels. Delivery-only allows crematoria to schedule cremations to make best use of
1717-410: A thick watertight polyethylene plastic bag contained within a hard snap-top rectangular plastic container , which is labeled with a printed paper label. The basic sealed plastic container bag may be contained within a further cardboard box or velvet sack, or they may be contained within an urn if the family had already purchased one. An official certificate of cremation prepared under the authority of
1818-578: A traditional and authentic nativity Scene is on display at St. Elizabeth's Parish, Dandenong North. This annual Australian Nativity Scene creator and artist Wilson Fernandez has been building and creating the traditional nativity scenes since 2003 at St. Elizabeth's Parish. To mark this special event, Most Reverend Denis Hart Archbishop of Melbourne celebrated the Vigil Mass and blessed the nativity scene on Saturday, 14 December 2013. Australian Nativity Scene (ANS) gained popularity and recognition over
1919-616: A well-known figure in literary and scientific circles. By the end of the year, the Cremation Society of Great Britain had overseen 2 more cremations, a total of 3 out of 597,357 deaths in the UK that year. In 1888, 28 cremations took place at the venue. In 1891, Woking Crematorium added a chapel, pioneering the concept of a crematorium being a venue for funerals as well as cremation. Other early crematoria in Europe were built in 1878 in
2020-410: Is a method of final disposition of a dead body through burning . Cremation may serve as a funeral or post-funeral rite and as an alternative to burial . In some countries, including India , Nepal , and Syria , cremation on an open-air pyre is an ancient tradition. Starting in the 19th century, cremation was introduced or reintroduced into other parts of the world. In modern times, cremation
2121-583: Is a representation of the birth of Jesus traditionally set in Naples in the 18th century. The Neapolitan crib art has remained unchanged for centuries, becoming part of the most consolidated and followed Christmas traditions of the city. Famous in Naples, in fact, is the well-known via dei presepi (via San Gregorio Armeno) which offers a showcase of all the local crafts concerning the nativity scene. Moreover, there are numerous city and non-city museums (such as
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#17327727602542222-599: Is also an annual, highly publicized nativity scene at the St. Patrick's Basilica, Ottawa in Ottawa, Ontario. The Czech Republic , and the cultures represented in its predecessors i.e. Czechoslovakia and the lands of former Bohemia , have a long tradition regarding betlémy (literally "Bethlehems"), crèches. The tradition of home nativity scenes is often traced to the 1782 ban of church and institutional crèches by emperor Joseph II , officially responding to public disturbances and
2323-460: Is also customary in Japan . In the United States federal law does not dictate any container requirements for cremation. Certain states require an opaque or non-transparent container for all cremations. This can be a simple corrugated cardboard box or a wooden casket ( coffin ). Another option is a cardboard box that fits inside a wooden shell, which is designed to look like a traditional casket. After
2424-537: Is celebrated by Australians in a number of ways. In Australia, it is summer season and is very hot during Christmas time. During the Christmas time, locals and visitors visit places around their towns and suburbs to view the outdoor and indoor displays. All over the towns, the places are lit with colorful and modern spectacular lighting displays. The displays of nativity scenes with Aussie featured native animals like kangaroos and koalas are also evident. In Melbourne,
2525-520: Is commonly carried out with a closed furnace (cremator) , at a crematorium. Cremation leaves behind an average of 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) of remains known as ashes or cremains . This is not all ash but includes unburnt fragments of bone mineral, which are commonly ground into powder. They are inorganic and inert, and thus do not constitute a health risk and may be buried, interred in a memorial site, retained by relatives or scattered in various ways. Cremation dates from at least 17,000 years ago in
2626-652: Is directly opposite the Golders Green Jewish Cemetery . (Golders Green is an area with a large Jewish population.) The crematorium is secular , accepts all faiths and non-believers; clients may arrange their own type of service or remembrance event and choose whatever music they wish. The crematorium gardens are listed at Grade I in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . The legality of cremation in Great Britain
