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36-481: Gongsun Zan was born in Lingzhi, Liaoxi Commandery (遼西郡), which is present-day Qian'an , Hebei . He served in the secreteriat commandery. His appearance was striking and his voice bearing. Furthermore, he was a talented orator. During any discussions, he would not waste time on trivial matters and concentrate on the important with great memory and pertinence in his arguments. The local Administrator (太守), whose surname

72-910: A gross domestic product (GDP) of 116.03 billion renminbi (RMB) in 2021, a 6.7% increase from 2020. Of this, 3.29 billion RMB (2.84% of its total GDP) came from the city's primary sector , 77.91 billion RMB (67.15%) came from its secondary sector , and 34.83 billion RMB (30.02%) came from its tertiary sector . Major mineral resources within Qian'an include iron ore , limestone , quartz , feldspar , flint , graphite , kaolinte , and bentonite . In 2021, Qian'an recorded 26.67 billion RMB in foreign trade. Major crops grown in Qian'an include maize , peanuts , wheat , sweet potato , soybean , millet , muskmelon , watermelon , Brassica rapa , cucumber , spinach , tomatoes , green peppers , zucchini , radishes , onions , garlic , beans , and mushrooms . In 2021, 451,483.5 mu of land within Qian'an

108-605: A historical basis, and appear in the historical records as an elite mounted unit on white horses which formed the core of his fighting force. The Records of Three Kingdoms describes how their "flags and armour lit up Heaven and Earth" at the Battle of Jieqiao . Gongsun Zan is one of the main playable characters of the video game Total War: Three Kingdoms , developed by Creative Assembly and published by Sega . Qian%27an, Hebei Qian'an ( simplified Chinese : 迁安 ; traditional Chinese : 遷安 ; pinyin : Qiān'ān )

144-420: A misunderstanding with his lord, Liu Yu , Gongsun attacked Liu and killed him, thus winning control of the surrounding areas. However, contrary to popular belief, he was never formally appointed as a commandery administrator. During this time, his former classmate Liu Bei came to serve him and was allocated the city of Pingyuan to defend. To the south, the two brothers Yuan Shao in the north and Yuan Shu in

180-470: A snowstorm to drive through a hole in the encirclement to escape, however the Han army suffered losses of 50–60% of the man. Still he kept commend of the forces in the area battling the rebel tribes and fought with them for five or six years. Qiuliju and other Wuhuan leaders plundered the four provinces of Qing, Xu, You and Ji. Gongsun Zan was unable to prevent them from looting and killing common people. Following

216-534: Is a county-level city in the northeast of Hebei province, China . It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Tangshan . The city spans an area of 1,227 square kilometres (474 sq mi), and has a population of 775,813 as of 2021. The area of present-day Qian'an had historically been part of Anxi County ( 安喜县 ; 安喜縣 ; Ānxǐ Xiàn ) during the Liao and the Jin dynasties. In 1167, during

252-661: Is generally higher in the northwest, and lower in the southeast. The highest point in Qian'an is Mount Dazuizi ( 大嘴子山 ; Dàzuǐzi Shān ), located in the north of the city, which reaches an elevation of 695.7 metres (2,282 ft). Major rivers in Qian'an include the Luan River , the Qinglong River, and the Sha River  [ zh ] . As of 2021, Qian'an has a population of 775,813, residing in 231,147 households, giving it an average household size of 3.36. Per

288-552: Is located in the northeast of the prefecture-level city of Tangshan , itself located within the northeastern portion of Hebei province. Qian'an is bordered by Lulong County , across the Qinglong River  [ zh ] to the east, Qianxi County to the west, Luanzhou to the south, and Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County to the north. Located at the southern foot of the Yan Mountains , Qian'an's elevation

324-565: The 2010 Chinese Census , Qian'an had a population of 728,160, up from the 632,704 recorded in the 2000 Chinese Census . A 1996 estimate put the city's population at approximately 641,000. The city has an urban population of 319,384 (41.17% of its total population), with the remaining 456,429 people (58.83%) living in rural areas . As of 2021, Qian'an has a per capita disposable income of 48,373 renminbi (RMB) among urban residents, and 29,998 RMB among rural residents. As of 2021, 35 different ethnic groups live in Qian'an. 95.99% of

360-544: The Battle of Yijing . He committed suicide through self-immolation , after killing his sisters, wife and children. Gongsun Zan is a character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He leads an elite cavalry unit called the "White Riders" and has served on the northern and eastern frontiers of

