Misplaced Pages

#950049

71-883: The Galloway Hoard , currently held in the National Museum of Scotland , is a hoard of more than 100 gold, silver, glass, crystal, stone, and earthen objects from the Viking Age , discovered in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire in Dumfries and Galloway in Scotland , in September 2014. Found on Church of Scotland land, the hoard has been described by experts as "one of the most significant Viking hoards ever found in Scotland". With years of extensive study and research, scholars are still not certain who buried

142-620: A Christian cross, brooches, ingots , glass beads, a gold-encased touchstone and dirt-balls containing flecks of gold and bone, all in a silver vessel. These include the largest and most varied collection of Viking-age gold objects yet found in Britain and Ireland. Research has revealed that the vessel was made in western Asia. The items among the treasure originated across a wide geographic area that includes Anglo-Saxon England , Ireland , and Scandinavia . The hoard has some similarities with other Viking finds, but its mixture of materials including

213-556: A Class A listed building, it was possible to add lifts and escalators. The accessible entrance is at the corner tower of the Scottish History and Archaeology building. The building is designed by Benson & Forsyth . Made up of geometric, Corbusian forms, it has numerous references to Scotland, such as brochs and castellated defensive architecture. It is clad in golden Moray sandstone , which one of its architects, Gordon Benson, has called "the oldest exhibit in

284-449: A collection of silver Anglo-Saxon disc brooches, an Irish silver brooch, Byzantine silk from the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul ), a gold ingot and gold and crystal objects wrapped in cloth. The vessel may have been an heirloom owned by the family that buried the hoard. The silver cross may have come from Dublin and is engraved with unusual decorations on each of the four arms, which McLennan has suggested may represent each of

355-483: A fictitious bird called the Bare-fronted Hoodwink (known for its innate ability to fly away from observers before they could accurately identify it) was put on display. The exhibit included blurred photographs of birds flying away. To make the exhibit more convincing, a mount of the pretend bird was sewn together by a taxidermist from various scraps of real birds, including the head of a carrion crow ,

426-413: A further search with his metal detector and found a second level of the hoard, buried beneath the first. Among the finds was an early Christian silver cross. Bartholomew said, "It was tremendously exciting, especially when we noticed the silver cross lying face-downwards. It was poking out from under the pile of silver ingots and decorated arm-rings, with a finely wound silver chain still attached to it. It

497-426: A larger contact area. Molds may be either solid "massive" design, sand cast (e.g. for pig iron), or water-cooled shells, depending upon heat transfer requirements. Ingot molds are tapered to prevent the formation of cracks due to uneven cooling. A crack or void formation occurs as the liquid to solid transition has an associated volume change for a constant mass of material. The formation of these ingot defects may render

568-740: A molten melt. Single crystal ingots (called boules ) of materials are grown (crystal growth) using methods such as the Czochralski process or Bridgeman technique . The boules may be either semiconductor (e.g. electronic chip wafers , photovoltaic cells ) or non-conducting inorganic compounds for industrial and jewelry use (e.g., synthetic ruby, sapphire). Single crystal ingots of metal are produced in similar fashion to that used to produce high purity semiconductor ingots, i.e. by vacuum induction refining. Single crystal ingots of engineering metals are of interest due to their very high strength due to lack of grain boundaries . The method of production

639-514: A new museum was built in 1820 as part of new university buildings (the museum is now occupied by the Talbot Rice Gallery , its main features still in place). The taxidermist John Edmonstone undertook work for the museum, and in 1826 gave private lessons to Charles Darwin , who later studied in the museum and befriended its curator, the ornithologist William MacGillivray . The collections, noted as "second only to those of

710-585: A new teaching laboratory and museum was opened in 1929 at the King's Buildings campus. In 1871 work began on widening the street to the north of the university and museum to form Chambers Street, linked to George IV Bridge . The central section of the Museum of Science and Art building, including the rest of the Great Hall, was completed in 1874 and formally opened to the public on 14 January 1875. The west wing

781-501: A private department of the university but as a public department connected in some degree with the country of Scotland". In 1812 it was renamed the "Royal Museum of the University". An enormous number of specimens were acquired, by buying from other collections and by encouraging travellers abroad to collect and preserve their finds. Packages were delivered duty-free, and half of the specimens collected by Royal Navy survey ships went to