2727-589: Is no antidote against the Opium of time...". Honoretta Brooks Pratt became the first recorded cremated European individual in modern times when she died on 26 September 1769 and was illegally cremated at the burial ground on Hanover Square in London . In Europe, a movement to reintroduce cremation as a viable method for body disposal began in the 1870s. This was made possible by the invention of new furnace technology and contact with eastern cultures that practiced it. At
2828-492: Is on display in southern Bohemian town Jindřichův Hradec . It figures as the largest mechanical nativity scene in the world in the Guinness Book of World Records . Gingerbread nativity scenes and cribs in the church of St. Matthew in Šárka (Prague 6 Dejvice ) have around 200 figures and houses, the tradition dates from since 1972; every year new ones are baked and after holidays eaten. The Neapolitan nativity scene
2929-663: Is organised by Associazione Amici di Lancianovecchia Museums dedicated specifically to paper nativity scenes exist in Pečky (Czech Republic). Nativity scenes have not escaped controversy . A life-sized scene in the United Kingdom featuring waxwork celebrities provoked outrage in 2004, and, in Spain, a city council forbade the exhibition of a traditional toilet humor character in a public nativity scene. Nativity scenes have been involved in controversies and lawsuits surrounding
3030-434: Is sealed, for this reason. When cremation is finished, the remains are passed through a magnetic field to remove any metal, which will be interred elsewhere in the crematorium grounds or, increasingly, recycled. The ashes are entered into a cremulator to further grind the remains down into a finer texture before being given to relatives or loved ones or scattered in the crematorium grounds where facilities exist. In Germany,
3131-615: Is that "cremains" is thought to have less connection with the deceased, whereas a loved one's "cremated remains" has a more identifiable human connection. ) After final grinding, the ashes are placed in a container, which can be anything from a simple cardboard box to a decorative urn . The default container used by most crematoria, when nothing more expensive has been selected, is usually a hinged, snap-locking plastic box. Cremated remains are mostly dry calcium phosphates with some minor minerals, such as salts of sodium and potassium. Sulfur and most carbon are driven off as oxidized gases during
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3232-470: Is the statue of Indian industrialist and friend of Gandhi , Ghanshyam Das Birla . A map of the Garden of Rest and some information on persons cremated here is available from the office. Staff are available to help in finding a specific location. Among those whose ashes are retained or were scattered here, are: Among those cremated here, but whose ashes are elsewhere, are: Cremation Cremation
3333-427: Is usually simply an insulation material, e.g. , mineral wool . Inside is typically a layer of insulation brick, mostly calcium silicate in nature. Heavy duty cremators are usually designed with two layers of fire bricks inside the insulation layer. The layer of fire bricks in contact with the combustion process protects the outer layer and must be replaced from time to time. The body is generally required to be inside
3434-676: The Cremation Society of Great Britain in 1874." They founded the United Kingdom's first crematorium in Woking , with Gorini travelling to England to assist the installation of a cremator. They first tested it on 17 March 1879 with the body of a horse. After protests and an intervention by the Home Secretary , Sir Richard Cross , their plans were put on hold. In 1884, the Welsh Neo-Druidic priest William Price
3535-597: The Child Jesus , to the Holy Family and the shepherds, were placed ladies and gentlemen of the nobility, representatives of the bourgeoisie of the time, vendors with their banks and miniatures of cheese, bread, sheep, pigs, ducks or geese, and typical figures of the time like Roma fortune tellers predicting the future, people playing cards, housewives doing shopping, dogs, cats and chickens. In southern Italy, living nativity scenes ( presepe vivente ) are extremely popular. They may be elaborate affairs, featuring not only
3636-574: The Christmas season , of art objects representing the birth of Jesus . While the term "nativity scene" may be used of any representation of the very common subject of the Nativity of Jesus in art , it has a more specialized sense referring to seasonal displays, in particular sets of individual sculptural figures and props that are arranged for display. Other characters from the nativity story, such as shepherds, sheep, and angels may be displayed near
3737-650: The National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . The Philipson Family mausoleum, designed by Edwin Lutyens , is a Grade II* listed building on the National Heritage List for England and the crematorium building, the wall, along with memorials and gates, the Martin Smith Mausoleum and Into The Silent Land , a sculpture by Henry Alfred Pegram are all Grade II listed buildings. The largest sculpture portraying someone cremated here