396-710: The Qin dynasty , in 221 BCE, the area was organized as Lizhi County ( 离支县 ; 離支縣 ; Lízhī Xiàn ), and was placed under the jurisdiction of Liaoxi Commandery . The area was reorganized as Linzhi County ( 令支县 ; 令支縣 ; Lìngzhī Xiàn ) during the Han dynasty , but remained under the jurisdiction of Liaoxi Commandery. The area belonged to the Xianbei state during the early Jin dynasty . In 285 CE, Emperor Wu of Jin successfully led an army against Xianbei chief Murong Hui to conquer Feiru ( 肥如 ; Féirú ), an area corresponding to

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432-664: The 13th century, Qian'an County was briefly abolished, and merged into Lulong County, although this was quickly undone. During the Ming dynasty , Qian'an County belonged to Yongping Prefecture ( 永平府 ; Yǒngpíng Fǔ ), within North Zhili province . During the Qing dynasty , Qian'an County and Yongping Prefecture belonged to Zhili province . In 1912, Qian'an County was placed under Jinhai Circuit  [ zh ] ( 津海道 ; Jīnhǎi Dào ), part of Zhili province. Jinhai Circuit

468-512: The 190s, starting with the Battle of Jieqiao and ending with his defeat and death at the Battle of Yijing . In the novel, Gongsun Zan is nicknamed "White Horse General" because the elite cavalry unit he leads is made up completely of horses of pure white. The reason for doing so is that he knows that the non-Han Chinese tribes consider white horses sacred animals so they will run away when they encounter an enemy unit riding white horses in battle. Gongsun Zan's white horse volunteers ( 白馬義從 ) have

504-519: The Han Empire by defending the borders from incursions by various non- Han Chinese tribes. In 191, Gongsun Zan joins the coalition against Dong Zhuo , the warlord who seized power in Luoyang and holds the figurehead Emperor Xian hostage. After the coalition breaks up, he gets into a rivalry with Yuan Shao over the territories in northern China and engages him in a series of battles throughout

540-625: The Jin dynasty, the area was renamed to Qian'an County ( 迁安县 ; 遷安縣 ; Qiān'ān Xiàn ), whose name literally means "moved from Anxi". The area of present-day Qian'an has hosted human activity since the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages. The area had belonged to the state of Guzhu during the time period corresponding to the Shang and Zhou dynasties. During the Spring and Autumn period ,

576-667: The Wuhuan leader of Tanzhi (談指) surrendered alongside his tribe to Gongsun Zan. For this, he was appointed as General of the Household (中郎將) and received a marquis title. Ater this victory however, Gongsun Zan made a costly error and pursued Zhang Chun without waiting for reinforcements. Qiuliju soon came to Zhang Chun’s aid and they forced Gongsun Zan to fall back. He fled to the town of Guanzi 管子 in Liaoxi, where Qiuliju besieged him for over 200 days. Eventually, Gongsun Zan took advantage of

612-466: The area was part of Lingqi  [ zh ] ( 令支国 ; 令支國 ; Lìngqí Guó ), a Shanrong state. In 664 BCE, Lingqi and Guzhu were invaded by the state of Qi , led by Duke Huan of Qi and Guan Zhong . After the military success of Qi, the area of present-day Qian'an was absorbed into the state of Yan . The area remained part of Yan throughout the Warring States period . During

648-519: The charge through the barbarians, killing and wounding them by dozens while losing half of his troop, managing to escape. The Xianbei fearful of him did not dare to pursue. He was promoted to Prefect (令) of Zhuo County (涿縣). During the Guanghe (光和; 178–184 period), Gongsun Zan was appointed as commander of 3 000 soldiers from You Province to quell a rebellion in Liang Province . However, in

684-401: The citadel and cut off Gongsun Zan's head, which was sent to Xuchang to report Yuan Shao's victory to the imperial court. Feeling that his advice had doomed his lord, Guan Jing charged his horse into Yuan Shao's army to his death, with the intention to follow his lord. By the time Gongsun Xu and Zhang Yan returned to Yijing with 100,000 troops, it was too late as Gongsun Zan had already lost

720-662: The city's population is ethnically Han Chinese , with the remaining 4.01% belonging to ethnic minorities. The largest such minority is the Manchu people , which, as of 2021 number 21,466 (2.77% of its total population). Other sizeable minority groups within Qian'an include the Hui , which number 6,466 (0.83%), and the Mongols , which number 1,157 (0.15%). Qian'an hosts 12 designated ethnic villages , of which, 10 are Hui ethnic villages, and 2 are Manchu ethnic villages. Qian'an recorded

