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32-619: Golis may refer to: Golis Mountains , Togdheer, Somaliland; a mountain range Golis Telecom Somalia , a telecom operator in Puntland, Somalia See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "golis" on Misplaced Pages. Gollis University , Hargeisa, Somaliland, Somalia Gollis , Lyngseidet, Lyngen, Troms, Norway; a tourist attraction All pages with titles beginning with Golis All pages with titles containing Golis Goli (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

64-578: A better meat quality than the zebu and better heat resistance than European cattle. The zebu breeds used were primarily Indo-Brazilian with some Nelore and Guzerat. Another Charolais cross-breed with Brahmans is called Australian Charbray and is recognised as a breed in some countries. From the 1960s onwards, Nelore which is an off breed of Ongole Cattle became the primary breed of cattle in Brazil because of its hardiness, heat-resistance, and because it thrives on poor-quality forage and breeds easily, with

96-525: A different species from Bos taurus . The extinct wild auroch ( Bos primigenius ) population diverged into two distinct genetic strains: the humpless Bos taurus (taurine) and the humped Bos indicus (indicine or zebu). Zebu cattle were found to derive from the Indian form of aurochs and have first been domesticated between 7,000 and 6,000 YBP at Mehrgarh , present-day Pakistan , by people linked to or coming from Mesopotamia . Its wild ancestor,

128-606: A fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap , and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures and are farmed throughout the tropics . Zebu are used as draught and riding animals , dairy cattle and beef cattle , as well as for byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure . Some small breeds such as Nadudana also known as the miniature zebu are also kept as pets . In some regions, zebu have significant religious meaning . Both scientific names Bos taurus and Bos indicus were introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, with

160-699: A mountain range at the northwestern edge of the Togdheer region. However, there is an intermittent east-west mountain range on the northern coast of the Somali Peninsula , which is now often referred to as the Golis Mountains. Especially after it was discovered that gold could be extracted near the village of Milho on the border of the Bari and Sanaag regions, pro- Islamic State militias and others made this location their base of operations, and

192-644: A source of funding in the village of Milho near the Golis Mountains. In 2019, According to the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project , U.S. forces conducted six airstrikes against ISIS and one against al-Shabaab in the Golis Mountains, killing a total of 32 people. In August 2021, the Islamic State based in the Golis Mountains occupies Balidhidin in the Bari region. In March 2022, Puntland forces kill several al-Shabaab soldiers in

224-457: Is based on the development of their bodies to withstand the strain of carrying the calf and lactation. Early reproduction can place too much stress on the body and possibly shorten lifespans. The gestation period averages 285 days, but varies depending on the age and nutrition of the mother. The sex of the calf may also affect the carrying time, as male calves are carried for a longer period than females. Location, breed, body weight, and season affect

256-484: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Golis Mountains The original meaning of Golis Mountains is a mountain range near Golis mountain, but since the Somali Civil War , the entire so-called Karkaar mountains are often referred to as the Golis Mountains. The mountain range near Sheikh is the Golis Mountains in its original sense, and also

288-520: Is sandy, with many mimosa trees , and in some places Aloe and Sansevieria ehrenbergii . According to British Somaliland and Sokotra published in 1919, a large number of Zebu cattle were raised around the Golis Mountains for the purpose of taking Ghee . The meat and Ghee were exported to Aden in Yemen and the hides to the United States . The original Golis Mountains is the name of

320-771: The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Nairobi, Kenya and in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia discovered that cattle had been domesticated in Africa independently of domestication in the Near East. They concluded that the southern African cattle populations derive originally from East Africa rather than from a southbound migration of taurine cattle. The results are inconclusive as to whether domestication occurred first in Africa or

352-771: The Near East was present in Egypt around 4,000 YBP . Its first appearance in the Subsahara is dated to after 700 AD and it was introduced to the Horn of Africa around 1000. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the zebu Y chromosome haplotype groups are found in three different lineages: Y3A, the most predominant and cosmopolitan lineage; Y3B, only observed in West Africa; and Y3C, predominant in south and northeast India. Zebu, as well as many Sanga cattle, have humps on