3838-868: The Papal State , in Emilia , in the Kingdom of Naples and in Genoa . In the tradition of the Moravian Church , nativity scenes have been the center of the Christmas putz , which is "built to tell the Good News of the coming of the Christ Child" and "is the Gospel in miniature from Isaiah’s prophecy and Mary’s annunciation to the visit of the wisemen and the flight into Egypt." For Moravian Christians,
3939-817: The West Terrace Cemetery in the South Australian capital of Adelaide in 1901. This small building, resembling the buildings at Woking , remained largely unchanged from its 19th-century style and was in full operation until the late 1950s. The oldest operating crematorium in Australia is at Rookwood Cemetery , in Sydney . It opened in 1925. In the Netherlands, the foundation of the Association for Optional Cremation in 1874 ushered in
4040-653: The manger in a barn (or cave) intended to accommodate farm animals, as described in the Gospel of Luke . A donkey and an ox are typically depicted in the scene, and the Magi and their camels, described in the Gospel of Matthew , are also included. Many also include a representation of the Star of Bethlehem . Several cultures add other characters and objects that may or may not be Biblical. The first living nativity scene, attributed to Saint Francis of Assisi , occurred in 1223 in
4141-566: The museum of San Martino or the Royal Palace of Caserta ) in which historical pieces or entire scenes set during the birth of Jesus are exhibited. In the majority- Catholic Philippines , miniature, full-scale, or giant dioramas or tableaus of the nativity scene are known as Belén (from the Spanish name for Bethlehem ). They were introduced by the Spanish since the 16th century. They are an iconic and ubiquitous Christmas symbol in
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4242-623: The 1850s. His furnace operated at a high temperature by using regenerative preheating of fuel and air for combustion . In regenerative preheating, the exhaust gases from the furnace are pumped into a chamber containing bricks, where heat is transferred from the gases to the bricks. The flow of the furnace is then reversed so that fuel and air pass through the chamber and are heated by the bricks. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, and this process made cremation an efficient and practical proposal. Charles's nephew, Carl Friedrich von Siemens perfected
4343-532: The Cremulator used. The mean weight of an adult's remains is 2.4 kg (5.3 lb); the mean weight for adult males is about 1 kg (2.2 lb) higher than that for adult females. There are various types of Cremulators, including rotating devices, grinders, and older models using heavy metal balls. The grinding process typically takes about 20 seconds. In most Asian countries, the bones are not pulverised, unless requested beforehand. When not pulverised,
4444-550: The Italian town of Greccio . Francis had been inspired by his visit to the Holy Land , where he had been shown Jesus's traditional birthplace . Distinctive nativity scenes and traditions have been created around the world, and are displayed during the Christmas season in churches, homes, shopping malls, and other venues, and occasionally on public lands and in public buildings. Nativity scenes have not escaped controversy, and in
4545-642: The London Cremation Company (which has its offices on the premises), who desired to build a crematorium within easy reach of London. The crematorium in Golders Green was designed by the architect Sir Ernest George and his partner Alfred Yeates. The gardens were laid out by William Robinson . The crematorium is a red brick building in Lombardic style and was built in stages, as money became available. The crematorium opened in 1902 and
4646-792: The Philippines, on par with the parol (Christmas lanterns depicting the Star of Bethlehem ) which are often incorporated into the scene as the source of illumination. Both the Belén and the parol were the traditional Christmas decorations in Filipino homes before Americans introduced the Christmas tree . Most churches in the Philippines also transform their altars into a Belén at Christmas. They are also found in schools (which also hold nativity plays ), government buildings, commercial establishments, and in public spaces. The city of Tarlac holds an annual competition of giant Belén in
4747-500: The United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Starting in the 1960s, cremation has become more common than burial in several countries where the latter is traditional. This has included the United Kingdom (1968), Czechoslovakia (1980), Canada (early 2000s), the United States (2016) and Finland (2017). Factors cited include cheaper costs (especially a factor after the 2008 recession ), growth in secular attitudes and declining opposition in some Christian denominations. The cremation occurs in
