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65-526: The library was named in honor of Gail Borden (November 9, 1801 – January 11, 1874), who in 1856 invented condensed milk . Gail Borden never lived in Elgin or donated any funds for the library which bears his name, but in 1892, his stepsons, Samuel and Alfred Church, residents of Elgin, purchased and donated the Scofield Mansion at 50 N. Spring Street to house the new library. Their only request

130-475: A climbing play structure with a slide and windows to peek from, an aquarium and a mini zoo with lizards and other interesting creatures. Led by the Children's Librarian, Mary Greenawalt, this was one of the first libraries to incorporate play structures into the library experience. The population began to overwhelm the library resources leading to plans for the new building, which opened in 2003. In October 2003,

195-487: A drug store employee, the company grew to become a major developer and manufacturer of medicines and veterinary products, known for its Unguentine antiseptic dressing (introduced in 1893) and Pepto-Bismol , an upset-stomach and anti-diarrhea medication (introduced in 1901 under a different name). The company merged with Morton International, Inc. in 1969 and later became a subsidiary of Procter & Gamble in 1982. Under corporate restructuring, Procter & Gamble divided

260-439: A household in the city was $ 28,485, and the median income for a family was $ 39,808. Males had a median income of $ 33,537 versus $ 24,430 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,339. About 14.7% of families and 18.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 28.5% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over. The Chenango Arts Council serves as a year-round arts and entertainment hub for

325-401: A land surveyor, newspaper publisher, and food company entrepreneur. He created a process in 1853 to make sweetened condensed milk . Earlier, Borden helped plan the cities of Houston and Galveston in 1836. Borden's process for making sweetened condensed milk enabled the dairy product to be transported and stored without refrigeration and for longer periods than fresh milk. After returning to

390-615: A major renovation, the line resumed freight service in May, 2017. A new $ 8 million campus was constructed for the city's small extension of Morrisville State College . Due to loss of jobs in the area, population has declined, affecting both admissions and attendance at the college in recent years. NBT Bancorp and Chobani are both headquartered in Norwich. Route 12 bisects the city on a north-south axis, becoming North and South Broad Street within city limits. A community of downtown businesses

455-568: A quarter interest on his investment; together, the three men built a condensery in Wolcottville, Connecticut (within modern-day Torrington ), which opened in 1856. Green and Bridge were eager for profits, and when the factory was not immediately successful, they withdrew their support. The factory closed within a year. To ensure against disease, Borden established strict sanitary requirements (the "Dairyman's Ten Commandments") for farmers who wanted to sell him raw milk; they were required to wash

520-840: A readily transportable food that could endure harsh conditions, and Borden sold some of his meat biscuits to miners. Notably, explorer Elisha Kane purchased several hundred pounds of meat biscuits for his Arctic expedition. The product won Borden the Great Council Medal at the 1851 London World's Fair , and the same year he set up a meat-biscuit factory in Galveston. Entering middle age with $ 100,000, equivalent to $ 3,700,000 in 2023, he put these at risk for his newest invention. His desired markets were military organizations, domestic or foreign, which required easily transported food that did not spoil easily. He prepared promotional materials, arranged for product trials, and demonstrated

585-705: A schoolteacher in Bates and Zion Hill. His mother died at age 48 from yellow fever in Nashville, Tennessee , perhaps while visiting a grown child and family. After initially landing in Texas at Galveston Island at the end of 1829, Borden settled in what is currently Fort Bend County , where he surveyed and raised stock. After a short time, he took over as chief surveyor for Stephen F. Austin. Borden and his family left Mississippi in 1829 and moved to Texas, where his father and brother John had settled. (His mother had died

650-462: A stock holding partnership of 50,000. It dealt with more varied products, ranging from fresh and condensed milk, casein, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals, and vitamins, to soybean creations. A version of the company continues today. Now called Eagle Brand, the company's website cites its origins in 1856 with the opening of Borden's first factory. In 1892, Samuel and Alfred Church, stepsons of Borden, and residents of Elgin, Illinois , purchased and donated

