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33-515: Gault Millau rates restaurants on a scale of 1 to 20, with 20 being the highest. Restaurants given below 10 points are rarely listed. The points are awarded based on the quality of the food, with comments about service, price or the atmosphere of the restaurant given separately. Based on this rating, high-ranking restaurants may display one to five toques . Gault Millau does not accept payment for listing restaurants. Under its original authors and for many years after they left, Gault Millau never awarded

66-485: A baron three feathers and one lambrequin, a knight only one ostrich feather (see Nobility of the First French Empire ). Toque is also used for a hard-type hat or helmet , worn for riding, especially in equestrian sports, often black and covered with black velvet . In Canada , toque or tuque / t uː k / is the common name for a knitted winter cap . While the spelling toque has become

99-859: A "style of hair-dressing among the Indians" which was a tall, conical fashion not unlike the shape of the Voyageur-style cap described above. Dictionaries are divided on the matter of spelling, with the Gage Canadian preferring toque and the Nelson Canadian listing tuque (the Nelson Gage of a few years later would settle on toque ). The first Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles lists separate entries and definitions for both toque and tuque which cross-reference each other, though an illustrative line drawing

132-422: A beret replacing the cocked hat was announced in 2017 and the old uniform gradually phased out over the following several years. The Italian Carabinieri wear a bicorn with points sideways with their full dress uniform. The large tricolor cockade in front has given it the popular name of la "lucerna", the "lamp". In Java , cocked hat is still used as a part of Dhaeng and Ketanggung brigades' parade uniform from

165-649: A fall of standards in the guide after it changed from employing a permanent editorial and tasting staff to using local agents. There has been discussion about which guide is more important, the Michelin Guide or the Gault Millau. In the 1970s the Michelin's continued conservative support of traditional haute cuisine was challenged by the support of nouvelle cuisine by the Gault-Millau. Michelin

198-593: A few long-established diplomatic services such as those of Britain, France, Sweden, Belgium and Spain. In the United Kingdom cocked hats continue to be worn by certain office-holders on special occasions: In the Knights of Columbus , Fourth Degree Knights of the Color Corps wore regalia which included a chivalric chapeau . The color of the plume denoted the office held by the wearer. A new uniform with

231-516: A poll to ask viewers how they spelled the word. The options given were toque , tuque or touque . Nearly 6,500 people voted, with Edmontonians remaining divided on the issue. Though touque was voted most popular in that instance, there is almost no formal usage to support its popularity. The Canadian English term was borrowed from Canadian French word tuque , and first documented in Canadian English in that form in 1865; by 1880

264-599: A score of 20 points, under the argument that perfection is beyond the limitations of a normal human being. In 2004, two restaurants, both of chef Marc Veyrat , the Maison de Marc Veyrat (or L'Auberge de l'Eridan) in Veyrier-du-Lac near Annecy and La Ferme de Mon Père ("My Father's Farm") in Megève , received this score. In 2010 and 2011, Sergio Herman's Oud Sluis also received a score of 20/20. To some, this reflects

297-400: A uniform), but in the rare instances that hats were directed to be worn side-to-side ('athwarts') rather than front-to-back, such as by footmen in full state livery, the term bicorn tended to be preferred. In its most commonly-seen form at the time, the cocked hat was pinned up at two sides to form a hump-back bridge shape and was worn perpendicular to the shoulders, with the front end above

330-561: A variety of names, including beanie , watch cap or stocking cap ; the terms toque and tuque are unique to Canada and northern areas of the United States close to the Canada–United States border . Cocked hat The bicorne or bicorn (two-cornered) is a historical form of hat widely adopted in the 1790s as an item of uniform by European and American army and naval officers . Most generals and staff officers of

363-664: Is Middle Breton, and the Modern Breton spelling is tok . Old Breton spells the word toc . The word was borrowed into the French language for both the chef's uniform and the knit cap. A tall, black toque made of silk or velvet , often ornamented with an aigrette , was fashionable among the Spanish nobility during the 1500s. This style is seen in a 1584 portrait of Isabella Clara Eugenia as well as Sofonisba Anguissola 's 1573 portrait of Philip II of Spain , both in