4848-663: The United States and a list of permanent exhibits of nativity scenes in other parts of the world. The Bavarian National Museum displays a notable collection of nativity scenes from the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries. Every year in Lanciano, Abruzzo (Italy), a nativity scene exhibition (called in Italian "Riscopriamo il presepe") takes place at Auditorium Diocleziano, usually until 6 January. An average of one hundred nativity scenes are shown, coming from every region of Italy. There are also many nativity scenes made by local kindergarten, primary, secondary and high school. The event
4949-518: The United States of America their inclusion on public lands or in public buildings has provoked court challenges. The tradition of the nativity scene comes from Italy. One of the earliest representation in art of the nativity was found in the early Christian Roman catacomb of Saint Valentine . It dates to about AD 380. Another, of similar date, is beneath the pulpit in Sant'Ambrogio, Milan . The first seasonal nativity scene, which seems to have been
5050-476: The Vigil Mass on the first Sunday of Advent (Saturday 2 December). Here is an article to mark the celebration - ‘Back in time’: Australian Nativity Scene celebrates 20 years Bethlehem Live is an all-volunteer living nativity produced by Gateway Christian Community Church in Winnipeg , Manitoba, Canada. The production includes a reconstruction of the ancient town of Bethlehem and seven individual vignettes. There
5151-818: The Western World opened in Milan in 1876. Milan's "Crematorium Temple" was built in the Monumental Cemetery . The building still stands but ceased to be operational in 1992. Sir Henry Thompson, 1st Baronet , a surgeon and Physician to the Queen Victoria , had seen Gorini's cremator at the Vienna Exhibition and had returned home to become the first and chief promoter of cremation in England. His main reason for supporting cremation
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#17327727602545252-757: The archaeological record, with the Mungo Lady , the remains of a partly cremated body found at Lake Mungo , Australia. Alternative death rituals which emphasize one method of disposal – burial , cremation, or exposure – have gone through periods of preference throughout history. In the Middle East and Europe, both burial and cremation are evident in the archaeological record in the Neolithic era. Cultural groups had their own preferences and prohibitions. The ancient Egyptians developed an intricate transmigration-of-soul theology, which prohibited cremation. This
5353-621: The ashes of thousands of Londoners and residents of neighbouring counties. There have been 14 holders of the Victoria Cross cremated here, and there are locations and memorials for many other military personnel of all ranks, and from many countries. Largest among them is the Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorial, commemorating 496 British and Commonwealth military casualties of both World Wars who were cremated here. Designed by Sir Edward Maufe , it
5454-430: The association of cremation with fire sacrifice or human sacrifice . Hinduism and Jainism are notable for not only allowing but prescribing cremation. Cremation in India is first attested in the Cemetery H culture (from c. 1900 BCE), considered the last phase of Indus Valley Civilisation and beginning of the Vedic civilization . The Rigveda contains a reference to the emerging practice, in RV 10 .15.14, where
5555-407: The back side. The ashes were taken out from the front side. In the 20th century, cremation gained varying degrees of acceptance in most Christian denominations. William Temple , the most senior bishop in the Church of England , was cremated after his death in office in 1944. The Roman Catholic Church accepted the practice more slowly. In 1963, at the Second Vatican Council Pope Paul VI lifted
5656-418: The ban on cremation, and in 1966 allowed Catholic priests to officiate at cremation ceremonies. This is done on the condition that the ashes must be buried or interred, not scattered. Many countries where burial is traditional saw cremation rise to become a significant, if not the most common way of disposing of a dead body. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was an unprecedented phase of crematorium construction in
5757-402: The bodies of those murdered by gassing were disposed of using incineration. The efficiency of industrialised killing of Operation Reinhard during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust produced too many corpses, therefore the crematoria manufactured to SS specifications were put into use in all of them to handle the disposals around the clock, day and night. The Vrba–Wetzler report offers
5858-431: The bones are collected by the family and stored as one might do with ashes. The appearance of cremated remains after grinding is one of the reasons they are called ashes , although a non-technical term sometimes used is "cremains", a portmanteau of "cremated" and "remains". (The Cremation Association of North America prefers that the word "cremains" not be used for referring to "human cremated remains". The reason given
