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69-577: The Goldfields Water Supply Scheme is a pipeline and dam project that delivers potable water from Mundaring Weir in Perth to communities in Western Australia 's Eastern Goldfields , particularly Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie . The project was commissioned in 1896 and completed in 1903. The pipeline continues to operate today, supplying water to over 100,000 people in over 33,000 households as well as mines, farms and other enterprises. During

138-456: A breakdown or design fault in the sanitation system, or by chemical contaminants. Further examples of contamination include: Examples of chemical contamination include: Most water requires some treatment before use; even water from deep wells or springs. The extent of treatment depends on the source of the water. Appropriate technology options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) designs. Only

207-452: A chronic health risk through buildup of heavy metals although some components like nitrates/nitrites and arsenic can have a more immediate impact. Physical parameters affect the aesthetics and taste of the drinking water and may complicate the removal of microbial pathogens. Pesticides are also potential drinking water contaminants of the category chemical contaminants . Pesticides may be present in drinking water in low concentrations, but

276-566: A component of effective policy for health protection." In 1990, only 76 percent of the global population had access to drinking water. By 2015 that number had increased to 91 percent. In 1990, most countries in Latin America, East and South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa were well below 90%. In Sub-Saharan Africa, where the rates are lowest, household access ranges from 40 to 80 percent. Countries that experience violent conflict can have reductions in drinking water access: One study found that

345-523: A conflict with about 2,500 battle deaths deprives 1.8% of the population of potable water. Typically in developed countries , tap water meets drinking water quality standards , even though only a small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation. Other typical uses for tap water include washing, toilets, and irrigation . Greywater may also be used for toilets or irrigation. Its use for irrigation however may be associated with risks. Globally, by 2015, 89% of people had access to water from

414-671: A factory near Midland Junction (now known simply as Midland ) to produce the other half. When built, the pipeline was the longest fresh-water pipeline in the world. The pipeline ran alongside the earlier route of the Eastern Railway and the Eastern Goldfields Railways for parts of its route, so that the railway service and the pipeline had an interdependence through the sparsely populated region between Southern Cross and Kalgoorlie. The scheme required significant infrastructure in power generation to support

483-586: A farmer might plan for 35 U.S. gallons (130 L) per day for a dairy cow , a third of that for a horse , and a tenth of that for a hog . However, relatively few studies have been focused on the drinking behavior of wild animals. According to the World Health Organization's 2017 report, safe drinking water is water that "does not represent any significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages". According to

552-421: A few large urban areas such as Christchurch , New Zealand have access to sufficiently pure water of sufficient volume that no treatment of the raw water is required. In emergency situations when conventional treatment systems have been compromised, waterborne pathogens may be killed or inactivated by boiling but this requires abundant sources of fuel, and can be very onerous on consumers, especially where it

621-569: A hardship. The WHO/ UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation is the official United Nations mechanism tasked with monitoring progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking-water and sanitation (MDG 7, Target 7c), which is to: "Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation". Eastern Railway (Western Australia) The Eastern Railway

690-407: A hot climate, up to 16 litres (4.2 US gal) a day may be required. About 1 to 2 billion people lack safe drinking water. Water can carry vectors of disease . More people die from unsafe water than from war, then- U.N. secretary-general Ban Ki-moon said in 2010. Developing countries are most affected by unsafe drinking water. Potable water is available in almost all populated areas of

759-461: A little over a decade after the First Route , on 1 July 1896. It increased railway capacity to the east, while offering less demanding grades and improved safety compared to the alignment of the first route. The line was originally only a single track, and featured Western Australia's first and, until 1990, only railway tunnel . Due to ventilation problems, in 1942 the tunnel was the cause of

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828-481: A location between Darlington and Glen Forrest. Clay was struck when a cutting was under construction followed by a subsurface spring. The resulting flooding turned the clay into a bottomless bog. The rail alignment had to be moved 100 metres south along the bed of Nyaania Creek , which was diverted into a specially constructed channel. A year after the opening of the line to Chidlow it was further extended to Spencers Brook, opening on 20 June 1885. The following year, it