715-444: A usable milk derivative that was long-lasting and needed no refrigeration. In 1856, after three years of refining his model, Borden received the patent for his process of condensing milk by vacuum. He abandoned the meat biscuit, to focus on his new product. Borden was forced to recruit financial partners to begin production and marketing of this new product. He offered Thomas Green three-eighths of his patent rights and gave James Bridge

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780-482: A village, and later becoming the city of Norwich in 1914. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.5 km ), all land. Unlike many upstate cities, there are few, if any, defined neighborhoods or districts. Although the city is divided into six wards for political purposes, neighborhoods are seldom referred to in this manner. Downtown

845-558: Is a 4,275 sq foot building, located at 127 S. McLean Blvd in South Elgin, IL. 42°2′33.0″N 88°17′17.2″W  /  42.042500°N 88.288111°W  / 42.042500; -88.288111 Gail Borden Gail Borden Jr. (November 9, 1801 – January 11, 1874) was an American inventor and manufacturing pioneer. He was born in New York state and settled in Texas in 1829 (then part of Mexico), where he worked as

910-506: Is found along it. On the north side of town lies the North Plaza, desolate since the departure of anchor tenant Jamesway , and a commercial strip of gas stations and fast food outlets. To the south are three plazas just outside city limits, featuring supermarkets, gas stations, fast food, Lowe's and Walmart . Norwich residents usually travel to the larger nearby cities of Oneonta, Binghamton, Utica, sometimes Cortland, and occasionally

975-577: Is located at the intersection of New York State Route 12 and New York State Route 23 . On Route 12, Utica and access to Interstate 90 is 48 miles (77 km) to the north, while Binghamton (and the Triple Cities ) and access to Interstate 81 and Interstate 86 (currently New York State Route 17 , known as the Southern Tier Expressway ), is 40 miles (64 km) to the south. State Highway 23, which cuts laterally through

1040-414: Is the main commercial district of Norwich, consisting of North and South Broad streets, East and West Main streets, and lesser side streets, including American Avenue, Lackawanna Avenue, and parts of Mechanic, Fair, and Hayes streets. The downtown district is bordered on the north by Cortland and Mitchell streets, and to the south by Front Street and Eaton Avenue. Norwich is located in upstate New York , in

1105-538: The 2010 census . Lt. Warren Eaton Airport (OIC), serving the area, is located north of the city in the town of North Norwich . The first log cabin was built in 1788 by Col. William Monroe, who served as a drummer boy during the Revolutionary War . The town of Norwich was formed in 1793 from the towns of Union (now in Broome County ) and Bainbridge . Afterwards, Norwich, as a "mother town" of

1170-620: The Chenango River valley. The river, a tributary of the Susquehanna , winds south along the eastern edge of the city. Along the western border, Canasawacta Creek flows south, until it unites with the Chenango River at the southern city limits. Norwich lies near the center of the triangle that can be drawn connecting the cities of Syracuse , Albany , and Binghamton , along Interstates 90, 88, and 81, respectively. The city

1235-792: The Mexican Army moved east into the Texian colonies, the Telegraph was soon the only newspaper in Texas still operating. Their 21st issue was published on March 24. This contained the first list of names of Texans who died at the Battle of the Alamo . On March 27, the Texas Army reached San Felipe, carrying word that the Mexican advance guard was approaching. According to a later editorial in

1300-417: The Telegraph , the publishers were "the last to consent to move". The Bordens dismantled the printing press and brought it with them as they evacuated with the rear guard on March 30. The Bordens retreated to Harrisburg . On April 14, as they were in the process of printing a new issue, Mexican soldiers arrived and seized the press. The soldiers threw the type and press into Buffalo Bayou and arrested

1365-669: The Bordens. The Texas Revolution ended days later. Supposedly, during the war, Gail Borden Jr. helped to design the Baker's San Felipe flag which was flown in the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836. Lacking funds to replace his equipment, Borden mortgaged his land to buy a new printing press in Cincinnati. The 23rd issue of the Telegraph was published in Columbia on August 2, 1836. Although many had expected Columbia to be

