Vigilantism ( / v ɪ dʒ ɪ ˈ l æ n t ɪ z əm / ) is the act of preventing, investigating, and punishing perceived offenses and crimes without legal authority .
83-569: Gangaajal: The Holy Weapon ( transl. Holy Water ) is a 2003 Indian Hindi -language action crime drama film written, directed, co-produced and edited by Prakash Jha . Featuring an ensemble cast of 87 actors, it revolves around the Superintendent of Police Amit Kumar ( Ajay Devgn ) who takes charge of the fictitious district of Tejpur, Bihar , known for its high crime rate and organised crime carried out by dons Sadhu ( Mohan Joshi ) and Sunder Yadav ( Yashpal Sharma ). Due to
166-468: A "natural choice". Jha said; "I needed someone who would look sincere and honest in the film, and he suited that. His character goes through many dilemmas, and he's capable of carrying that role well." Gracy Singh also immediately chose to star in the film as Amit's wife Anuradha. Jha, who wanted to cast Singh because he felt the Indian film industry did not see her potential as an actor. Singh stated that it
249-461: A community." Les Johnston argues that vigilantism has six necessary components: Vigilantism and the vigilante ethos existed long before the word vigilante was introduced into the English language. There are conceptual parallels between the medieval aristocratic custom of private war or vendetta and the modern vigilante philosophy. Elements of the concept of vigilantism can be found in
332-585: A core vocabulary of native Prakrit and Sanskrit-derived words. However, Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and contains more direct tatsama Sanskrit -derived words than Urdu, whereas Urdu is written in the Perso-Arabic script and uses more Arabic and Persian loanwords compared to Hindi. Because of this, as well as the fact that the two registers share an identical grammar, a consensus of linguists consider them to be two standardised forms of
415-421: A lack of evidence. Sadhu's men try to vandalise the shop of a pan vendor who testified against Sunder before Amit stops them and threw them in jail. At the jail, when Amit goes home, Sunder's two Stooges Munna Thakur and Kesari fight with Bachcha and his colleagues due to their betrayal. Bachcha throws acid into the men's eyes, an act that is locally referred to as gangaajal . The incident leads to controversy and
498-545: A larger amount are still used in Urdu poetry written in the Devanagari script. Many words borrowed from Persian in turn were loanwords from Arabic (e.g. muśkil "difficult", havā "air", x(a)yāl "thought", kitāb "book"). Hindi also makes extensive use of loan translation ( calqueing ) and occasionally phono-semantic matching of English . Many Hindustani words were derived from Portuguese due to interaction with colonists and missionaries: Vigilante A vigilante
581-541: A literary language in the 19th century. Earliest examples could be found as Prēm Sāgar by Lallu Lal , Batiyāl Pachīsī of Sadal Misra, and Rānī Kētakī Kī Kahānī of Insha Allah Khan which were published in Devanagari script during the early 19th century. John Gilchrist was principally known for his study of the Hindustani language , which was adopted as the lingua franca of northern India (including what
664-536: A medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages. It
747-472: A newness to a largely hackneyed role". In a review in Filmfare , Dominic Ferrao praised the "flawless" screenplay and Jha for "[extracting] the best from the cast". According to Ferrao, Devgn "vindicates his talent ... and comes out with flying fists and even higher flying colours as far as emotive abilities are concerned". Screen said Jha had given the film "a unique flavour" with "the upright stance of
830-410: A part of the process of Sanskritisation , new words are coined using Sanskrit components to be used as replacements for supposedly foreign vocabulary. Usually these neologisms are calques of English words already adopted into spoken Hindi. Some terms such as dūrbhāṣ "telephone", literally "far-speech" and dūrdarśan "television", literally "far-sight" have even gained some currency in formal Hindi in
913-552: A second language. A Hindi proponent, Indian-born Paramananda Jha , was elected vice-president of Nepal. He took his oath of office in Hindi in July 2008. This created protests in the streets for 5 days; students burnt his effigies, and there was a general strike in 22 districts. Nepal Supreme Court ruled in 2009 that his oath in Hindi was invalid and he was kept "inactive" as vice-president. An "angry" Jha said, "I cannot be compelled to take
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#1732772047984996-532: A simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ). Outside India, several other languages are recognised officially as "Hindi" but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other nearby languages, such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which has an official status in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which
1079-584: A standardised form of Hindustani separate from Urdu took form. In 1881, Bihar accepted Hindi as its sole official language, replacing Urdu, and thus became the first state of India to adopt Hindi. However, in 2014, Urdu was accorded second official language status in the state. After independence, the Government of India instituted the following conventions: On 14 September 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted Hindi written in
