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63-493: The original purpose of the breed was to hunt gamebirds . Their quarry in Scotland, may be partridge or grouse , pheasant , ptarmigan , blackgame , snipe or woodcock : whilst overseas bird dogs are worked on quail , willow grouse , sand grouse , guinea fowl , sagehen , francolin and any other bird that will sit to a dog—that is to say, will attempt to avoid a potential predator by concealment rather than by taking to

126-621: A curly-haired version of the Springer Spaniel , with some traits of the Collie , poodle , and setter . The white and liver (tan) dog stood about 20 inches (51 cm) tall and looked like a typical, lean, long-legged spaniel with long ears and tail, a white underbelly, and a brown back, except that it had the coat of a water dog . The English Water Spaniel was described as having a long and narrow head, with small eyes and ears that were long and covered in thick curls of fur. The body

189-467: A great crowd of men, and commonly they go before their master, running and wagging their tail, and raise or start fowl and wild beasts. But their right craft is of the partridge and of the quail. It is good for a man that has a noble goshawk , or a tierecel , or a sparrowhawk for the partridges to have such dogs; and also, when they are taught to be couchers ( chiens couchants in the original French—ed.), they are good for taking partridge and quail with

252-437: A marked reduction in the partridge population. Factors include the introduction of modernisation such as early cutting of silage , the use of fast-moving mechanical equipment, the burning or ploughing of stubble-fields soon after harvest, the destruction of hedgerows , and the use of chemical sprays for weed-killing. The hedgerows had provided shelter and nesting sites; the weeds and other herbage supplied food and cover; whilst

315-495: A potentially dangerous traffic situation while following a scent. A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 12.4 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds . Although not as prone to hip dysplasia as many of the larger breeds, Gordons can suffer from the condition. Other health issues can include hypothyroidism , gastric torsion (bloat) and eye diseases such as progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and cataracts . Life expectancy for

378-588: A single subfamily Phasianinae. The grouse, turkeys, true pheasants, etc., would then become tribes of this subfamily, similar to how the Coturnicinae are commonly split into a quail and a spurfowl tribe. In 2021, Kimball et al . found the family to comprise three distinct subfamilies, with two containing multiple genera; these results were followed by the International Ornithological Congress . The partridge of Europe

441-532: A water-spaniel." The breed is mentioned specifically by name as early as 1802, in Sportsman's Cabinet , where it is described as having "hair long and naturally curled, not loose and shaggy"; the description accompanied an engraving of a liver and white curly-coated spaniel . This shows that they pre-date the Irish Water Spaniel which was not developed as a breed until the 1830s. Unfortunately as

504-402: Is a breed of dog that has been extinct since the first part of the 20th century, with the last specimen seen in the 1930s. It was best known for its use in hunting waterfowl and for being able to dive as well as a duck. It is described as similar to a Collie or to a cross between a Poodle and a Springer Spaniel with curly fur and typically in a white and liver/tan pattern. Pre-dating

567-452: Is allowed on the chest. Although uncommon, red Gordons are occasionally born to normal-coloured parents, the result of expression of a recessive red gene. Predominantly tan, red, or buff dogs are ineligible for showing. A Gordon's coat is straight or slightly waved (but not curly), long and silky, with chest, stomach, ear, leg, and tail feathering. According to the AKC breed standard, "the bearing

630-965: Is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkeys , chickens , quail , and other landfowl. Gallinaceous birds, as they are called, are important in their ecosystems as seed dispersers and predators, and are often reared by humans for their meat and eggs, or hunted as game birds. The order contains about 290  species , inhabiting every continent except Antarctica, and divided into five families : Phasianidae (including chicken, quail, partridges , pheasants , turkeys, peafowl (peacocks) and grouse ), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Numididae (guinea fowl), Cracidae (including chachalacas and curassows), and Megapodiidae (incubator birds like malleefowl and brush-turkeys ). They adapt to most environments except for innermost deserts and perpetual ice. Many gallinaceous species are skilled runners and escape predators by running rather than flying. Males of most species are more colorful than

693-686: Is in the power of show committees to give to perpetuate the variety and improve its form." Dalziel bemoaned the fact that while the Irish Water Spaniel continued, the English Water Spaniel was allowed to quietly be absorbed into other Spaniel breeds. The stud book of the Kennel Club also had a class for "Water spaniels other than Irish", however only fourteen dogs were registered in the twelve years up to 1903. This led some writers and judges of that time to believe that