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1430-829: The London exhibition, a disease infected both cows aboard the ship. (Ships carried livestock to supply passenger and crew needs during a voyage.) The cows eventually died, as did several children who drank the contaminated milk. Contamination often threatened other supplies of milk across the country. Borden became interested in developing a way to preserve milk. He was inspired by the vacuum pan he had seen being used by Shakers to condense fruit juice and herbs. He learned to reduce milk without scorching or curdling it. His first two factories established to manufacture it failed. With his third factory, built with new partner Jeremiah Milbank in Wassaic, New York , Borden finally produced

1495-737: The New York Milk Condensery in Brewster, New York . This was the largest and most advanced milk factory of its day, and it was Borden's first commercially successful plant. Over 200 dairy farmers supplied 20,000 gallons (76,000 liters) of milk daily to the Brewster plant as demand increased driven by the American Civil War . As the Civil War continued, he expanded his New York Condensed Milk Company quickly to meet

1560-722: The New York area to market another product, he set up factories for condensed milk in Connecticut and later in New York and Illinois. Demand by the Union Army was high during the American Civil War . His New York Condensed Milk Company changed its name to Borden Dairy Co. after his death. Gail Borden Jr. was born in Norwich, New York , on November 9, 1801, to Gail Borden Sr. (1777–1863), and Philadelphia (née Wheeler) Borden (1780–1828). The family moved to Kennedy's Ferry, Kentucky (renamed as Covington in 1814). There, he learned

1625-700: The Norwich calendar, with residents looking forward to several annual cultural traditions. These include the Colorscape Chenango Arts Festival , a two-day event in early September that features regional musicians and artists, and the Chenango Blues Festival , held at the Chenango County Fairgrounds each August-attracting thousands and featured nationally renowned artists such as Koko Taylor , Luther Allison , and The Fabulous Thunderbirds . Since

1690-677: The Norwich community and surrounding counties. Located in the former Norwich High School building on the city's west side, the Council includes a unique two-level art gallery, art instruction classrooms and the circa 1922 515-seat Martin Kappel Theater. The broadroom-style auditorium was listed in the League of Historic Theaters in 1989, and underwent an extensive renovation in 1995 after years of abandonment with contributions from local government, corporate donors and hundreds of former alumni of

1755-556: The Scofield Mansion at 50 N. Spring Street to house a new library for the residents of Elgin. Samuel and Alfred's only request was that the library be called the Gail Borden Public Library . The Borden Company established the Borden Award in 1937 and inaugurated it in 1938. The award, given annually "for distinctive contributions to poultry science advancement", consists of a gold medal and $ 1,000. Borden

1820-481: The Union Army. Officers purchased several hundred pounds of milk for their soldiers. In 1861, Borden closed the factory in Burrville, opening the first of what would be many condensed milk factories in upstate New York and Illinois, which were centers of dairy farming. Around this same time, Borden married his third wife, Emeline Eunice Eno Church. In 1864, Gail Borden's New York Condensed Milk Company constructed

1885-589: The United States aboard the ship Elizabeth and Anne in 1635. U.S. patent RE2103 ; November 14, 1865; Improvements in Condensing Milk Norwich (city), New York Norwich is a city and county seat of Chenango County, New York , United States. Surrounded on all sides by the Town of Norwich , the city's name is taken from Norwich , England. Its population was 7,190 at

1950-568: The art of surveying while aiding his father in the surveying of what would become Covington. Borden also moved to New London, Indiana in 1816. Borden received his only formal schooling in Indiana during 1816 and 1817. In 1822, Borden and his brother Thomas left home and settled in Amite County, Mississippi . Borden stayed in Liberty for seven years, working as the county surveyor and as

2015-555: The city was 96.48% White , 1.39% Black or African American , 0.27% Native American , 0.69% Asian , 0.19% from other races , and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.68% of the population. There were 3,131 households, out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.6% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.6% were non-families. 40.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.0% had someone living alone who

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2080-488: The city's transportation needs. Norwich was the NYO&;W's Northern Division point until operations ceased on March 29, 1957. Until June 2006, the community was served by the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad, which operated trains on the old DL&W line between Binghamton and Utica. That service ended as a result of flood damage in 2011 to the portion of the line between Sangerfield and Chenango Forks . Following