1162-522: Is a person who practices or partakes in vigilantism, or undertakes public safety and retributive justice without commission. The term is borrowed from Italian vigilante , which means 'sentinel' or 'watcher', from Latin vigilāns . According to political scientist Regina Bateson, vigilantism is "the extralegal prevention, investigation, or punishment of offenses." The definition has three components: Other scholars have defined "collective vigilantism" as "group violence to punish perceived offenses to
1245-657: Is a standard register of the Hindustani language; additionally, Indian media are widely viewed in Pakistan. A sizeable population in Afghanistan , especially in Kabul , can also speak and understand Hindi-Urdu due to the popularity and influence of Bollywood films, songs and actors in the region. Hindi is also spoken by a large population of Madheshis (people having roots in north-India but having migrated to Nepal over hundreds of years) of Nepal . Apart from this, Hindi
1328-465: Is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary, standard Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani, as both Hindi and Urdu share a core vocabulary base derived from Prakrit (a descendant of Sanskrit). Hindi is also spoken, to a lesser extent, in other parts of India (usually in
1411-409: Is an official language of Gujarat , along with Gujarati . It acts as an additional official language of West Bengal in blocks and sub-divisions with more than 10% of the population speaking Hindi. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following Union Territories : Delhi , Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . Although there
1494-550: Is based on the language that was spoken in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab ( Delhi , Meerut and Saharanpur ) called Khariboli ; the vernacular of Delhi and the surrounding region came to replace earlier prestige languages such as Awadhi and Braj . Standard Hindi was developed by supplanting foreign loanwords from the Hindustani language and replacing them with Sanskrit words, though Standard Hindi does continue to possess several Persian loanwords. Modern Hindi became
1577-628: Is borrowed from Sanskrit as tatsam borrowings, especially in technical and academic fields. The formal Hindi standard, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by neologisms compounding tatsam words, is called Śuddh Hindi (pure Hindi), and is viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi. Excessive use of tatsam words sometimes creates problems for native speakers. They may have Sanskrit consonant clusters which do not exist in Hindustani, causing difficulties in pronunciation. As
1660-455: Is commonly used to specifically refer the modern literary Hindi language, as opposed to colloquial and regional varieties that are also referred to as Hindi in a wider sense . Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is a direct descendant of an early form of Vedic Sanskrit , through Shauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa (from Sanskrit apabhraṃśa "corrupt"), which emerged in the 7th century CE. The sound changes that characterised
1743-525: Is mirror to a hand with bangles, What is Persian to a literate. The emergence of Modern Standard Hindi in the 19th century went along with the Sanskritisation of its vocabulary, leading to a marginalisation of Persian vocabulary in Hindi, which continued after Partition when the Indian government co-opted the policy of Sanskritisation. However, many Persian words (e.g. bas "enough", khud "self") have remained entrenched in Standard Hindi, and
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#17327720479841826-609: Is no specification of a national language in the constitution, it is a widely held belief that Hindi is the national language of India. This is often a source of friction and contentious debate. In 2010, the Gujarat High Court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such. Outside Asia , the Awadhi language (an Eastern Hindi dialect) with influence from Bhojpuri , Bihari languages , Fijian and English
1909-526: Is now present-day Pakistan ) by British colonists and indigenous people. He compiled and authored An English-Hindustani Dictionary , A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language , The Oriental Linguist , and many more. His lexicon of Hindustani was published in the Perso-Arabic script , Nāgarī script , and in Roman transliteration .In the late 19th century, a movement to further develop Hindi as
1992-740: Is spoken by the large Indian diaspora which hails from, or has its origin from the "Hindi Belt" of India. A substantially large North Indian diaspora lives in countries like the United States of America , the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates , Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, South Africa, Fiji and Mauritius , where it is natively spoken at home and among their own Hindustani-speaking communities. Outside India, Hindi speakers are 8 million in Nepal ; 863,077 in
2075-464: Is spoken in Suriname , Trinidad and Tobago , and Guyana . Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, Spanish and English. If counted together with the mutually intelligible Urdu, it is the third most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English. According to reports of Ethnologue (2022, 25th edition) Hindi is the third most-spoken language in