897-777: A negative effect on child development (both physical and cognitive). Sixty million people are estimated to have been poisoned by well water contaminated by excessive fluoride , which dissolved from granite rocks. The effects are particularly evident in the bone deformations of children. Similar or larger problems are anticipated in other countries including China, Uzbekistan, and Ethiopia. Although helpful for dental health in low dosage, fluoride in large amounts interferes with bone formation. Long-term consumption of water with high fluoride concentration (> 1.5 ppm F) can have serious undesirable consequences such as dental fluorosis , enamel mottle and skeletal fluorosis , bone deformities in children. Fluorosis severity depends on how much fluoride

966-648: A number of external authorities to maintain and improve the old railway alignment as a rail trail. Between 2004–2006, the trail has had considerable signage and track maintenance conducted along the trail. It is also used for the annual Trek the Trail event conducted in conjunction between Mundaring and Hills Historical Society, the Mundaring Shire Council and the Mundaring Visitor Centre. The following acts of Parliament relate to

1035-452: A quarter of the total volume of water being pumped from Mundaring Weir – was leaking from the pipeline. With most of the original stations being steam-driven, a ready supply of timber was needed to fire the boilers. Hence the pipeline route was closely aligned with the Eastern Railway . To enhance the reliability of the system, each pumping station was designed and constructed with a spare pumping unit. Due to pressure requirements related to

1104-451: A report by UNICEF and UNESCO , Finland has the best drinking water quality in the world. Parameters for drinking water quality typically fall within three categories: microbiological, chemical, physical. Microbiological parameters include coliform bacteria , E. coli , and specific pathogenic species of bacteria (such as cholera -causing Vibrio cholerae ), viruses , and protozoan parasites . Originally, fecal contamination

1173-472: A runaway train crash, prompting calls for a fix. As traffic increased the newer route was duplicated in the 1930s, with the Tunnel Junction signal box established to manage traffic through the still single-track tunnel. A single-track diversion of the tunnel was completed on 25 November 1945, allowing trains heading uphill towards the east to avoid the tunnel and providing double-track operation along

1242-578: A source that is suitable for drinking – called improved water source  – and 71% of the world could access safely managed drinking water that is clean and available on-demand. Estimates suggest that at least 25% of improved sources contain fecal contamination. 1.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by feces . This can result in infectious diseases , such as gastroenteritis , cholera , and typhoid , among others. Reduction of waterborne diseases and development of safe water resources

1311-481: A source that is suitable for drinking – called improved water sources . In sub-Saharan Africa , access to potable water ranged from 40% to 80% of the population. Nearly 4.2 billion people worldwide had access to tap water, while another 2.4 billion had access to wells or public taps. By 2015, 5.2 billion people representing 71% of the global population used safely managed drinking water services. As of 2017, 90% of people having access to water from

1380-493: A year. Leakage of untreated and treated water from pipes reduces access to water. Leakage rates of 50% are not uncommon in urban systems. Tap water , delivered by domestic water systems refers to water piped to homes and delivered to a tap or spigot. In the United States, the typical water consumption per capita, at home, is 69.3 US gallons (262 L; 57.7 imp gal) of water per day. Of this, only 1% of

1449-517: Is WASH - standing for water, sanitation and hygiene . The WHO has investigated which proportion of death and disease worldwide can be attributed to insufficient WASH services. In their analysis they focus on the following four health outcomes: diarrhea , acute respiratory infections , malnutrition , and soil-transmitted Helminthiasis (STHs). These health outcomes are also included as an indicator for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 ("Good Health and Well-being"): Indicator 3.9.2 reports on

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1518-419: Is atmospheric water generators . Springs are often used as sources for bottled waters . The most efficient and convenient way to transport and deliver potable water is through pipes. Plumbing can require significant capital investment. Some systems suffer high operating costs. The cost to replace the deteriorating water and sanitation infrastructure of industrialized countries may be as high as $ 200 billion

1587-537: Is double-track line for almost its entire length and dual gauge ( 1,435 mm or 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in standard gauge and 1,067 mm or 3 ft 6 in narrow gauge ) between East Perth and Avon Yard ; tracks are narrow gauge-only at its western end through to Fremantle and standard gauge-only at its eastern end through to Northam. Crossing loops are provided there at three locations and these feature three parallel tracks. Numerous cuttings were also constructed, including