2145-428: The company into several units, each of which was subsequently sold. This caused the loss of many jobs in Norwich, resulting in the city struggling to figure out a new economic model. In 1996, a new plant of Dan Wesson Firearms was built in Norwich and the company moved there from Massachusetts; It became a subsidiary of CZ-USA in 2005 and therefore a Colt CZ Group subsidiary since 2022. From 1845 until 1961, Norwich

2210-420: The county, lost substantial territory in the formation of new towns. In 1806, Norwich gave up territory to form the towns of Pharsalia , Plymouth and Preston . More of Norwich was lost in 1807 to form parts of the towns of New Berlin and Columbus . In 1808 and 1820, Norwich exchanged territory with the town of Preston. The central community of Norwich set itself off from the town in 1816 by incorporating as

2275-434: The cows' udders before milking, keep barns swept clean, and scald and dry their strainers morning and night. By 1858, Borden's condensed milk, sold as Eagle Brand , had gained a reputation for purity, durability, and economy. Borden persuaded his former partners and a third investor, Reuel Williams, to build a new factory. It opened in 1857 in Burrville, Connecticut (also within modern-day Torrington). This second factory

2340-621: The first time in its 135-year history, the Gail Borden Public Library District opened its first branch: The Rakow Branch Library. Designed by architectural firm Engberg Anderson Design Partnership, the building features a popular materials collection, a computer cafe, a zen garden and natural prairie plantings as well as a living room area with fireplace. The building earned gold LEED certification (Leadership in Environmental Energy and Design) due to

2405-588: The government income during this period through his collection on importations. Houston's successor to the presidency, Mirabeau B. Lamar , removed Borden from office in December 1838, replacing him in the patronage position with a lifelong friend from Mobile, Alabama , Dr. Willis Roberts, newly arrived in Texas. Roberts' son later was appointed Secretary of State of the Republic. Lamar was said to have known Roberts for 25 years. However, Borden had been so well liked,

2470-404: The growing demand. Many new factories were built and he granted licenses (for pay) to individuals to begin producing condensed milk in their own factories, using Borden's patent. Despite the quick growth of the company, Borden continued to emphasize strict sanitation. He developed cleanliness practices that continue to be used in the production of condensed milk to this day. While this rapid growth

2535-1032: The high school. Each year, the stage hosts the Chenango Arts Council's Annual Performance Series , regular performances by the Norwich Theater Company and serves as a venue for many community organizations and businesses. The Martin Kappel Theater hosted the Twin Tiers International Film Festival in September 2018. The Chenango Arts Council serves as a New York State Council on the Arts ( NYSCA ) multi-county DEC site, administering and re-granting more than $ 100,000 of funding annually directly to artists and community arts initiatives in Broome, Chenango and Otsego counties. Numerous festivals and events mark

2600-454: The length of the island, from west to east, were named as avenues, according to the alphabet and in ascending order. Avenue A was the first avenue on the bay side, and this sequence continued through Avenue Q, running parallel to the Gulf of Mexico. Intersecting the avenues were numbered streets, starting with Eighth Street and continuing through Fifty-Eighth Street, which formed the western edge of

2665-487: The library moved into a new 153,826 square feet (14,290.9 m) facility just across the street from the old library at a cost of $ 29.8 million. The new library is situated along the eastern shore of the Fox River and includes a shelving capacity of 460,000 volumes. The architects, Frye Gillan Molinaro Architects, Ltd, designed the library to accommodate the expected growth in population from 110,000 in 2004 to 165,000 over

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2730-409: The much larger metropolitan areas of Syracuse and Albany, for goods and services unobtainable locally. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,355 people, 3,131 households, and 1,671 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,609.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,393.4/km ). There were 3,500 housing units at an average density of 1,717.4 per square mile (663.1/km ). The racial makeup of

2795-400: The nation, and the disease had a high rate of fatalities during the 19th century. Borden began experimenting with finding a cure to the disease via refrigeration. No one understood how it was transmitted. He also experimented with an amphibious vehicle that he called a "terraqueous machine". This was a sail-powered wagon designed to travel over land and sea, but designed more specifically for