5959-445: The classic nativity scene but also a mock rural 19th-century village, complete with artisans in traditional costumes working at their trades. These attract many visitors and have been televised on RAI . In 2010, the old city of Matera in Basilicata hosted the world's largest living nativity scene of the time, which was performed in the historic center, Sassi . A donkey (or ass) and an ox typically appear in nativity scenes. Besides
6060-407: The coffin once it has arrived at the crematorium, and rules stipulate that it must be cremated within 72 hours of the funeral service. Therefore, in the United Kingdom, bodies are cremated in the same coffin that they are placed in at the undertaker's, although the regulations allow the use of an approved "cover" during the funeral service. It is recommended that jewellery be removed before the coffin
6161-429: The collection of Eugenio Catello. The Universalis Foederatio Praesepistica , World association of Friends of Cribs was founded in 1952, counting today 20 national associations dedicated to this subject. The Central office is in Austria. In the United States and Canada Friends of the Creche has over 200 members, with a major conference every two years. FotC maintains a list of permanent exhibits of nativity scenes in
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#17327727602546262-408: The cremation process is complete and have a spyhole so that an operator can see inside. The time required for cremation varies from body to body, with the average being 90 minutes for an adult body. The chamber where the body is placed is called a cremation chamber or retort and is lined with heat-resistant refractory bricks. Refractory bricks are designed in several layers. The outermost layer
6363-432: The crematorium accompanies the remains, and if required by law, the permit for disposition of human remains, which must remain with the cremated remains. Nativity scene In the Christian tradition, a nativity scene (also known as a manger scene , crib , crèche ( / k r ɛ ʃ / or / k r eɪ ʃ / ), or in Italian presepio or presepe , or Bethlehem ) is the special exhibition, particularly during
6464-444: The cremators, perhaps by holding the body overnight in a refrigerator, allowing a lower fee to be charged. The box containing the body is placed in the retort and incinerated at a temperature of 760 to 1,150 °C (1,400 to 2,100 °F). During the cremation process, the greater portion of the body (especially the organs and other soft tissues) is vaporized and oxidized by the intense heat; gases released are discharged through
6565-438: The exhaust system. Jewelry, such as necklaces, wrist-watches and rings, are ordinarily removed before cremation, and returned to the family. Several implanted devices are required to be removed. Pacemakers and other medical devices can cause large, dangerous explosions. Contrary to popular belief, the cremated remains are not ashes in the usual sense. After the incineration is completed, the dry bone fragments are swept out of
6666-457: The following description. At present there are four crematoria in operation at B IRKENAU , two large ones, I and II, and two smaller ones, III and IV. Those of type I and II consist of 3 parts, i.e.,: (A) the furnace room; (B) the large halls; and (C) the gas chamber. A huge chimney rises from the furnace room around which are grouped nine furnaces, each having four openings. Each opening can take three normal corpses at once and after an hour and
6767-403: The forefathers "both cremated ( agnidagdhá- ) and uncremated ( ánagnidagdha- )" are invoked. Cremation remained common but not universal, in both ancient Greece and ancient Rome. According to Cicero, burial was considered the more archaic rite in Rome. The rise of Christianity saw an end to cremation in Europe, though it may have already been in decline. In early Roman Britain , cremation
6868-410: The funeral service, the box is removed from the shell before cremation, permitting the shell to be re-used. In the United Kingdom, the body is not removed from the coffin and is not placed into a container as described above. The body is cremated with the coffin which is why all British coffins that are to be used for cremation must be combustible. The Code of Cremation Practice forbids the opening of
6969-424: The gospels, for example, the shepherds, the Magi, and the ox and ass may be displayed together at the manger. The art form can be traced back to eighteenth-century Naples, Italy . Neapolitan nativity scenes do not represent Palestine at the time of Jesus but the life of the Naples of 1700, during the Bourbon period. Families competed with each other to produce the most elegant and elaborate scenes and so, next to