1656-436: Is a major public health goal in developing countries. In 2017, almost 22 million Americans drank from water systems that were in violation of public health standards, which could contribute to citizens developing water-borne illnesses . Safe drinking water is an environmental health concern. Bottled water is sold for public consumption in most parts of the world. Improved sources are also monitored based on whether water

1725-658: Is available when needed (5.8 billion people), located on premises (5.4 billion), free from contamination (5.4 billion), and within a 30-minute round trip. While improved water sources such as protected piped water are more likely to provide safe and adequate water as they may prevent contact with human excreta, for example, this is not always the case. According to a 2014 study, approximately 25% of improved sources contained fecal contamination. The population in Australia, New Zealand, North America and Europe have achieved nearly universal basic drinking water services. Because of

1794-647: Is called desalination and is used mainly in dry areas with access to large bodies of saltwater. Publicly available treated water has historically been associated with major increases in life expectancy and improved public health . Water disinfection can greatly reduce the risks of waterborne diseases such as typhoid and cholera . Chlorination is currently the most widely used water disinfection method, although chlorine compounds can react with substances in water and produce disinfection by-products (DBP) that pose problems to human health. Local geological conditions affecting groundwater are determining factors for

1863-427: Is difficult to store boiled water in sterile conditions. Other techniques, such as filtration, chemical disinfection, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation (including solar UV) have been demonstrated in an array of randomized control trials to significantly reduce levels of water-borne disease among users in low-income countries, but these suffer from the same problems as boiling methods. Another type of water treatment

1932-767: Is listed as a National Engineering Landmark by Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program , and an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers . Note – the material on the scheme is in its entirety a significant collection, and although the Water Authority might hold a comprehensive bibliography, it has not been published. Drinking water The amount of drinking water required to maintain good health varies, and depends on physical activity level, age, health-related issues, and environmental conditions. For those who work in

2001-513: Is present in the water, as well as people's diet and physical activity. Defluoridation methods include membrane-based methods, precipitation, absorption, and electrocoagulation. Natural arsenic contamination of groundwater is a global threat with 140 million people affected in 70 countries globally. Some well-known examples of water quality problems with drinking water supplies include: Water supply can get contaminated by pathogens which may originate from human excreta , for example due to

2070-599: Is the main railway route between Fremantle and Northam in Western Australia . It opened in stages between 1881 and 1893. The line continues east to Kalgoorlie as the Eastern Goldfields Railway . It is part of the interstate standard gauge railway between Perth and the rest of Australia. The first sod of the Fremantle-Guildford Railway was turned by Governor Ord at Guildford on 3 June 1879. The event coincided with

2139-458: Is to reach large numbers of low-income households on a sustainable basis. Few POU measures have reached significant scale thus far, but efforts to promote and commercially distribute these products to the world's poor have only been under way for a few years. Solar water disinfection is a low-cost method of purifying water that can often be implemented with locally available materials. Unlike methods that rely on firewood , it has low impact on

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2208-752: The Indian Pacific luxury train to Sydney generally once a week. Former named trains to previously traverse the line (predominantly the Second Route ) were The Westland , The Kalgoorlie , The Mullewa , the Albany Progress and the Trans-Australian . Intrastate freight services are generally operated by Aurizon . Interstate freight services are generally operated by Pacific National and SCT Logistics . Prior to privatisation, WAGR/Westrail operated all services on

2277-671: The European Drinking Water Directive and in the United States, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes standards as required by the Safe Drinking Water Act . China adopted its own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) enacted by Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2002. For countries without a legislative or administrative framework for such standards,

2346-725: The Smith's Mill Branch , then the Mundaring Branch , and later as the Mundaring Loop . Passenger traffic ceased between Boya and on 24 January 1954 and the route was closed from Koongamia to Mount Helena on 12 March 1965. Some remnants of this original line exist today: Also known as the Parkerville deviation or Mahogany Creek deviation , the Second Route via Swan View , John Forrest National Park , Hovea , Parkerville and Stoneville to Mount Helena, opened

2415-528: The World Health Organization publishes guidelines on the standards that should be achieved. The World Health Organization considers access to safe drinking-water a basic human right. Contaminated water is estimated to result in more than half a million deaths per year. Contaminated water together with the lack of sanitation was estimated to cause about one percent of disability adjusted life years worldwide in 2010. According to