SECTION 10

#1732780059951

852-608: Is the Scottish Maiden , an early beheading machine predating the French guillotine . In 2019, the museum received 2,210,024 visitors, making it Scotland's most popular visitor attraction that year. In 1697 Robert Sibbald presented the University of Edinburgh College of Medicine with a natural history collection he had put together with his friend Andrew Balfour , who had recently died. The wide range of specimens

923-451: Is the "Discoveries" gallery, with objects connected to "remarkable Scots ... in the fields of invention, exploration and adventure". Notable artifacts include: [REDACTED] List of Scottish artists Ingot Ingots are generally made of metal, either pure or alloy, heated past its melting point and cast into a bar or block using a mold chill method. A special case are polycrystalline or single crystal ingots made by pulling from

994-656: Is via single crystal dendrite and not via simple casting. Possible uses include turbine blades . In the United States, the brass and bronze ingot making industry started in the early 19th century. The US brass industry grew to be the number one producer by the 1850s. During colonial times the brass and bronze industries were almost non-existent because the British demanded all copper ore be sent to Britain for processing. Copper based alloy ingots weighed approximately 20 pounds (9.1 kg). Ingots are manufactured by

1065-481: The Ashmolean Museum . In 1767 the museum became the responsibility of the first Regius Professor of natural history, Robert Ramsey, then in 1779 his successor John Walker recorded that he had found the collection was in poor condition. The Regius Professorship, and the museum, was taken over in 1804 by Robert Jameson , a mineralogist whose course covered zoology and geology , who built it up "not

1136-479: The National Museum of Scotland raised the funds to give the hoard a permanent home in Scotland. It was acquired by the museum for £1.98 million. In December 2018 the museum announced a tour around some Scottish museums, originally planned to last between May 2020 and August 2022. The Galloway Hoard exhibition was on display at the National Museum of Scotland from 29 May to 12 September 2021, after which it

1207-583: The South Pacific , East Asia, and Ancient Egypt), European art and design, and science & technology. The Grand Gallery contains a variety of large objects from the collections, with a display called the "Window on the World" rising through four storeys, or about 20 metres (66 ft), containing over 800 objects reflecting the breadth of the collections. Beyond the Grand Gallery at ground level

1278-559: The Trades' Maiden Hospital girls' school beside Argyle Square. The grounds of these buildings were bounded on the north by a narrow lane connecting North College Street to the square, and on the south by the Flodden Wall . In 1854, the government chose to transfer the university's collection into an enlarged natural history museum combined with a new institution educating the public about commerce and industrial arts. It established

1349-622: The Board of Trade redefined duties, but curation was not his priority. For a reception in the Spring of 1871, the museum stored refreshments in the "Bridge of Sighs" corridor, but students found this and no drinks were left for the Edinburgh worthies, so a door restricted access from the university. Wyville Thomson went on the Challenger expedition for four years. The museum severed ties with

1420-646: The Board. In 1855 George Wilson was appointed as the museum's first director, he pressed ahead with preparations while the Board of Works organised designs, but died in 1859. Thomas Croxen Archer was appointed director on 10 May 1860, and the Industrial Museum (Scotland) Act 1860 was passed on 28 August. Design work was carried out by Captain Francis Fowke , Engineer and Artist of the Science and Art Department, and architect Robert Matheson of

1491-468: The British Museum", overfilled the available space. In 1852 Jameson suggested proposals, which were put forward by the university Senatus , that the natural history collections be taken over by the government to form a new National Museum adjacent to the university, and integrated into it. Jameson was seriously ill during this time, and died on 19 April 1854, shortly after the negotiated agreement

SECTION 20

#1732780059951

1562-659: The Industrial Museum of Scotland under the direction of the Board of Trade 's Science and Art Department in London, and approved purchase of the site. The brief was to emulate The Museum of Practical Geology of "London, but embracing, in addition, the economic products of the animal and vegetable kingdoms". The general director of the museum would be responsible to the Board. The university's Regius Professor of natural history continued as Keeper of its collection, with access to specimens to illustrate lectures, and also reported directly to

1633-411: The Museum of Scotland (now the Scottish History and Archaeology department), linked internally to the main building. The major redevelopment completed in 2011 by Gareth Hoskins Architects uses former storage areas to form a vaulted Entrance Hall of 1,400 m (15,000 sq ft) at street level with visitor facilities. This involved lowering the floor level by 1.2 metres (4 ft). Despite being