7070-453: The large outdoor Christmas displays sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . Each holiday season, from Light Up Night in November through Epiphany in January, the Pittsburgh Crèche is on display in downtown Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania. The Pittsburgh Creche is the world's only authorized replica of the Vatican's Christmas crèche, on display in St. Peter's Square in Rome. Pittsburgh's Carnegie Museum of Art also displays
7171-465: The last century. Ironically, the ashes of the first person cremated at Woking, Mrs Jeanette Pickersgill (died 21 April 1885), widow of artist Henry William Pickersgill , were removed from Woking to the East Columbarium at Golders Green, according to Woking's cremation records. The chimney of the crematorium is located within the tower and the building is in an Italianate style . The 12 acres (4.9 ha) of gardens are extensively planted, and produce
7272-465: The nativity scene serves to celebrate "the story of the wonder of Christ’s birth so that the Son of God can be welcomed into the hearts of the home at the Christmas." By the end of the 19th century nativity scenes became widely popular in many Christian denominations, and many versions in various sizes and made of various materials, such as terracotta , paper, wood, wax, and ivory , were marketed, often with
7373-467: The necessity of animals for an operating manger, this is an allusion to the Book of Isaiah : "the ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib; but Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider" ( Isaiah 1:3 ). The Gospels mention neither an ox and nor a donkey, however. Another source for the tradition might be the extracanonical text the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew of the 7th century. Christmas
7474-462: The only burial practice, both combustion and inhumation had been practiced, depending on the era and location. In Rome's earliest history, both inhumation and cremation were in common use among all classes. Around the mid-Republic, inhumation was almost exclusively replaced by cremation, with some notable exceptions, and remained the most common funerary practice until the middle of the Empire, when it
7575-509: The poor", became one major expression, as well as wood-carved ones, some of them complex and detailed. Many major Czech artists, sculptors and illustrators have as a significant part of their legacy the crèches that they created. The following people are known for creating Czech paper crèches: Tomáš Krýza (1838–1918) built in a period of over 60 years a nativity scene covering 60 m (length 17 m, size and height 2 m) which contains 1,398 figures of humans and animals, of which 133 are moveable. It
7676-744: The principle of accommodationism . In 1969, the American Civil Liberties Union did not want a nativity scene at The Ellipse . After the matter was resolved by the United States Court of Appeals , the nativity scene was not displayed in 1973. In 1985, the United States Supreme Court ruled in ACLU v. Scarsdale, New York that nativity scenes on public lands were unconstitutional unless they also displayed non-religious symbols. This principle
7777-439: The process is mostly similar to that of the United Kingdom. The body is cremated in the coffin. A piece of fire clay with a number on it is used for identifying the remains of the dead body after burning. The remains are then placed in a container called an ash capsule , which generally is put into a cinerary urn. In Australia, reusable or cardboard coffins are rare, with only a few manufacturers now supplying them. For low cost,
7878-421: The process, although about 1–4% of carbon remains as carbonate. The ash remaining represents very roughly 3.5% of the body's original mass (2.5% in children). Because the weight of dry bone fragments is so closely connected to skeletal mass, their weight varies greatly from person to person. Because many changes in body composition (such as fat and muscle loss or gain) do not affect the weight of cremated remains,
7979-447: The remains are processed, smaller bits of metal such as tooth fillings, and rings (commonly known as gleanings ) are sieved out and may be later interred in common, consecrated ground in a remote area of the cemetery. They may also be sold as precious metal scrap. Cremated remains are returned to the next of kin in different manners according to custom and country. In the United States, the cremated remains are almost always contained in
8080-646: The resulting "loss of dignity" of such displays. As this followed the Edict of Toleration proclaimed the previous year, it reduced State support of the Catholic church in this multi-confessional land. The Museum of Nativity Scenes in Třebechovice pod Orebem has over 400 examples dated from the 18th until early 20th century, including the Probošt's mechanical Christmas crib , so called Třebechovice's Bethlehem . The issue of cost arose, and paper-cut crèches, "the crèche of