756-416: The fortress and the towers had iron doors with huge grain supplies for Gongsun Zan to use to live out the civil wars in northern China. In doing so, Gongsun Zan let his armies away from his fortress fight for themselves thinking they would see the only option they had was to fight hard. Instead, the soldiers killed their commanders and surrendered or died easily while fighting. In time Yuan Shao's army reached

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792-586: The gates of Yijing, but the fortress withstood several attacks from Yuan Shao's army for years until 198. Gongsun Zan sent his son Gongsun Xu to request help from the Heishan bandits in the Taihang Mountains . Gongsun Zan's idea was to break through the siege with his cavalry and link up with the Heishan bandits, then attack Ji Province and cut off Yuan Shao's line of retreat, forcing him to abandon

828-573: The messenger and laid their own troops in ambush. Yuan Shao's forces then signalled Gongsun Zan and lured him into the ambush, where they routed his troops and forced him to return to Yijing. Yuan Shao's troops followed up their success by digging tunnels under Yijing and then supporting them with beams, which they later torched. The tunnel went into the centre of Yijing and its collapse caused Gongsun Zan's towers to crumble as well. Realising his doom, Gongsun Zan killed his sisters and wives and committed suicide by self-immolation . Yuan Shao's men climbed into

864-414: The northeast Zhang Chun (張純) started his own rebellion after securing the help of the Wuhuan leader Qiuliju . The rebels plundered Ji, killed and stole officals and civilians alike, from Youbeiping Commandery to Liaoxi Commandery , destroying everything in their path. Gongsun Zan led his army against Zhang Chun defeating him and for his victory was promoted to Commandant of Cavalry (騎都尉). Following this

900-575: The northeastern portion of present-day Qian'an. In 446 CE, during the Northern Wei , Lingzhi was merged into Yangle County  [ zh ] ( 阳乐县 ; 陽樂縣 ; Yánglè Xiàn ). During the Northern Qi , the area was reorganized into Feiru County  [ zh ] ( 肥如县 ; 肥如縣 ; Féirú Xiàn ). The area was reorganized numerous times during the Sui dynasty . In 586 CE, Feiru County

936-514: The production of paper and cardboard . Battle of Yijing The Battle of Yijing was a military conflict which took place in northern China from 198 to 199 in the late Eastern Han dynasty . It was fought between Gongsun Zan , a warlord known as the "White Horse General", and Yuan Shao , a scion of the esteemed Yuan clan and former leader of the coalition against Dong Zhuo . The two warlords had been fighting for dominion over northern China for some time, but eventually Yuan Shao gained

972-691: The siege. However, Guan Jing advised against the plan, saying that the defenders were only willing to fight to protect their families in Yijing and could not be relied on to defend Yijing if Gongsun Zan left. Gongsun Zan then took Guan Jing's suggestion to withstand the siege until the time when Yuan Shao would be forced to retreat. After Gongsun Xu left, Gongsun Zan had sent a message to his son, instructing him to lay an ambush of 5,000 elite cavalry on low ground north of Yijing. They would then signal to Gongsun Zan to charge out of Yijing with his troops and surround Yuan Shao's troops. However, Yuan Shao's troops caught

1008-454: The south vied for supremacy over central China. Gongsun Zan formed an alliance with Yuan Shu and sent his second cousin, Gongsun Yue, to help Yuan Shu's general, Sun Jian , retake Yangcheng . However, Gongsun Yue died in the campaign. Using this as a pretext, Gongsun Zan attacked Yuan Shao after his initial plan to gain Han Fu 's lands went awry. However, Gongsun Zan was defeated by Yuan Shao at

1044-466: The travel. When he was exiled to Rinan Commandery (日南郡) in Jiao Province , Gongsun Zan decided to accompany him and prepared rice and meat as offering to his ancestors on the northen hill. There, raising his cup, he declared: "I was a son and now a subordinate, going to Rinan. Now, the place is hard to live and I'm uncertain if I may one day return. Therefore, I pay my respect to my ancestors." He

1080-416: The upper hand. However, Gongsun Zan still had a large army which could cause trouble if not finished off. Gongsun Zan, after recent military defeats in addition to a famine in his lands, decided to secure his supplies. He built a fortress, Yijing (易京; northwest of present-day Xiong County , Hebei ), where he built many large towers on top of mounds where he and his generals lived. There were ten moats around