1704-711: The National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Museum took place in 1985, but the two collections retained separate buildings until 1995 when the Queen Street building closed, to reopen later occupied solely by the Scottish National Portrait Gallery. In 1998 the new Museum of Scotland building opened, adjacent to the Royal Museum of Scotland building, and connected to it. The masterplan to redevelop

1775-741: The Office of Works in Edinburgh. Contract documents were signed in May 1861, and construction began. In ceremonies on 23 October 1861, Prince Albert laid the foundation stone of the General Post Office on Waterloo Place, then the foundation stone of the museum. This was his last public appearance before his death six weeks later. The institution became the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art in 1864, with two divisions; Natural History, and Industrial Arts. The natural history collection

1846-613: The Secretary to the General Trustees, has said that "any money arising from this will first and foremost be used for the good of the local parish." The hoard will be offered first to Scottish museums; Dumfries and Galloway Council wanted, in 2016, to acquire the hoard for a new art gallery in Kirkcudbright , and the National Museum of Scotland indicated that it would apply for it. After a fundraising campaign in 2017,

1917-623: The Victorian building and further integrate the architecture and collections was launched in 2004. The split naming caused confusion to visitors, and in 2006 permission was granted to remove "Royal" to achieve a unified brand. On 2006 the two museums were formally merged as the National Museum of Scotland. The naming had been changed for practical reasons, including strategy and marketing. The old Chambers Street Museum building closed for redevelopment in 2008, before reopening in July 2011. Staff at

1988-469: The adjacent Royal Scottish Museum (opened in 1866 as the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, renamed in 1904, and for the period between 1985 and the merger named the Royal Museum of Scotland or simply the Royal Museum), with international collections covering science and technology, natural history , and world cultures. The two connected buildings stand beside each other on Chambers Street , by

2059-448: The body of a plover , and the feet of an unknown waterfowl . The bare front was composed of wax . In 1985 the museum was renamed the Royal Museum of Scotland, and its administration came under the newly formed National Museums Scotland , along with the Museum of Antiquities which in 1998 moved to a new building constructed as an extension to the Royal Museum at the west end of Chambers Street. The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

2130-439: The building had been constructed within a large, rectilinear double-ditched enclosure which was partitioned by a separate enclosure. According to historical sources, an early Christian ecclesiastical foundation was located nearby and the hoard's site may have been associated with monastic activity. These findings prompted Historic Scotland to schedule the whole field as a site of national importance in September 2014. The reason for

2201-567: The building", a reference to Scottish geology . There is a roof garden with Scottish species and panoramic views of the city. The building was a 1999 Stirling Prize nominee. The galleries in the newer building present Scottish history in an essentially chronological arrangement, beginning at the lowest level with prehistory to the early medieval period, with later periods on the higher levels. The Victorian building, as reopened in 2011, contains four zones (each with numerous galleries), covering natural history, world cultures (including galleries on

Galloway Hoard - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-426: The cast ingot useless and may need to be re-melted, recycled, or discarded. The physical structure of a crystalline material is largely determined by the method of cooling and precipitation of the molten metal. During the pouring process, metal in contact with the ingot walls rapidly cools and forms either a columnar structure or possibly a "chill zone" of equiaxed dendrites , depending upon the liquid being cooled and

2343-461: The cooling of a molten liquid (known as the melt) in a mold. The manufacture of ingots has several aims. Firstly, the mold is designed to completely solidify and form an appropriate grain structure required for later processing, as the structure formed by the cooling of the melt controls the physical properties of the material. Secondly, the shape and size of the mold is designed to allow for ease of ingot handling and downstream processing. Finally,

2414-429: The cooling rate of the mold. For a top-poured ingot, as the liquid cools within the mold, differential volume effects cause the top of the liquid to recede leaving a curved surface at the mold top which may eventually be required to be machined from the ingot. The mold cooling effect creates an advancing solidification front, which has several associated zones, closer to the wall there is a solid zone that draws heat from

2485-460: The find to the authorities. A county archaeologist carried out an excavation which unearthed a rich and unusually varied collection of objects from the Viking Age, though some of the objects considerably pre-date that period. It is thought that the hoard was buried some time in the mid-ninth or tenth century; it is not known why it was buried. The hoard consists of objects including armbands,