8181-404: The retort and pulverised by a machine called a Cremulator —essentially a high-capacity, high-speed Pulverizer —to process them into "ashes" or "cremated remains", although pulverisation may also be performed by hand. This leaves the bone with a fine sand like texture and color, able to be scattered without need for mixing with any foreign matter, though the size of the grain varies depending on
8282-474: The risk of explosion. Large items such as titanium hip replacements (which tarnish but do not melt) or casket hinges are usually removed before processing, as they may damage the processor. (If they are missed at first, they must ultimately be removed before processing is complete, as items such as titanium joint replacements are far too durable to be ground.) Implants may be returned to the family, but are more commonly sold as ferrous/non-ferrous scrap metal . After
8383-630: The same period. These ashes were usually thereafter deposited in a vessel of clay or bronze in an "urn cemetery". The custom again died out with the Christian conversion of the Anglo-Saxons or Early English during the 7th century, when Christian burial became general. In parts of Europe, cremation was forbidden by law, and even punishable by death if combined with Heathen rites. Cremation was sometimes used by Catholic authorities as part of punishment for accused heretics, which included burning at
8484-569: The stake . For example, the body of John Wycliff was exhumed years after his death and burned to ashes, with the ashes thrown in a river, explicitly as a posthumous punishment for his denial of the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation . The first to advocate for the use of cremation was the physician Sir Thomas Browne in Urne Buriall (1658) which interpreted cremation as means of oblivion and reveals plainly that "'there
8585-405: The time, many proponents believed in the miasma theory , and that cremation would reduce the "bad air" that caused diseases. These movements were associated with secularism and gained a following in cultural and intellectual circles. In Italy, the movement was associated with anti-clericalism and Freemasonry , whereas these were not major themes of the movement in Britain. In 1869, the idea
8686-825: The town of Gotha in Germany and later in Heidelberg in 1891. The first modern crematory in the U.S. was built in 1876 by Francis Julius LeMoyne after hearing about its use in Europe. Like many early proponents, he was motivated by a belief it would be beneficial for public health. Before LeMoyne's crematory closed in 1901, it had performed 42 cremations. Other countries that opened their first crematorium included Sweden (1887 in Stockholm), Switzerland (1889 in Zurich) and France (1889 in Père Lachaise , Paris). Some of
8787-465: The tree's base. The crèche was the gift of Loretta Hines Howard in 1964, and the choir screen was the gift of The William Randolph Hearst Foundation in 1956. Both this presepio and the one displayed in Pittsburgh originated from the collection of Eugenio Catello. A life-size nativity scene has been displayed annually at Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah for several decades as part of
8888-496: The use of this furnace for the incineration of organic material at his factory in Dresden . The radical politician, Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke , took the corpse of his dead wife there to be cremated in 1874. The efficient and cheap process brought about the quick and complete incineration of the body and was a fundamental technical breakthrough that finally made industrial cremation a practical possibility. The first crematorium in
8989-476: The various Protestant churches came to accept cremation. In Anglican and Nordic Protestant countries, cremation gained acceptance (though it did not yet become the norm) first by the upper classes and cultural circles, and then by the rest of the population. In 1905, Westminster Abbey interred ashes for the first time; by 1911 the Abbey was expressing a preference for interring ashes. The 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia
9090-786: The weight of the remains can be more closely predicted from the person's height and sex (which predicts skeletal weight), than it can be predicted from the person's simple weight. Ashes of adults can be said to weigh from 876 to 3,784 g (1 lb 15 oz to 8 lb 5 oz), with women's ashes generally weighing below 2,750 g (6 lb 1 oz) and men's ashes generally weighing above 1,887 g (4 lb 3 oz). Bones are not all that remain after cremation. There may be melted metal lumps from missed jewellery; casket furniture; dental fillings; and surgical implants, such as hip replacements. Breast implants do not have to be removed before cremation. Some medical devices such as pacemakers may need to be removed before cremation to avoid
9191-713: The years and in December 2016, the Australian Channel 7 captured the news of this famous creativity. Shalom World , the Catholic, commercial-free, 24/7, HD family entertainment channel, reached out to the world with a live telecast on Australian Nativity Scene on 24 December 2022. On 2 December 2023, Australian Nativity Scene marked its 20 years—a great moment for St Elizabeth’s Parish in Dandenong. To mark this occasion, Archbishop Peter A Comensoli celebrated