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756-902: Is intelligent, noble, and dignified". They are the heaviest of the setter breeds, with males reaching 27 inches (69 cm) at the withers and up to 80 pounds (36 kg) in weight. The AKC describes the Gordon Setter temperament as "alert, interested, and confident. He is fearless and willing, intelligent, and capable. He is loyal and affectionate, and strong-minded enough to stand the rigors of training". Gordons are intensely loyal to their owners; thrive in an attentive, loving environment; and are good family dogs. Puppies and adult dogs can be quite boisterous, and although they are patient by nature, may not be suitable for households with very young children. Gordons are sensitive and empathic, eager to learn, and need firm but gentle handling. Early socialisation and obedience training are important. The breed

819-473: Is not closely related to other partridge-like Galliformes, as already indicated by its sexually dimorphic coloration and possession of more than 14 rectrices , traits it shares with the other advanced phasianids. However, among these its relationships are obscure; it is unclear whether it is closer to the turkeys or to certain short-tailed pheasants like Ithaginis , Lophophorus , Pucrasia , and Tragopan . In 2021, Kimball et al . found it to belong to

882-657: Is now extinct. None have been seen for over thirty years." Descendant breeds of the English Water Spaniel are thought to include the American Water Spaniel , which was also developed using additional stock from the Irish Water Spaniel and the Flat Coated Retriever breeds. The Curly Coated Retriever is considered to have descended from the Poodle , the retrieving setter, the St. John's water dog and

945-514: Is one of the slowest to mature, not hitting prime until three years of age or more, and will show puppy-like characteristics well into their older years. Gordons were bred to run, and require 60 to 80 minutes of vigorous exercise daily. Young dogs should not be over-exercised or begin agility training until they are at least 18 months old, to avoid joint problems later in life. Because of their hunting instincts, Gordons should not be allowed to roam freely if unsupervised, as they are apt to wander into

1008-508: Is recessive, and 19 out of the 21 Gordons in their study who had clinical signs of PRA were homozygous for this mutation, indicating it is the major cause of PRA in the breed. As many as 50% of Gordon Setters may be carriers. Domesticated Dogs Finding Their Game by Scent, But Not Killing It, Being Chiefly Used in Aid of the Gun" Many of the gun dogs described by Stonehenge are no longer to be found in

1071-651: Is the main passage referring to the Spaniel and the Setting-dog, as republished in 1904: Another kind of dog is that is called falcon-dog or spaniel [ espaignols in the French original] because it comes from Spain, notwithstanding that there are many in other countries.... A good spaniel should not be too rough, though his tail should be rough. The good qualities that such a dogs are these: They love well their masters and follow them without losing, although they be in

1134-625: The Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon (1743–1827). Indeed, as we shall see, there is plenty of evidence that the majority of the setters at Gordon Castle during the Duke's time were tri-coloured rather than pure black and tan. The breed was brought to the United States by George Blunt and Daniel Webster in 1842, with the purchase of two dogs named Rake and Rachel from the Duke's kennels. The American Kennel Club officially recognised

1197-457: The Irish Water Spaniel and thought to have been referred to by Shakespeare in Macbeth , it is believed to have genetically influenced several modern breeds of dog, including the American Water Spaniel , Curly Coated Retriever and the modern variety of Field Spaniel . It is unknown if the breed was involved in the creation of the Irish Water Spaniel. In 1565, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley ,

1260-527: The Paleogene , namely the Gallinuloididae , Paraortygidae and Quercymegapodiidae . In the early Cenozoic , some additional birds may or may not be early Galliformes, though even if they are, they are unlikely to belong to extant families: From the mid- Eocene onwards – about 45 Mya or so, true galliforms are known, and these completely replace their older relatives in the early Neogene . Since

1323-639: The Phasianidae are expanded in current taxonomy to include the former Tetraonidae and Meleagrididae as subfamilies . The Anseriformes ( waterfowl ) and the Galliformes together make up the Galloanserae . They are basal among the living neognathous birds, and normally follow the Paleognathae (ratites and tinamous) in modern bird classification systems. This was first proposed in