2556-574: The finder to a reward related to the market value of the items discovered. The Church of Scotland filed a legal action against McLennan. The Kirk said it was entitled to an equitable share of the find. McLennan and the landowners, the Church of Scotland's General Trustees, agreed to share the eventual proceeds. Their total value was determined at £1.98 million in 2017 by an advisory panel to the Queen's and Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer (QLTR). David Robertson,

2627-403: The first interactive displays in the museum: push-button working models, starting with a marine steam engine and a sectioned steam locomotive . During the period 1871-1911 much of the day-to-day running of the museum was undertaken not by the director, but by the curator. The Royal Scottish Museum has displayed practical joke exhibits on April Fool's Day on at least one occasion. In 1975,

2698-420: The five names scratched on the armbands may identify the owner of part of the hoard, and that these people may have been responsible for burying the hoard. As Galloway was part of Anglo-Saxon Northumbria , they may have lived locally. Following the discovery of the hoard, Historic Scotland , the Museum of Scotland and the archaeological contractors AOC Archaeology agreed that a wider archaeological investigation

2769-415: The former National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland. As well as the national collections of Scottish archaeological finds and medieval objects, the museum contains artefacts from around the world, encompassing geology, archaeology, natural history, science, technology, art, and world cultures. The sixteen new galleries reopened in 2011 include 8,000 objects, 80% of which were not previously on display. One of

2840-512: The four Gospels . Five of the silver armbands have runic inscriptions scratched on them. Although the hoard is considered to be a Viking hoard, the inscriptions are written in Anglo-Saxon runes , and they record Anglo-Saxon names. David Parsons of the University of Wales has identified one of the names as the common Anglo-Saxon personal name Ecgbeorht ( Egbert in modern English), written as EGGBRECT ᛖᚷᚷᛒᚱᛖᚳᛏ . He conjectures that each of

2911-408: The full height of the building, design by Francis Fowke and Robert Matheson . This building underwent a major refurbishment and reopened on 29 July 2011 after a three-year, £47 million project to restore and extend the building led by Gareth Hoskins Architects along with the concurrent redesign of the exhibitions by Ralph Appelbaum Associates . The National Museum incorporates the collections of

Galloway Hoard - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-463: The hoard's burial is unknown, but Campbell has suggested that it was buried for safekeeping, likening it to "a safety deposit box that was never claimed". He comments that the discovery may change views of the historical relationship between Scotland and the Vikings: "We have the idea of Vikings as foreigners who carried out raids on Scotland, but this was a Viking area where they settled and traded, and

3053-412: The hoard's objects, especially relating to the vessel's surface decorations. The hoard was discovered at an undisclosed location on glebelands owned by the Church of Scotland. It was found by Derek McLennan, a metal detectorist from Ayrshire . He was accompanied by two churchmen, Rev Dr. David Bartholomew and Pastor Mike Smith, who were also metal detector enthusiasts. The trio had permission to search

3124-434: The hoard, why they did so and whether they were Vikings or Anglo-Saxons . During the Viking Age, Galloway found itself squeezed between two Viking kingdoms and essentially cut off from other Anglo-Saxons in Britain – "Galloway is where these different cultures were meeting. It's not just Scandinavians, but people from Britain and Ireland as well." The Galloway Hoard was discovered by a metal detector enthusiast who reported

3195-522: The junction with the George IV Bridge , in central Edinburgh. The museum is part of National Museums Scotland and admission is free. The two buildings retain distinctive characters: the Museum of Scotland is housed in a modern building opened in 1998, while the former Royal Museum building was begun in 1861 and partially opened in 1866, with a Victorian Venetian Renaissance façade and a grand central hall of cast iron construction that rises

3266-554: The large hall in the east wing (now Animal World), a corridor link to the university formed a " Bridge of Sighs " over West College Street. On the western half of the site, "old buildings" which had formed Argyll Square were in temporary use for agricultural and educational exhibits. George Allman became Regius Professor and Keeper of the natural history collection in 1855. Issues developed over access to specimens for teaching, particularly when some were lost, and he apparently neglected curation. Wyville Thomson took over in 1870, and

3337-621: The liquid melt alloy compositions. Continuous casting methods for ingot processing also exist, whereby a stationary front of solidification is formed by the continual take-off of cooled solid material, and the addition of a molten liquid to the casting process. Approximately 70 percent of aluminium ingots in the U.S. are cast using the direct chill casting process, which reduces cracking. A total of 5 percent of ingots must be scrapped because of stress induced cracks and butt deformation. Plano-convex ingots are widely distributed archaeological artifacts which are studied to provide information on