2860-543: The new capital, the First Texas Congress instead chose the new city of Houston. Borden relocated to Houston and published the first Houston issue of his paper on May 2, 1837. The newspaper was in financial difficulty, as the Bordens rarely paid their bills. In March 1837, Thomas Borden sold his interest in the enterprise to Francis W. Moore Jr. , who took over as chief editor. Three months later, Gail Borden transferred his shares to Jacob W. Cruger. Borden

2925-430: The newcomer was resented. The Galveston News frequently criticized the new regime about malfeasance. When a shortage of funds came to light, Roberts offered to put up several personal houses and nine slaves as collateral until the matter could be settled. Two resentful desk clerks were later determined to have been embezzling funds. Roberts was replaced in December 1839, when Lamar appointed another man. After Houston

2990-661: The newspaper began publishing, John Borden left to join the Texian Army , and their brother Thomas took his place as Borden's partner. Historian Eugene C. Barker describes the Borden newspaper as "an invaluable repository of public documents during this critical period of the state's history". The early format of the paper was three columns to a page with a total of eight pages. The Telegraph printed official documents and announcements, editorials, local news, reprints of articles from other newspapers, poetry, and advertisements. As

3055-574: The next 20 years. The library, a two-story structure, is clad in warm buff and terra cotta-colored stone and inspired by the late 19th and early 20th century architectural Prairie School style, illustrated by Frank Lloyd Wright and others. In 2009, the Gail Borden Public Library District received the National Medal for Museum and Library Service . This is the highest honor awarded for libraries and museums recognizing their service and contributions within their community. On August 15, 2009, for

3120-527: The northern side of the city, leads east 32 miles (51 km) to the city of Oneonta and access to Interstate 88 , while to the west NY 23 leads in the direction of Cortland and Interstate 81, 42 miles (68 km) away. For nearly a century, the city had important manufacturing firms. It was the corporate headquarters of the Norwich Pharmacal Company . Formed in 1887 as a partnership between Reverend Lafayette Moore and Oscar G. Bell,

3185-631: The numerous environmentally friendly and sustainable features including a geothermal well system for heating and cooling the facility. On July 24, 2016, the long awaited South Elgin Branch was added to the Gail Borden Library District, expanding it to a total of three buildings. The building was donated by the Hoffer Foundation, and part of the construction costs were offset with money provided by South Elgin. The branch

3250-455: The preparation of meat biscuits at cooking facilities for hospitals and ships. He invested $ 60,000, equivalent to $ 2,200,000 in 2023, yet none of these large institutional customers materialized. Not only did people complain about the taste and texture, but the U.S. Army concluded that the meat biscuits failed to slake hunger and even made people ill. In 1852, Borden filed for bankruptcy protection. In 1851, during Borden's return voyage from

3315-412: The previous year.) His brother Thomas also settled in Texas. As a surveyor, Borden plotted the towns of Houston and Galveston. He collaborated on drawing the first topographical map of Texas in 1835. In February 1835, Gail and his brother John entered into partnership with Joseph Baker to publish one of the first newspapers in Texas. Although none of the three had any previous printing experience, Baker

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3380-566: The property owned by the Galveston City Company. In addition to surveying, he also he served the Galveston Town Company for 12 years as a secretary and agent. During that period, he helped sell 2,500 lots of land, for a total of $ 1,500,000. In the 1840s, he began to experiment with disease cures and mechanics. His wife Penelope died of yellow fever on September 5, 1844. Frequent epidemics had swept through

3445-682: The scientific community. He published reports filled with testimonials of "impartial" scientists who observed and tested his inventions, including the meat biscuit and condensed milk. Borden coupled ambition for success with an enduring desire to produce quality products. In 1828, Borden married Penelope Mercer of Amite County, Mississippi . The couple had five children during their 16-year marriage. Penelope Borden contracted yellow fever and died in Galveston in 1844. Borden died on January 11, 1874, in Borden in Colorado County , Texas. His body