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1386-632: The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy and has been the one major change of that proposed scheme that was almost universally adopted. However, the Galliformes as they were traditionally delimited are called Gallomorphae in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, which splits the Cracidae and Megapodiidae as an order " Craciformes ". This is not a natural group, however, but rather an erroneous result of the now-obsolete phenetic methodology employed in

1449-480: The phylogeny of the Phasianidae has resisted complete resolution. A tentative list of the higher-level galliform taxa , listed in evolutionary sequence, is: The relationships of many pheasants and partridges were formerly very badly resolved and much confounded by adaptive radiation (in the former) and convergent evolution (in the latter). Thus, the bulk of the Phasianidae was alternatively treated as

1512-500: The Duke of Gordon and received others in exchange, in order now and then to obtain fresh blood. These facts were well known to J. H. Walsh (‘Stonehenge’), Editor of The Field and a leading authority on sporting dogs , for it is he who mentions in the first chapter of his book The Dogs of the British Islands (1867) that a Setter "from Mr Coke of Norfolk and doubtless related to the late Duke of Gordon’s kennel, as Mr Coke and

1575-535: The English Water Spaniel and the judging of this class was described as "chaos" by Hugh Dalziel in British Dogs: Their Varieties, History, Characteristics, Breeding, Management, And Exhibition . Writing in 1897, Dalziel said of the breed, "I do not believe the breed is lost, but that scattered throughout the country there are many specimens of the old English water spaniel, which it only requires that amount of encouragement to breeding which it

1638-445: The English Water Spaniel was merely a cross of the Irish Water Spaniel as entrants in dogs shows in that same class do not match the description of the dog from earlier periods. Dogs awarded prizes as Water Spaniels during this period have been described as having "coats as flat as a Clumber , but with a bit of longish hair about the top of the skull." Writing in 1967, author John F. Gordon stated, "After two centuries of breeding it

1701-410: The English Water Spaniel. Records for the origin of the modern Field Spaniel are more precise and show that one of the four progenitor dogs used in creating the breed was an English Water Spaniel- Cocker Spaniel cross which was registered at the time as a Sussex Spaniel due to his liver colour. Very unlike the Irish Water Spaniel in appearance, the English Water Spaniel more closely resembled

1764-651: The Late Cretaceous Portezuelo Formation ( Turonian - Coniacian , about 90 Mya) in the Sierra de Portezuelo ( Argentina ) has also been suggested to be an early galliform relative. This is a partial coracoid of a neornithine bird, which in its general shape and particularly the wide and deep attachment for the muscle joining the coracoid and the humerus bone resembles the more basal lineages of galliforms. Additional galliform-like pangalliformes are represented by extinct families from

1827-777: The Marquees of Anglesey likewise had his original stock of Setters at Beaudesart from Mr Coke – probably, although this cannot be confirmed, some years before the Gordon Castle kennel was founded; for in 1869 the Beaudesart Setters were said to have been maintained ‘for sixty years pure and unmixed with any blood’. It is most unlikely that the Duke obtained his setters from only one source, we know that he interbreed with other kennels besides Mr Coke’s, notably with Lord Lovat’s. Gamebird Phasianiformes Galliformes / ˌ ɡ æ l ɪ ˈ f ɔːr m iː z /

1890-534: The Scottish or North of England moors and partridges on the stubble-fields of the south of England. Up to the late 1930s, most Gordons were kept for this type of work, so that the majority were to be found in Scotland and the north of England; but now they are more evenly distributed and there are no large working kennels . The function of the setter is well summarised by Captain Blaine: The work required of

1953-427: The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy. Phenetic studies do not distinguish between plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters, which leads to basal lineages appearing as monophyletic groups. Historically, the buttonquails (Turnicidae), mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the hoatzin ( Opisthocomus hoazin ) were placed in the Galliformes, too. The former are now known to be shorebirds adapted to an inland lifestyle, whereas

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2016-665: The United Kingdom or have been absorbed into one of the other breeds. The Russian Setter , the Welsh Setter , Northern Irish Water Spaniel , Southern Irish Water Spaniel and English Water Spaniel , the Spanish Pointer and the Portuguese Pointer have all disappeared in the past hundred and fifty years, and the pictures of some of the breeds that are still with us show considerable differences to