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396-406: Is a tall, round, pleated, starched white hat worn by chefs . The toque most likely originated as the result of the gradual evolution of head coverings worn by cooks throughout the centuries. Their roots are sometimes traced to the casque à meche (stocking cap) worn by 18th-century French chefs. The colour of the casque à meche denoted the rank of the wearer. Boucher, the personal chef of

429-479: Is also called a toque. In the Napoleonic era , the French first empire replaced the coronets of traditional ("royal") heraldry with a rigorously standardized system (as other respects of "Napoleonic" coats of arms ) of toques, reflecting the rank of the bearer. Thus a Napoleonic duke used a toque with seven ostrich feathers and three lambrequins , a count a toque with five feathers and two lambrequins,

462-808: Is more popular and therefore more influential, while Gault Millau has been considered more food-focused due to the main system being based purely on the quality of the food. Gault Millau has guides for various other countries, including Netherlands , Belgium & Luxembourg , Switzerland , Germany , Austria , and Poland . On its 20th anniversary in 1990 Paul Bocuse (restaurant « Paul Bocuse » in Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or, near Lyon), Frédy Girardet (« Restaurant de l’Hôtel de Ville » in Crissier, Suisse), Joël Robuchon (restaurant « Jamin » in Paris) were crowned « Chef of

495-649: Is presented with the latter. Perhaps most importantly, the Canadian Oxford chose toque , and as the Canadian Press Stylebook bows to the Canadian Oxford as the final word in spelling, most Canadian publications have followed suit. Though the requirement of the toque to have a pom-pom or no can be a hard line for some Canadians, for the most part the country agrees: one of these three spellings must be "correct" no matter what

528-580: Is still worn by the members of the Cadre Noir in full dress uniform. The uniform of the horsemen of the Spanish Riding School of Vienna includes a bicorne. Diplomatic uniforms , worn on such occasions as the presentation of credentials by ambassadors , normally included bicornes worn with feathers and gold or silver braiding. Until World War II such uniforms were worn by even junior embassy staff but now survive only for ambassadors in

561-516: The Museo del Prado . The style spread across Europe, being adopted in France, England, Germany, and Italy. The toque diminished in popularity in the 1600s as wide-brimmed and cocked hats became fashionable, but reappeared as a predominantly young women's fashion in the 1800s, accompanying long dresses and chignon hairstyles. A toque blanche ( French for 'white hat'), often shortened to toque,

594-475: The Napoleonic period wore bicornes, which survived as widely-worn full-dress headdress until the 20th century. Descended from the tricorne , the black-coloured bicorne originally had a rather broad brim, with the front and the rear halves turned up and pinned together forming a semi-circular fan shape; there was usually a cockade in the national colours at the front. Later, the hat became more triangular in shape, with its two ends becoming more pointed, and it

627-611: The Yogyakarta Sultanate . Since the end of the Java War , and as a result of some drastic reductions in the period before and after the war, they no longer have combat capability as a fighting troops in general. Known in Javanese as mancungan hat, because of its shape like a pointed nose, mancung , the mancungan only appears on special occasions, such as Grebeg and other cultural or ceremonial events held by

660-758: The "Full Dress headdress of General and Staff Officers and certain others" and is worn in public by certain office-holders such as the Major-General commanding the Household Division , Gold Stick and Silver Stick and the Constable of the Tower . Members of the Académie française wear the habit vert (green habit) at the Académie's ceremonies. The habit includes a black jacket and a bicorne in

693-580: The Century ;» by Gault&Millau. Toque (French) A toque ( / t oʊ k / or / t ɒ k / ) is a type of hat with a narrow brim or no brim at all. Toques were popular from the 13th to the 16th century in Europe, especially France. They were revived in the 1930s; nowadays, they are primarily known as the traditional headgear for professional cooks , except in Canada, where

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726-450: The French statesman Talleyrand , was the first to insist on white toques for sanitary reasons. The modern toque is popularly believed to have originated with the French chef Marie-Antoine Carême (1784–1833), who stiffened the casque à meche with cardboard. The pleated, low, round hat worn in French universities – the equivalent of the mortarboard or tam at British and American universities –