2484-692: The toxicity of the chemical and the extent of human exposure are factors that are used to determine the specific health risk. Perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic compounds used in a large variety of consumer products, such as food packaging , waterproof fabrics, carpeting and cookware. PFAS are known to persist in the environment and are commonly described as persistent organic pollutants . PFAS chemicals have been detected in blood, both humans and animals, worldwide, as well as in food products, water, air and soil. Animal testing studies with PFAS have shown effects on growth and development, and possibly effects on reproduction, thyroid,

2553-567: The "mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, sanitation, and lack of hygiene". Diarrhea is primarily transmitted through fecal–oral routes . In 2011, infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old and 250 million lost school days. This equates to about 2000 child deaths per day. Children suffering from diarrhea are more vulnerable to become underweight (due to stunted growth ). This makes them more vulnerable to other diseases such as acute respiratory infections and malaria . Chronic diarrhea can have

2622-656: The 2007 documentary Pipe Dreams , which was part of the ABC series Constructing Australia . The book River of Steel , by Dr Richard G. Hartley , won the Margaret Medcalf award of the State Records Office of Western Australia in 2008. Lower Helena Pipehead Dam is now also used to supply water to the Goldfields region. Water from the dam is currently pumped back into Mundaring Weir. The scheme

2691-770: The Goldfields from a dam on the Helena River near Mundaring in Perth. The scheme consisted of three key elements – the Mundaring Weir, which dammed the Helena River in the Darling Scarp creating the Helena River Reservoir; a 760 millimetres (30 in) diameter steel pipe which ran from the dam to Kalgoorlie 530 kilometres (330 mi) away; and a series of eight pumping stations and two small holding dams to control pressures and to lift

2760-510: The WHO, the most common diseases linked with poor water quality are cholera , diarrhea , dysentery , hepatitis A , typhoid , and polio . One of the main causes for contaminated drinking water in developing countries is lack of sanitation and poor hygiene. For this reason, the quantification of the burden of disease from consuming contaminated drinking water usually looks at water, sanitation and hygiene aspects together. The acronym for this

2829-432: The celebration of the 50th anniversary of the settlement of Western Australia. The alignment of this first section of the railway has remained generally unchanged since it opened on 1 March 1881 and now forms part of Transperth 's Fremantle Line and Midland Line . Notable changes to this section include: The centenary of the railway was celebrated on 1 March 1981. The First Route , from Guildford to Chidlow ,

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2898-458: The deep Windmill Hill Cutting east of Toodyay . Avon Yard , a major marshalling yard , is located five kilometres west of Northam. The original section from Fremantle to Guildford (and onwards to Midland) is still in use as part of Transperth's suburban passenger rail network. Transwa 's AvonLink , MerredinLink and Prospector rail services use the line from East Perth to Northam, Merredin and Kalgoorlie . Journey Beyond also run

2967-411: The early 1890s, thousands of settlers had travelled into the barren and dry desert centre of Western Australia seeking gold, but the existing infrastructure for the supply of water was non-existent, and an urgent need arose. Prior to the scheme, water condensers, irregular rain, and water trains were part of the range of sources. Railway dams were essential for water to supply locomotives to travel to

3036-747: The entire line. The Second Route closed on 13 February 1966, coinciding with the opening of the Third Route . The Third Route , also known as the Avon Valley Deviation , opened on 14 February 1966 and coincided with the closure of the earlier two routes of the Eastern Railway. In the 1940s, it became clear to the Western Australian Government Railways that the original Eastern Railway alignments were not suitable for future traffic and

3105-404: The environment. In many areas, low concentration of fluoride (< 1.0 ppm F) is intentionally added to tap water to improve dental health , although in some communities water fluoridation remains a controversial issue. (See water fluoridation controversy ). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "access to safe drinking-water is essential to health, a basic human right and

3174-617: The goldfields. Throughout the 1890s, water availability issues in Coolgardie and in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder region were causing concern. On 16 July 1896, the Premier of Western Australia , Sir John Forrest introduced to Western Australian Parliament a bill to authorise the raising of a loan of £2.5 million to construct the scheme: the pipeline would convey 23,000 kilolitres (5,100,000 imp gal) of water per day to