2079-500: The Veterinary Surgeon of Melton Mowbray, who was a great authority on the breed. In a letter to The Field in 1864, Samuel Brown stated: An old gentleman sportsman, and one too who has shot over the same breed for 50 years and knew them during his boyhood, assures me that the late Duke of Gordon, Marquis of Anglesey, and several other noblemen, had their original stock of setters from the late Mr Coke of Longford, and that

2142-652: The Water Spaniel. It is however likely that outside crosses with Hounds or Pointers did influence its development. William Taplin in The Sportsman's Cabinet (1803–04) maintained that it was "originally produced by a commixture between the Spanish pointer and the larger breed of the English spaniel". We now really need not to go back to the Spaniel and its specialised development into the setting-dog, as it

2205-708: The absence of bone material, their relationships cannot be determined except that they are apparently avian in origin. Modern genera of phasianids start appearing around the Oligocene - Miocene boundary, roughly 25–20 Mya. It is not well known whether the living genera of the other, older, galliform families originated around the same time or earlier, though at least in the New World quail, pre-Neogene forms seem to belong to genera that became entirely extinct later on. A number of Paleogene to mid-Neogene fossils are quite certainly Galliformes, but their exact relationships in

2268-549: The ancestors of galliformes were small and lived in the ground (unlike water for Anseriformes ) which protected them from the blast and destruction. Fossils of these galliform-like birds originate in the Late Cretaceous , most notably those of Austinornis lentus . Its partial left tarsometatarsus was found in the Austin Chalk near Fort McKinney, Texas , dating to about 85 million years ago (Mya). This bird

2331-402: The author advises that if an individual wishes to hunt ducks or any other type of waterfowl, then the hunter had best use an English Water Spaniel. The breed is described as swimming and diving as well as the ducks themselves; and they are intelligent enough to avoid being lured away from the nesting places. The author described the best variety of the breed to be those with long ears whose coat

2394-730: The breed as we see them today. Edward Laverick wrote in The Setter , published in 1872: "the setter is but an improved spaniel"; while the Rev Pearce in The Dog , published in the same year, said, 'he is a direct descendant of the Spaniel: "a Setting Spaniel" was the first Setter'. Since then this is the generally agreed with conclusion that the Setter was primarily derived from the old Land Spaniel , so called so as to distinguish it from

2457-512: The breed in 1892. Among the many changes which took place in sport and country affairs during the 20th century were those concerned with the method of shooting and consequent role of the gundog. These changes were accelerated after World War II , prior to which there were many "dogging moors " in the north of England and especially in Scotland . Walking up game became largely superseded by driving and field-craft by marksmanship . The function of

2520-573: The breed is generally about 10 to 15 years. At the beginning of 2009, a report was issued to all of the Breed Clubs in the UK concerning cases of late onset PRA in Gordon Setters. On March 14, 2011, Animal Health Trust (AHT) made a DNA test available. The mutation is termed rcd4 (for rod-cone degeneration 4) to distinguish it from other, previously described forms of rod-cone degeneration. It

2583-596: The colour was usually black-white-and-tan. Mine are descended from the original breed of Mr Coke, the Gordon ‘’Regent’’ and ‘’Fan’’, and within the last five years from a black-white-and–tan bitch which I got direct from the Beaudesart kennel (i.e. the Marquees of Anglesey's – Ed.). Five years later, in another letter to the same journal, the Rev F. W. Adye wrote: Mr Brown was told by Mr Coke himself that he often sent dogs to

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2646-444: The duke bred together and interchanged setters frequently." Therefore, it does appear to be reasonably established that Mr Coke provided most of the original Setters for the Duke's kennel. The Rev Hutchinson, who wrote under the pseudonym ‘Sixty-one’, insisted that "the original setter taken or sent to Gordon Castle by the first Marquis of Anglesea", however what has been seen is that, according to Samuel Brown’s ‘old gentleman sportsman’,

2709-621: The earliest representatives of living galliform families apparently belong to the Phasianidae – the youngest family of galliforms, the other families of Galliformes must be at least of Early Eocene origin but might even be as old as the Late Cretaceous. The ichnotaxon Tristraguloolithus cracioides is based on fossil eggshell fragments from the Late Cretaceous Oldman Formation of southern Alberta , Canada, which are similar to chachalaca eggs, but in