759-552: The cocked-hat style, each embroidered in green. Students at the École Polytechnique wear a bicorne as part of their Grand Uniforme (GU). Female students used to wear a tricorne hat but now also wear a bicorne. The bicorne also formed part of the historic black and red full dress of cadets at the French Military Medical School ( École de Santé des Armées ) until this uniform was withdrawn in 1971, except for limited use on special occasions. The bicorne

792-554: The context of diplomatic uniform . British colonial governors in temperate climates and governors general in some countries of the Commonwealth (notably Australia, Canada and New Zealand) continued to wear bicornes with ceremonial dress until the second half of the 20th century. By the 20th century, the term cocked hat had come to be used more often than not in official British usage (uniform regulations etc.) with reference to that shape of hat (particularly when worn as part of

825-475: The face and the back end over the nape. A cockade in the national colours might be worn at the right side (French tradition), and a plume might be attached to the top (British military c. 1800). Cocked hats were often trimmed with gold or silver bullion lace and tassels. Naval officers wore them without further decorations, but those worn by military and civilian officials might be lavishly decorated with coloured ostrich or swan feathers. The cocked hat still remains

858-488: The long "end of the sock cap" of the Voyageurs hung down and touched their shoulders; and another source adamant that the word is borrowed from "the old Languedoc dialect word tuc " meaning "summit" or "the head of a mountain". The spelling of toque , on the other hand, is borrowed from the original usage as described elsewhere in this article. Toque also appears in the 1941 Dictionary of Mississippi Valley French as

891-682: The most formally accepted in Canada, as recognized by the Canadian Oxford Dictionary and the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles , the alternate spelling of tuque is most commonly used in French Canada and often occurs in Canadian media. The spelling touque , although not recognized by the Canadian Oxford Dictionary , is also sometimes seen in written English. In 2013, CBC Edmonton launched

924-515: The original headdress. The French gendarmerie continued to wear their bicornes in the classic side-to-side fashion until about 1904, and the Italian Carabinieri still do so in their modern full dress. Some forms of bicorne were designed to be folded flat so that they could be conveniently tucked under the arm when they were not being worn. A bicorne of such a style is also known as a chapeau-bras or chapeau-de-bras . The bicorne

957-476: The specifics of shape. As the Canadian Encyclopedia claims, "We all know a tuque when we see one, [we just] can't agree on how to spell the word." In recent years knit toques have resurfaced as an extremely popular fashion item. They are used all year round, seen not only used outdoors for weather but as an indoor fashion accessory. Such hats are known in other English-speaking countries by

990-527: The spelling toque is documented. The fashion is said to have originated with the coureurs de bois , French and Métis fur traders, who kept their woollen nightcaps on for warmth during cold winter days. This spelling is attributed to a number of different sources, one being the Breton toc or tok , "meaning simply 'hat'"; another suggesting that it is a Francization of the Spanish tocar, to touch, as

1023-680: The term toque is used interchangeably with the French Canadian spelling of tuque knit caps . The word toque has been known in English since around 1500. It is a loan word from the French tuque (15th century), presumably by the way of the Spanish toca 'woman's headdress', from Arabic * taqa طاقة, itself from Old Persian taq 'veil, shawl'. The word toque in Breton means 'hat'. The spelling with ⟨que⟩

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1056-645: Was widely worn until World War I as part of the full dress of officers of most of the world's navies. It survived to a more limited extent between the wars for wear by senior officers in the British, French, US, Japanese and other navies until World War II but has now almost disappeared in that context. It was also worn during the 19th and the early 20th centuries by civilian officials in European monarchies and Japan when required to wear uniforms on formal occasions. The practice generally ceased after World War I except in

1089-399: Was worn with the cockade at the right side. That kind of bicorne eventually became known in English as the cocked hat , but it is still known in French as the bicorne . Worn in the side-to-side athwart style during the 1790s, the bicorne became normally seen fore-and-aft in most armies and navies from 1800. The change in style coincided with the flattening out of the pronounced front peak of

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