9292-805: Was almost entirely replaced by inhumation. In Europe, there are traces of cremation dating to the Early Bronze Age (c. 2000 BCE) in the Pannonian Plain and along the middle Danube . The custom became dominant throughout Bronze Age Europe with the Urnfield culture (from c. 1300 BCE). In the Iron Age , inhumation again becomes more common, but cremation persisted in the Villanovan culture and elsewhere. Homer 's account of Patroclus ' burial describes cremation with subsequent burial in
9393-534: Was also widely adopted by Semitic peoples. The Babylonians, according to Herodotus , embalmed their dead. Phoenicians practiced both cremation and burial. From the Cycladic civilization in 3000 BCE until the Sub- Mycenaean era in 1200–1100 BCE, Greeks practiced burial. Cremation appeared around the 12th century BCE, probably influenced by Anatolia . Until the Christian era, when inhumation again became
9494-462: Was arrested and put on trial for attempting to cremate his son's body. Price successfully argued in court that while the law did not state that cremation was legal, it also did not state that it was illegal. The case set a precedent that allowed the Cremation Society to proceed. In 1885, the first official cremation in the United Kingdom took place in Woking. The deceased was Jeanette Pickersgill ,
9595-452: Was built in four phases (1901–1910, 1910–1911, 1912–1916, 1926–1928). By 1939, the site was largely completed, although since then some buildings have been added. Since November 1902 more than 323,500 cremations have taken place at Golders Green Crematorium, far more than any other British crematorium. It is estimated that the crematorium now averages around 2,000 cremations a year. The funerals of many prominent people have taken place there over
9696-791: Was critical of the development, referring to them as a "sinister movement" and associating them with Freemasonry , although it said that "there is nothing directly opposed to any dogma of the Church in the practice of cremation." In the U.S. only about one crematory per year was built in the late 19th century. As embalming became more widely accepted and used, crematories lost their sanitary edge. Not to be left behind, crematories had an idea of making cremation beautiful. They started building crematories with stained-glass windows and marble floors with frescoed walls. Australia also started to establish modern cremation movements and societies. Australians had their first purpose-built modern crematorium and chapel in
9797-530: Was not confirmed until 1885. The first crematorium was built in Woking and it was successful. At that time cremation was championed by the Cremation Society of Great Britain . This society was governed by a council, at that time led by Sir Henry Thompson (president and founding member). There is a bust to his memory in the West Chapel of Golders Green Crematorium. Out of this Society was formed
9898-689: Was presented to the Medical International Congress of Florence by Professors Coletti and Castiglioni "in the name of public health and civilization". In 1873, Professor Paolo Gorini of Lodi and Professor Ludovico Brunetti of Padua published reports of practical work they had conducted. A model of Brunetti's cremating apparatus, together with the resulting ashes, was exhibited at the Vienna Exposition in 1873 and attracted great attention Meanwhile, Sir Charles William Siemens had developed his regenerative furnace in
9999-432: Was that "it was becoming a necessary sanitary precaution against the propagation of disease among a population daily growing larger in relation to the area it occupied". In addition, he believed, cremation would prevent premature burial, reduce the expense of funerals, spare mourners the necessity of standing exposed to the weather during interment, and urns would be safe from vandalism. He joined with other proponents to form
10100-522: Was unveiled in 1952. Built in Portland stone with names listed on three bronze panels, it stands at head of an ornamental pond at the western end of the memorial cloister. At Christmas, a Christmas tree is erected in the field in front of the main buildings. Although the crematorium is secular, a nativity scene is also placed near the Chapel of Memory. The crematorium gardens are listed at Grade I in
10201-545: Was usual but diminished by the 4th century. It then reappeared in the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration era, when sacrificed animals were sometimes included on the pyre, and the dead were dressed in costume and with ornaments for the burning. That custom was also very widespread among the Germanic peoples of the northern continental lands from which the Anglo-Saxon migrants are supposed to have been derived, during
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