1116-536: Was Hou (侯), was greatly impressed and married his daughter to him. He also sent him to study under the tutelage of Lu Zhi . Where he bonded with Liu Bei , one of his classmates. Since Gongsun Zan was older, Liu Bei treated him like an older brother. He was appointed as official serving in a commandery. When his Administrator (太守), whose surname was Liu (劉), was summoned by the Minister of Justice (廷尉) for an offense. Gongsun Zan drove his chariot and supported him during

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1152-549: Was briefly reorganized as Bohai Circuit ( 渤海道 ; Bóhǎi Dào ) in 1913, although this was promptly undone in 1914. In 1928, Zhili province was reorganized as Hebei province. Upon its liberation from Imperial Japan in 1945, Qian'an County was placed under the 16th Jidong Prefecture ( 冀东十六专区 ; 冀東十六專區 ; Jìdōng Shíliù Zhuānqū ). On August 1, 1949, Qian'an County was placed under the prefecture of Tangshan . On December 20, 1958, Lulong County and Qianxi County were abolished and merged into Qian'an County. This change

1188-638: Was devoted to sowing maize, and the city yielded 171,000 tonnes of maize; 142,261.5 mu was used for growing peanuts, and the city yielded 32,300 tonnes (31,800 long tons; 35,600 short tons) of peanuts; 12,709.5 mu of land was used for growing wheat, and the city yielded 4,500 tonnes of wheat. In 2021, 1,604 hectares (3,960 acres) of land was used for growing sweet potatoes, and the city yielded 38,200 tonnes of sweet potatoes. Major industries in Qian'an include iron mining and iron powder production, pig iron production, steel production, coke production, cement production, plate glass production, and

1224-451: Was merged into Xinchang County ( 新昌县 ; 新昌縣 ; Xīnchāng Xiàn ). In 598 CE, Xinchang County was renamed to Lulong County ( 卢龙县 ; 盧龍縣 ; Lúlóng Xiàn ), which was under the jurisdiction of Beiping Commandery . The area was put under the jurisdiction of Anxi County ( 安喜县 ; 安喜縣 ; Ānxǐ Xiàn ) during the Liao dynasty . In 1167, during the Jin dynasty , Anxi County was renamed to Qian'an County ( 迁安县 ; 遷安縣 ; Qiān'ān Xiàn ). In

1260-1507: Was reverted on July 9, 1961. On October 10, 1996, the provincial government of Hebei legislated the reorganization of Qian'an County as the county-level city of Qian'an, which it remains today. On October 24, Qian'an was placed under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Tangshan . Qian'an was formally reorganized as a county-level city on November 26. Qian'an administers 4 subdistricts and 17 towns . The city's 4 subdistricts are Yongshun Subdistrict  [ zh ] ( 永顺街道 ), Xing'an Subdistrict  [ zh ] ( 兴安街道 ), Binhe Subdistrict  [ zh ] ( 滨河街道 ), and Yangdianzi Subdistrict  [ zh ] ( 杨店子街道 ). The city's 17 towns are Xiaguanying  [ zh ] ( 夏官营镇 ), Yanggezhuang  [ zh ] ( 杨各庄镇 ), Jianchangying  [ zh ] ( 建昌营镇 ), Zhaodianzi  [ zh ] ( 赵店子镇 ), Yejituo  [ zh ] ( 野鸡坨镇 ), Dacuizhuang  [ zh ] ( 大崔庄镇 ), Caiyuan  [ zh ] ( 蔡园镇 ), Malanzhuang  [ zh ] ( 马兰庄镇 ), Shaheyi  [ zh ] ( 沙河驿镇 ), Muchangkou  [ zh ] ( 木厂口镇 ), Shangsheyanzhuang  [ zh ] ( 上射雁庄镇 ), Taipingzhuang  [ zh ] ( 太平庄镇 ), Kouzhuang  [ zh ] ( 扣庄镇 ), Dawuli  [ zh ] ( 大五里镇 ), Wuchong'an  [ zh ] ( 五重安镇 ), Pengdianzi  [ zh ] ( 彭店子镇 ), and Yanjiadian  [ zh ] . Qian'an

1296-544: Was so passionate in his demonstration that none did not cry watching him. As they were going south, Administrator Liu was pardoned. Gongsun Zan was nominated as a xiaolian (civil service candidate) and appointed as Chief Clerk (長史) in Liaodong. During a patrol with tens of horsemen, he met hundreds of Xianbei riders. While retreating, Gongsun Zan told to his men that if they did not fight back then they would all be killed. With blade attached on both ends of his spear, he led

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