3510-510: The western prairies. He abandoned the invention after a test run resulted in ejecting its riders into the Gulf of Mexico . In 1849, Borden started experimenting with beef processing. He developed a dehydrated beef product known as the "meat biscuit", which was loosely based upon a traditional Native American processed dried food known as pemmican . Pioneers seeking gold in California needed

3575-451: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.95. In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 21.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.0 males. The median income for

3640-590: Was a delegate at the Convention of 1833 , where he assisted in writing early drafts of a Republic of Texas constitution. He also shared administrative duties with Samuel May Williams during 1833 and 1834 when Stephen F. Austin was away in Mexico. President Sam Houston appointed Borden as the Republic of Texas Collector of Customs at Galveston in June 1837. He was popular and performed his job well, raising half of

3705-677: Was also the home of the Maydole Hammer Factory. The founder, David Maydole, was an enterprising blacksmith who set out to create a hammer with a safely attached head. His hammers proved so successful that Maydole had become the largest hammer manufacturer in the United States by the time of its founder's death in 1892. The Chenango Canal , the New York, Ontario and Western Railway , and the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (later Erie-Lackawanna ) once served most of

3770-679: Was considered "one of the best informed men in the Texian colony on the Texas-Mexican situation". The men based their newspaper in San Felipe de Austin , which was centrally located among the colonies in eastern Texas. They ran the first issue under the banner of Telegraph and Texas Planter on October 10, 1835, days after the Texas Revolution began, though the later issues bore the name Telegraph and Texas Register . As editor, Gail Borden worked to be objective. Soon after

3835-507: Was critical to development of the business and Borden's success. Milbank invested around $ 100,000 into Borden's business. When Milbank died in 1884, the market value of his holdings was estimated at $ 8,000,000. With the founding of the New York Condensed Milk Company, sales of Borden's condensed milk began to improve. The outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 soon after created a large demand for condensed milk from

3900-517: Was distantly related to Robert Borden (1854–1937), Canada's Prime Minister during World War I. One of his great-grandchildren was Gail Borden , an American figure skater in the 1932 Winter Olympics . Another notable relative is the infamous Lizzie Borden from the Fall River murders. Sir Robert, Lizzie, and Gail Borden (founder) are fourth cousins, all descended from John Borden (b. 1640), the son of Richard from Headcorn, Kent , who immigrated to

3965-500: Was hurt by the Panic of 1857 and had trouble turning a profit. The following year, Borden's fortunes began to change after he met Jeremiah Milbank , a financier from New York, on a train. Milbank was impressed by Borden's enthusiasm for and confidence in condensed milk, and the two became equal partners. Together, they founded the New York Condensed Milk Company. As a railroad magnate and banker, Milbank understood large-scale finance, which

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4030-538: Was occurring, Borden continued to experiment with condensing meat, tea, coffee, and cocoa. In 1862 while operating a factory in Amenia, New York , he patented the condensing of juice from fruits, such as apples and grapes. Borden tried to incorporate these other products into the line of the New York Condensed Milk Company, but the greatest demand was always for milk. It continued as the company's major product. Throughout Borden's business success, he maintained an eye toward

4095-458: Was re-elected to the presidency, he reappointed Borden to the post. The publisher served December 1841 to April 1843. He finally resigned after a dispute with Houston. Borden assisted in the original survey of Galveston. Working for the Galveston City Company, the surveying team laid out the east end of the island in a gridiron pattern, similar to major cities on the east coast of the US. Streets running

4160-556: Was shipped by private car to New York City to be buried in Woodlawn Cemetery . Borden County , Texas, where he had never been, was named for him posthumously , as was its county seat, Gail . Borden, Texas, was also named for him. The New York Condensed Milk Company changed its name in 1899, to honor Borden. It continued to be a strong corporation. By the 1940s, the Borden Company employed 28,000 people and had

4225-428: Was that the library be forever and always known and called the Gail Borden Public Library. The library remained at the 50 Spring Street location until the late 1960s when the weight of the books was beginning to strain the ability of the building to hold them all. A new library was built at the Corner of Kimball and Grove, and the library was moved. In 1975/76, the children's department was renovated. Renovations included

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