3243-535: The high initial investments, many less wealthy nations cannot afford to develop or sustain appropriate infrastructure, and as a consequence people in these areas may spend a correspondingly higher fraction of their income on water. 2003 statistics from El Salvador, for example, indicate that the poorest 20% of households spend more than 10% of their total income on water. In the United Kingdom, authorities define spending of more than 3% of one's income on water as

3312-402: The immune system and liver. As of 2022 the health impacts of many PFAS compounds are not understood. Scientists are conducting research to determine the extent and severity of impacts from PFAS on human health. PFAS have been widely detected in drinking water worldwide and regulations have been developed, or are under development, in many countries. Drinking water quality standards describes

3381-638: The line. The original Eastern Railway alignments still survive today, in the form of a rail trail for cycling, horse riding and walking. The sections from Bellevue to Wooroloo form the 'Rail Reserves Heritage Trail'. The section from Mundaring to Clackline, as well as the Mundaring Branch, form part of the Kep Trail. The Railway Reserves Heritage Trail is the result of the Mundaring Shire Council being allocated funds from

3450-595: The loadings that were to be carried between the coast and the areas east of the Darling Scarp . As part of the Federal Government 's program to build a standard gauge line across Australia , and the passing of the Railways (Standard Gauge) Construction Act 1961 , work commenced on a new alignment further north through the Avon Valley , built with easier grades. This work also involved gauge-converting

3519-420: The matter is resolved. The ability of point of use (POU) options to reduce disease is a function of both their ability to remove microbial pathogens if properly applied and such social factors as ease of use and cultural appropriateness. Technologies may generate more (or less) health benefit than their lab-based microbial removal performance would suggest. The current priority of the proponents of POU treatment

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3588-576: The pipeline was utilised for a number of country towns adjacent to its route, and also into the Great Southern region . The Public Works Department started this project in the 1950s following the raising of the weir wall in the early 1950s and it completed this work in 1961. The scheme was "interpreted" by the National Trust of Western Australia in its Golden Pipeline Project , which created guide books, web sites, and tourist trails along

3657-487: The presence of various metal ions , often rendering the water " soft " or " hard ". In the event of contamination of drinking water, government officials typically issue an advisory regarding water consumption. In the case of biological contamination , residents are usually advised to boil their water before consumption or to use bottled water as an alternative. In the case of chemical contamination , residents may be advised to refrain from consuming tap water entirely until

3726-431: The pumping stations. Communities oriented to the maintenance of the pipeline and pumping stations grew up along the route. With improved power supplies and modern machinery and automation, the scheme now has more unattended pumping stations operated by fewer people. Construction of the dam started in 1898. When completed in 1902 it was claimed to be the highest overflow dam in the world. Shortly after World War II, raising

3795-443: The quality parameters set for drinking water. Water may contain many harmful constituents , yet there are no universally recognized and accepted international standards for drinking water. Even where standards do exist, the permitted concentration of individual constituents may vary by as much as ten times from one set of standards to another. Many countries specify standards to be applied in their own country. In Europe, this includes

3864-542: The remainder of the line as far as East Perth , as well as the Kwinana freight railway to dual gauge . The Third Route was originally built with timber sleepers and 94 lb (42.6 kg) rail. It was later upgraded using heavy (60 kg or 132.3 lb) continuously welded rail laid on new concrete sleepers during the late 1970s through into the early 1980s and can now accommodate axle loads up to 41 tonnes. The route, currently managed by Arc Infrastructure ,

3933-445: The scheme and found no basis for the press accusations of corruption or misdemeanours on the part of O'Connor. The pipes were manufactured locally from flat steel sheets imported from Germany and the United States. Mephan Ferguson was awarded the first manufacturing contract and built a fabrication plant at Falkirk (now known as the Perth suburb of Maylands ) to produce half of the 60,000 pipes required. C & G Hoskins established

4002-566: The scheme pipeline and tracing the older power station locations and communities that serviced the scheme. The Trust achieved the responsibility in an agreement with the Water Corporation in 1998. Most of the material was developed between 2001 and 2003. In 2007 two items were produced that were overviews of the scheme: The history of the construction of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme was detailed in