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384-641: The "Al hills". A general survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950 , a book published in 1951, refers to the combined topography of the Golis and Wogr mountains as the Golis-Wogr Range. The book says Golis Mountain is the name of a mountain east of Henweina and west of Sheikh . The town of Sheikh is located in the Sheikh Gorge between Golis Mountain to the west and Wogr Mountain to

416-525: The Dhagah-dhaabur and Habar-hagoogan hills of the Golis range. Zebu The zebu ( / ˈ z iː b ( j ) uː , ˈ z eɪ b uː / ; Bos indicus ), sometimes known in the plural as indicine cattle , Camel cow or humped cattle , is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in South Asia . Zebu, like many Sanga cattle breeds, differs from taurine cattle by

448-619: The Golis Mountains in today's narrower sense. In 1898, a map published in Two Recent Journeys in Northern Somaliland shows the Golis Range as being around 10 degrees north latitude and 44 degrees 30 minutes to 45 degrees 30 minutes east longitude. The North-Eastern British Somaliland of 1931 lists the area from 45°E to 46°E as the "Golis mountains" and the area near the border with Italian Somaliland as

480-528: The Indian aurochs, became extinct during the Indus Valley civilisation likely due to habitat loss, caused by expanding pastoralism and interbreeding with domestic zebu. Its latest remains ever found were dated to 3,800 YBP, making it the first of the three aurochs subspecies to die out. Archaeological evidence including depictions on pottery and rocks suggests that humped cattle likely imported from

512-675: The Near East. Sanga cattle breeds is considered to have originated from hybridization of zebu with taurine cattle leading to the Afrikaner , Red Fulani , Ankole , Boran and many other breeds. Some 75 breeds of zebu are known, split about evenly between African and Indian breeds. Other breeds of zebu are quite local, like the Hariana from Haryana , Punjab or the Rath from Alwar district , Rajasthan . Zebu, which are adapted to high temperatures , were imported into Brazil in

544-707: The Ogo Highlands are south of the Karkaar mountain range. Since around 2009, the Golis Mountains appear exclusively as a place name in Sanaag , especially the mountains near Galgala on the eastern edge. Both Al-Shabaab and the Islamic State (ISIS) operate from this mountain range and are fighting for territorial control. In 2009, the Golis Mountains experienced a highly religious insurgency led by Mohamed Said Atom . In 2012, al-Shabaab replaced Atom as

576-622: The US Army in 1968 lists the mountain range north of Sanaag as Al Mado; the Wagger Range is mentioned as a range near Sheikh, but the name Golis Range is not mentioned. The Historical Dictionary of SOMALIA , published in 1975, states "GOLIS MOUNTAINS. In the north-central area of the Republic. Mountain peaks reach an altitude of almost 8,000 feet." A map published in 1989, U.S. National Imagery and Mapping Agency, Series Y629, also shows

608-435: The calves rarely requiring human intervention to survive. Currently more than 80% of beef cattle in Brazil (approximately 167,000,000 animals) are either purebred or hybrid Ongole Cattle which is originated from Ongle region of Andhra Pradesh. Zebu are used as draught and riding animals , beef cattle , dairy cattle , as well as for byproducts such as hides, dung for fuel and manure , and horn for knife handles and

640-470: The early 20th century. Their importation marked a change in cattle ranching in Brazil as they were considered "ecological" since they could graze on natural grasses and their meat was lean and without chemical residues. In the early 20th century in Brazil, Zebu were crossbred with Charolais cattle , a European taurine breed. The resulting breed, 63% Charolais and 37% zebu, is called the Canchim . It has

672-454: The east. In The World Atlas published by Soviet Union in 1967, the Golis Mountains are only shown around Golis mountain, and the area around Wogr mountain just east of Golis mountain is called Wogr Mountains. The mountain ranges east of the Wogr mountains have no names written on them. This range has a mountain pass known as the "Jerrato Pass". The eastern part of the Golis mountains