3408-452: The mold is designed to minimize melt wastage and aid ejection of the ingot, as losing either melt or ingot increases manufacturing costs of finished products. A variety of designs exist for the mold, which may be selected to suit the physical properties of the liquid melt and the solidification process. Molds may exist in the top, horizontal or bottom-up pouring and may be fluted or flat walled. The fluted design increases heat transfer owing to

3479-565: The more notable exhibits is the stuffed body of Dolly the sheep , the first successful cloning of a mammal from an adult cell. Other highlights include Ancient Egyptian exhibitions, one of Sir Elton John 's extravagant suits, the Jean Muir Collection of costume and a large kinetic sculpture named the Millennium Clock. A Scottish invention that is a perennial favourite with children visiting as part of school trips

3550-728: The museum (the other half going to the British Museum in London). Jameson's natural history course held practical classes three times a week in "the great museum he had collected for illustrating his teaching", including description of exhibits and identification of mineral specimens. With support from the University Authorities, Edinburgh Town Council and the Commissioners for the College Buildings,

3621-603: The museum took several days of strike action at points during 2015 and 2016, called by the Public and Commercial Services Union . In August 2023, the museum began preparing for the return of the Ni'isjoohl totem pole to the Nisga'a people of British Columbia , Canada. The 36 feet (11 m) pole was carved in 1855, and arrived in Scotland in 1929 after being stolen from the Nisga'a. It

SECTION 50

#1732780059951

3692-481: The people who lived there were culturally and linguistically Norse." It is also not clear why the hoard was buried in two discrete levels. It may simply have been buried in two instalments at different times, presumably by the same individual. Alternatively, the burier may have sought to ensure that the more valuable objects – the gold items and the Asian pot – were more deeply buried, and thus more secure. The contents of

3763-433: The presence of a building. A geophysical survey carried out by Glasgow University revealed that the hoard had been buried under the corner of a rectangular timber building outlined by a double row of posts. It is not known whether there was any link between the hoard and the building, or whether the building was coincidentally constructed over the hoard at a later date. The survey and earlier aerial photography showed that

3834-447: The range of material this hoard represents." He comments that "due to the quantity and variety of the objects, and the importance of the find overall, it will take some time for experts to assess the hoard as a whole so that we can appreciate its true significance. We look forward to learning more." Ongoing research has utilised new technologies, including 3D modelling , CT scans , and X-ray imaging , to reveal previously unseen details on

3905-454: The site, which McLennan had been investigating for more than a year, and he found a silver object, which turned out to be an arm ring , after an hour's searching. According to McLennan, "initially I didn't understand what I had found because I thought it was a silver spoon and then I turned it over and wiped my thumb across it and I saw the saltire -type of design and knew instantly it was Viking." He ran over to Bartholomew, shouting "Viking!" It

3976-411: The solidifying melt, for alloys there may exist a "mushy" zone, which is the result of solid-liquid equilibrium regions in the alloy's phase diagram , and a liquid region. The rate of front advancement controls the time that dendrites or nuclei have to form in the solidification region. The width of the mushy zone in an alloy may be controlled by tuning the heat transfer properties of the mold or adjusting

4047-499: The textiles which were wrapped around the vessel has been described by experts as unique. Curators at the National Museum of Scotland describe the Galloway Hoard as "pointing to a new understanding of Scotland in the international context of the earliest Viking Age". According to Stuart Campbell of the National Museum of Scotland, "This is a hugely significant find, nothing like this has been found in Scotland before in terms of

4118-597: The two levels of the hoard are dissimilar; the upper level of the hoard consists of smaller and less valuable items which would have been the equivalent of "loose change" in the Viking bullion economy, while the lower level represents a much rarer and more exotic collection of valuables. The hoard falls under the Scottish common law of treasure trove and was held by the Queen's and Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer. The law entitles

4189-596: The university in 1873, and appointed Ramsay Traquair as its Keeper of the Natural History Collections. The bridge was closed (at some time later it was reopened and for a while prior to the museum's temporary closure during World War II it provided limited access between the museum and University). The university had lost use of the museum specimens, so started a replacement teaching collection in its old museum space. This became intolerably cramped, eventually James Hartley Ashworth raised funds and