4071-629: The scheme. O'Connor died by suicide in March 1902 less than 12 months before the final commissioning of the pipeline. Lady Forrest officially started the pumping machinery at Pumping Station Number One (Mundaring) on 22 January, and on 24 January 1903 water flowed into the Mount Charlotte Reservoir at Kalgoorlie. O'Connor's engineer-in-chief, C. S. R. Palmer took over the project after his death, seeing it through to its successful completion. The government conducted an inquiry into

4140-463: The slope of the pipeline, stations one to four required two pumping units to be in operation. Stations five to eight only required one operating pump, due to a lower rise in height between those stations. James Simpson and Co supplied 3,500 tonnes of equipment in 5,000 separate boxes for the construction of the pumping sets. All the original pumping stations were powered by steam. Branch mains, or extensions, were started as early as 1907. Water from

4209-523: The wall was proposed and by 1951 the height of the dam wall was increased by 9.7 metres (32 ft). The Public Works Department originally constructed and ran the railway from the Mundaring railway station for the purpose of delivering materials to the construction site. The Western Australian Government Railways took over the railway operation. It ceased operation in 1952, and the connecting railway line at Mundaring closed in 1954. The distance

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4278-571: The water over the Darling Scarp. The scheme was devised by C. Y. O'Connor who oversaw its design and most of the construction project. Although supported by Premier Forrest, O'Connor had to deal with widespread criticism and derision from members of the Western Australian Parliament as well as the local press based on a belief that the scope of the engineering task was too great and that it would never work. There

4347-437: The water provided by public water suppliers is for drinking and cooking. Uses include (in decreasing order) toilets, washing machines, showers, baths, faucets, and leaks. As of 2015, American households use an average of 300 gallons of water a day. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of drinking water requirements on domesticated animals are studied and described within the context of animal husbandry . For example,

4416-480: The world, although it may be expensive, and the supply may not always be sustainable. Sources where drinking water is commonly obtained include springs , hyporheic zones and aquifers ( groundwater ), from rainwater harvesting , surface water (from rivers, streams, glaciers ), or desalinated seawater . For these water sources to be consumed safely, they must receive adequate water treatment and meet drinking water quality standards . An experimental source

4485-451: Was also a concern that the gold deposits would soon be depleted, and the state would have a significant debt to repay but little or no commerce to support it. Sunday Times editor Frederick Vosper – who was also a politician, ran a personal attack on O'Connor's integrity and ability through the paper. Timing was critical, Forrest as a supporter had moved into Federal politics, and the new Premier George Leake had long been an opponent of

4554-440: Was compounded by the height the water had to be lifted. To rise the almost 400 metres (1,300 ft) in altitude, issues with friction meant that a head of 800 metres (2,600 ft) had to be achieved. O'Connor had eight pumping stations that each pumped the water to the next of the receiving tanks in his plans. Leakages were noted early; by the early 1930s, 1,700,000 kilolitres (370,000,000 imp gal) of water per year –

4623-658: Was determined with the presence of coliform bacteria , a convenient marker for a class of harmful fecal pathogens . The presence of fecal coliforms (like E. Coli ) serves as an indication of contamination by sewage . Additional contaminants include protozoan oocysts such as Cryptosporidium sp. , Giardia lamblia , Legionella , and viruses (enteric). Microbial pathogenic parameters are typically of greatest concern because of their immediate health risk. Physical and chemical parameters include heavy metals , trace organic compounds , total suspended solids , and turbidity . Chemical parameters tend to pose more of

4692-484: Was extended again, opening to Northam on 13 October 1886. Both extensions were constructed by Edward Keane . It soon became apparent that the section between Bellevue and Mount Helena was too steep for the increasingly heavier trains and engines required for the route. As a result, the Second Route was quickly devised in the 1890s. After the completion of this alternative section, the original line became known in Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) records as

4761-448: Was opened on 11 March 1884. The principal contractor of the works was J.W. Wright & Co . The route ascended the escarpment around Greenmount Hill passing through Boya , Darlington , Glen Forrest , Mundaring and Sawyers Valley before turning north to Mount Helena , originally known as White's Mill and then as Lion Mill. A significant delay in construction was experienced at a site that became popularly known as Devil's Terror -

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