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704-505: The island. Zebu are wrestled by young men in a competitive ritual of courtship called tolon'omby . Within the Indian state of Tamil Nadu , zebu are used for jallikattu . In 1999, researchers at Texas A&M University successfully cloned a zebu. Zebu are venerated in Hinduism of India. In the historical Vedic religion they were a symbol of plenty. In later times they gradually acquired their present status. According to

736-530: The latter used to describe humped cattle in China . The zebu was classified as a distinct species by Juliet Clutton-Brock in 1999, but as a subspecies of the domestic cattle , Bos taurus indicus , by both Clutton-Brock and Colin Groves in 2004 and by Peter Grubb in 2005. In 2011, Groves and Grubb classified it as a distinct species again. The American Society of Mammalogists considers it part of

768-585: The leader of the Golis Mountains rebel group. In 2015, Islamic State began working in Puntland . In 2017, a large quantity of heavy ammunition was removed from African Union Mission to Somalia and Somali National Army bases. It is believed that these are still being stored at the Al-Shabaab base in the Gilis Mountains as of 2022. In 2019, al-Shabaab conducted a campaign of gold mining as

800-526: The like. Zebu, mostly miniature zebu , are kept as pets . In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head. Zebu cows commonly have low production of milk. They do not produce milk until maturation later in their lives and do not produce much. When zebus are crossed with taurine cattle, milk production generally increases. In Madagascar , zebu outnumber people, and there are an "astonishing" 6,813 Malagasy proverbs, common sayings, and expressions referring to zebu in parlance on

832-480: The mountain range north of Sanaag as Buuraha Cal Madow. In the 1996 book Constructing colonial hegemony in the Somaliland protectorate, 1941-1960 , the Golis Mountains are described as "for three hudred miles runs parallel to the coastal plain", this corresponds to Sheikh to Bosaso in a straight line. In the web edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica written in 1998, the mountain range on

864-818: The north coast of the Somali Peninsula is referred to as the Galgodon Highlands or Ogo Highlands . In 2002, ReliefWeb wrote that Gebi valley is located between Hadeed Plateau and Golis Mountains in Sanaag. According to the CULTURAL ORIENTATION SOMALI published by the Defense Language Institute in 2020, the Golis Mountains is another name for the Galgala Hills, part of the Karkaar mountain range. and

896-574: The overall health of the animal and in return may also affect the gestation period. The zebu is susceptible to nagana as it does not exhibit trypanotolerance . It is said to be resilient to parasites. Zebu are very common in much of Asia, including Pakistan, India, Nepal , Bangladesh and China. In Asia, taurine cattle are mainly found in the northern regions such as Japan , Korea , northern China and Mongolia . In China, taurine cattle are most common in northern breeds, zebu more common in southern breeds, with hybrids in between. Geneticists at

928-407: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Golis . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golis&oldid=1213643338 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

960-620: The shoulders, large dewlaps and droopy ears. Compared to taurine cattle, the zebu is well adapted to the hot tropical savanna climate and steppe environments. These adaptations result in higher tolerance for drought, heat and sunlight exposure. Studies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle have shown that cows wean their calves over a 2-week period, but after that, continue to show strong affiliatory behavior with their offspring and preferentially choose them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4–5 years. Zebu are generally mature enough to give birth when they are 29 months old. This

992-480: The species Bos taurus in analogy to Sanga cattle ( Bos taurus africanus Kerr , 1792 ). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has not yet published a ruling on the classification of domestic derivatives and no scientific body advocates the abolition of the biological species concept for domestic animals. Currently (2024s), it is not correct to describe Zebu animals as Bos taurus indicus , but rather as Bos indicus , because they are

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1024-511: The term "Golis Mountains" is often used to refer to the mountain range near the border between the Bari and Sanaag regions. However, it is mainly after the Somali civil war that this terminology has been used. In the article North-Eastern British Somaliland written in 1931, it distinguishes between the "Golis Range" west of Mount Shimbiris and the Al Hills to the east. A map published by

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