4260-496: The vessel was not Carolingian in origin as had been thought, but Western Asian. Once the fabric was removed, the ornamentation was revealed to include a Zoroastrian fire-altar , and the silver is alloyed with copper, both suggesting an origin in the Sasanid Empire . In addition, isotope analysis of the lead in the alloy and niello indicates it is from the mine at Nakhlak in central Iran. The contents were found to be

4331-543: Was a heart-stopping moment when the local archaeologist turned it over to reveal rich decoration on the other side." The vessel was one of the older items in the hoard and may have been more than 100 years old by the time it was deposited. It was made of a silver alloy and was found wrapped in the remains of a cloth, with its lid still in place. It contained more objects and was examined using X-rays in November 2014 before being opened and emptied. Later research revealed that

SECTION 60

#1732780059951

4402-480: Was also responsible for the Royal Albert Hall , and architect Robert Matheson of the Office of Works in Edinburgh. The exterior, designed in a Venetian Renaissance style, contrasts sharply with the light-flooded main hall or Grand Gallery, inspired by The Crystal Palace . Numerous extensions at the rear of the building, particularly in the 1930s, extended the museum greatly. 1998 saw the opening of

4473-548: Was completed in 1888, rooms were opened to the public when they were fitted out, until the last one opened on 14 October 1890. Administration of the museum was transferred in 1901 from the Science and Art Department to the Scottish Education Department , and in 1904 the institution was renamed the Royal Scottish Museum. Electricity was introduced, replacing the original gas lighting, and powering

4544-533: Was formalised. For a few years after the museum first opened, its frontage looked on to a narrow lane. In the 1870s this lane was widened in forming Chambers Street . Over the following century, though there were official names, it became popularly known as the "Chambers Street Museum". The site for building, bought earlier to ensure unobstructed light to the university buildings, had been occupied by two properties west of Jameson's museum; an Independent Chapel with seats for 1,000 fronting West College Street, and

4615-556: Was founded in 1780. It still continues, but in 1858 its collection of archaeological and other finds was transferred to the government as the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland , and from 1891 it occupied half of a new building in Queen Street in the New Town , with its entrance hall shared with the Scottish National Portrait Gallery which occupied the other half. The organisational merger of

4686-443: Was needed to find out more about the hoard's context. The site was put under 24-hour security and a local farmer put his biggest bull in the field to deter intruders. A 30m by 30m trench was dug, centred on the findspot. Over a hundred more objects were discovered including a silver ingot, a complete silver bracelet, fragments of another silver bracelet and small pieces of silver, iron and copper alloy plus fragments of daub , suggesting

4757-434: Was not his first discovery; in 2013, McLennan had discovered Scotland's largest hoard of medieval silver coins near Twynholm . The find was reported to Scotland's Treasure Trove Unit and a county archaeologist, Andrew Nicholson, undertook an excavation with McLennan's assistance. They dug further and found a collection of artefacts at a depth of 60 cm (24 in). When the artefacts had been removed, McLennan carried out

4828-518: Was planned to go on tour to Kirkcudbright Galleries from 9 October 2021 to 10 July 2022 and to Aberdeen Museum and Art Gallery from 30 July to 23 October 2022. National Museum of Scotland The National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh , Scotland is a museum of Scottish history and culture. It was formed in 2006 with the merger of the new Museum of Scotland , with collections relating to Scottish antiquities , culture and history , and

4899-623: Was put on permanent display in the university, as one of the first museums in the UK. Daniel Defoe , in A Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain published in 1737, called it "a fine Musæum, or Chamber of Rarities, which are worth seeing, and which, in some things, is not to be match'd in Europe". Later editions of the book said it had rarities not to be found in the Royal Society or

4970-549: Was sold to the museum by Canadian anthropologist Marius Barbeau . Construction was started in 1861 and proceeded in phases, the eastern sections opened in 1866 before others had even begun construction. The full extent of the original design was completed in 1888. It was designed by civil engineer Captain Francis Fowke of the Royal Engineers , Engineer and Artist of the Science and Art Department in London who

5041-546: Was transferred from the university in 1865–1866. Prince Alfred formally opened the first phase on 19 May 1866, with public access to the east wing and about a third of the Great Hall (now the Grand Gallery). A temporary wall formed the west gable of this space, displays in it included models and machinery of architecture, military and civil engineering, including lighthouses . A small hall (now Living Lands) accommodated manufactures. The natural history collection took up

#950049