2772-1027: The females, with often elaborate courtship behaviors that include strutting, fluffing of tail or head feathers, and vocal sounds. They are mainly nonmigratory. Several species have been domesticated during their long and extensive relationships with humans. The name galliformes derives from " gallus ", Latin for " rooster ". Common names are gamefowl or gamebirds , landfowl , gallinaceous birds , or galliforms . Galliforms and waterfowl (order Anseriformes ) are collectively called fowl . The living Galliformes were once divided into seven or more families . Despite their distinctive appearance, grouse and turkeys probably do not warrant separation as families due to their recent origin from partridge - or pheasant -like birds. The turkeys became larger after their ancestors colonized temperate and subtropical North America , where pheasant-sized competitors were absent. The ancestors of grouse, though, adapted to harsh climates and could thereby colonize subarctic regions. Consequently,

2835-518: The gundog was as a result limited to the recovery of dead or wounded birds and — in the age of specialisation — this meant that the Labrador Retriever came to the forefront while the number of working pointers and setters declined year after year. Besides the modernisation of the style of shooting and the work required of gundogs, the situation was altered by the new developments that also took place in farming, which helped to bring about

2898-564: The husband of Mary, Queen of Scots , was a given a Water Spaniel by James Melville of Halhill . The dog had been brought to Scotland by an English merchant. In 1570, Dr John Caius described the Water Spaniel. It has been suggested that Shakespeare also knew the breed "for he mentions the 'water rug' in Macbeth . " Furthermore, Shakespeare specifically mentions the breed in Act III Scene 1 of The Two Gentlemen of Verona when Launce says of his love, "She hath more qualities than

2961-566: The main survivors of the K-T Event , that killed off the rest of the dinosaurs. The dominant birds of the dinosaur era were the enantiornithes , toothed birds that dominated the trees and skies. Unlike those enantiornithes, the ancestors of the galliformes were a niche group that were toothless and ground-dwelling. When the asteroid impact killed off all non-avian dinosaurs, and the dominant birds, it destroyed all creatures that lived in trees and on open ground. The enantiornithes were wiped out, but

3024-688: The mesites are probably closely related to pigeons and doves . The relationships of the hoatzin are entirely obscure, and it is usually treated as a monotypic order Opisthocomiformes to signify this. The fossil record for the Galliformes is incomplete. Megapodiidae – megapodes (7 genera, 21 extant species) [REDACTED] Cracidae – chachalacas, curassows, guans (11 genera, 57 species) [REDACTED] Numididae – guineafowl (4 genera, 8 species) [REDACTED] Odontophoridae – New World quail (10 genera, 34 species) [REDACTED] Phasianidae – pheasants & allies (54 genera, 188 species) [REDACTED] Galloanserae -like birds were one of

3087-436: The modern English Springer Spaniel and Welsh Springer Spaniel breeds. Paintings by Henry Bernard Chalon and Ramsay Richard Reinagle both show English Water Spaniels working with their masters hunting ducks. An engraving by Henry Thomas Alken Snr. shows a slightly different looking English Water Spaniel, but also reinforces its area of work by again showing it while duck hunting. In The Sportsman's Repository (1820),

3150-552: The net... The modern Gordon Setter is a predominantly black dog with rich tan marking on the muzzle, legs and chest. A little bigger and heavier than either the Irish or English, he is nevertheless descended from the same genetic mixing pot, which undoubtedly has its origins among those setting spaniels we met earlier. The Kennel Club applied the name 'Gordon Setter' to the breed in 1924. Before that they were known as black and tan setters, and were found in many kennels beside those of

3213-610: The order cannot be determined: For a long time, the pheasants, partridges, and relatives were indiscriminately lumped in the Phasianidae, variously including or excluding turkeys, grouse, New World quail, and guineafowl, and divided into two subfamilies – the Phasianinae (pheasant-like forms) and the Perdicinae (partridge-like forms). This crude arrangement was long considered to be in serious need of revision, but even with modern DNA sequence analyses and cladistic methods,

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3276-533: The person credited with developing the Irish Water Spaniel, Justin McCarthy, left no written records, it is unknown if the English Water Spaniel was involved in its development. During the first half of the 18th century, the English Water Spaniel was used for duck hunting in East Anglia . The Kennel Club initially had a class for "Water spaniels other than Irish" as no standard was specifically set up for

3339-470: The place during his tour of the Highlands in 1786. He makes no mention of any kennel of Setters at that time, although he does note that "The Duke of Gordon still keeps up a diversion of falconry….I saw, also, here a true Highland greyhound, which is now become very scarce…." The Duke was indeed devoted to country pursuits and was among the last of his day in Scotland to keep hawks and practise falconry ; he

3402-405: The purpose a dog should have independence of character, speed, endurance, and a sensitive nose, combined with natural ability for hunting the terrain, in the best method of finding game. Two Gordon Setters have achieved the title of Dual Champion. The Kennel Club regulations state this title can only be claimed by dogs who have achieved the title of Show Champion and Field Trial Champion. The first

3465-437: The setter and pointer differs from that of all other breeds of dog. It is their business to range and hunt independently for game, at a distance from the sportsman, using their own initiative and intelligence to find it, and having done so, to remain staunchly “on point” awaiting his approach. They must search for the body, and not for the foot scent, and be able to maintain a fast steady gallop for long periods without fatigue. For

3528-431: The stubble-fields had been a primary source of winter food; so the partridges were deprived of some important assets, whilst the wide use of chemicals on the land exercised a direct harmful effect. These changes significantly affected the status of setters and pointers. Though often used as a general purpose gundog, the Gordon Setter has been a wide-ranging dog employed in the Scotland to locate red grouse and ptarmigan on

3591-827: The subfamily Phasianini , alongside the true pheasants. Living Galliformes based on the work by John Boyd. Talegalla Leipoa [REDACTED] Alectura Aepypodius [REDACTED] Macrocephalon [REDACTED] Eulipoa [REDACTED] Megapodius [REDACTED] Chamaepetes Penelopina Aburria Penelope [REDACTED] Ortalis [REDACTED] Oreophasis [REDACTED] Nothocrax [REDACTED] Pauxi [REDACTED] Mitu [REDACTED] Crax [REDACTED] Guttera Numida [REDACTED] Acryllium [REDACTED] Agelastes [REDACTED] Ptilopachus [REDACTED] Rhynchortyx [REDACTED] Cyrtonyx [REDACTED] English Water Spaniel The English Water Spaniel

3654-449: The wing at the first sign of danger. It is this combination of a bird that will sit fast in front of a dog that will remain on point that makes bird dog work possible. Gordon Setters, also known as " black and tans ", have a coal-black coat with distinctive markings of a rich chestnut or mahogany colour on their paws and lower legs, vents, throat, and muzzles; one spot above each eye; and two spots on their chest. A small amount of white

3717-470: Was a bitch, Amscot Irresista Belle; her pet name was Trisca. The second was Trisca's relative, Boyers Scarlatti. Alexander, the 4th Duke of Gordon (1743–1827), established his kennel of Black and Tan Setters at Gordon Castle , which was situated near Fochabers, not far from the River Spey and a few miles from the coast of Moray. The exact date when this occurred is not known. A Colonel Thornton visited

3780-527: Was called, and can be found in the work by the famous French sportsman, Gaston de Foix , Vicomte de Béarn (1331–91), who it is said owned about 1500 dogs 'brought from all countries of Europe' and was known as 'Gaston Phèbus' owing to his love for the chase. This work is called Livre de Chasse or Miroir de Phèbus , and was started in 1387. This work was the bases of The Master of Game written between 1406 and 1413 by Edward III's grandson, Edward, second Duke of York, who acknowledged his debt to de Foix. Below

3843-540: Was celebrated for his Scottish Deerhounds as well as his Setters. However all that can be inferred from the Colonel's remarks is that there are unlikely to have been any Setters of note at the Castle in 1786. There is much on record that seems reliable about the origin or derivation of the Duke of Gordon's Setters, though verification at this late date is of course impossible. Most of this evidence comes from Samuel Brown,

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3906-470: Was moderately stout and barrel shaped, but not as much as that of the Field Spaniel . Its legs were long and straight with large feet. The dog varied in size with the larger varieties known as "Water Dogs" and the smaller as "Water Spaniels". Due to the English Water Spaniel's colours of liver (tan) and white, it has been suggested that the breed may have been the source of the colours now found in

3969-423: Was quite certainly closely related to Galliformes, but whether it was a part of these or belongs elsewhere in the little-known galliform branch of Galloanserae is not clear. However, in 2004, Clarke classified it as a member of the larger group Pangalliformes , more closely related to chickens than to ducks, but not a member of the crown group that includes all modern galliformes. Another specimen, PVPH 237, from

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