2158-481: Is spoken in Fiji. It is an official language in Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji, where it referred to it as "Hindustani"; however, in the 2013 Constitution of Fiji , it is simply called " Fiji Hindi " as the official language. It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji. Hindi is spoken as a first language by about 77,569 people in Nepal according to the 2011 Nepal census , and further by 1,225,950 people as
2241-444: Is supported by those of Tiwari and the other supporting cast, and that Gangaajal "loses steam" after its second-half, attributing the issue to the exaggerated use of violence scenes and the water setting of the ending. In his three-star review, Jitesh Pillai concluded the supporting cast had delivered solid performances, and described Devgn as the film's "terrific" and "note-perfect" performer. Sify 's Lata Khubchandani said Jha tells
2324-476: Is the official language of India alongside English and the lingua franca of North India . Hindi is considered a Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and neighbouring areas. It is an official language in nine states and three union territories and an additional official language in three other states. Hindi
2407-824: Is the dominant form of Hindi online. In an analysis of YouTube comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanised Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in Devanagari Hindi. Traditionally, Hindi words are divided into five principal categories according to their etymology: Hindi has naturally inherited a large portion of its vocabulary from Shauraseni Prakrit , in the form of tadbhava words. This process usually involves compensatory lengthening of vowels preceding consonant clusters in Prakrit, e.g. Sanskrit tīkṣṇa > Prakrit tikkha > Hindi tīkhā . Much of Standard Hindi's vocabulary
2490-570: Is written in the Devanagari script, an abugida . Devanagari consists of 11 vowels and 33 consonants and is written from left to right. Unlike Sanskrit, Devanagari is not entirely phonetic for Hindi, especially failing to mark schwa deletion in spoken Standard Hindi. The Government of India uses Hunterian transliteration as its official system of writing Hindi in the Latin script. Various other systems also exist, such as IAST , ITRANS and ISO 15919 . Romanised Hindi , also called Hinglish ,
2573-586: The Hindi Belt ), as well as an official language of the Government of India, along with English. In Northeast India a pidgin known as Haflong Hindi has developed as a lingua franca for the people living in Haflong , Assam who speak other languages natively. In Arunachal Pradesh , Hindi emerged as a lingua franca among locals who speak over 50 dialects natively. Hindi is quite easy to understand for many Pakistanis , who speak Urdu, which, like Hindi,
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2656-855: The United States of America ; 450,170 in Mauritius; 380,000 in Fiji; 250,292 in South Africa; 150,000 in Suriname; 100,000 in Uganda ; 45,800 in the United Kingdom; 20,000 in New Zealand ; 20,000 in Germany ; 26,000 in Trinidad and Tobago; 3,000 in Singapore . Linguistically , Hindi and Urdu are two registers of the same language and are mutually intelligible. Both Hindi and Urdu share
2739-631: The 50th birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha on 14 September 1949, the efforts came to fruition following the adoption of Hindi as the official language. Now, it is celebrated as Hindi Day . Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with the official language of the Indian Union. Under Article 343, the official languages of the Union have been prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English: (1) The official language of
2822-644: The Devanagari script as the official language of the Republic of India replacing the previous usage of Hindustani in the Perso-Arabic script in the British Indian Empire . To this end, several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favour of Hindi, most notably Beohar Rajendra Simha along with Hazari Prasad Dwivedi , Kaka Kalelkar , Maithili Sharan Gupt and Seth Govind Das who even debated in Parliament on this issue. As such, on
2905-402: The Hindi heartland. Persian borrowings reached a heyday in the 17th century, pervading all aspects of life. Even grammatical constructs, namely the izafat , were assimilated into Hindi. The status of Persian language then and thus its influence, is also visible in Hindi proverbs : हाथ कंगन को आरसी क्या, पढ़े लिखे को फ़ारसी क्या। Hāth kaṅgan ko ārsī kyā, Paṛhe likhe ko Fārsī kyā. What
2988-580: The Hindu/Indian people') was often used in the past, for example by Amir Khusrau in his poetry. The terms Hindi and Hindu trace back to Old Persian which derived these names from the Sanskrit name Sindhu ( सिन्धु ), referring to the Indus River . The Greek cognates of the same terms are Indus (for the river) and India (for the land of the river). The term Modern Standard Hindi
3071-548: The Official Languages Act of 1963, which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official purposes, although the constitutional directive for the Union Government to encourage the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced its policies. Article 344 (2b) stipulates that the official language commission shall be constituted every ten years to recommend steps for
3154-551: The President may, during the said period, by order authorise the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union. Article 351 of the Indian constitution states: It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as
3237-640: The Sicilian Vendicatori and the Beati Paoli ), a type of early vigilante organization, which became extremely powerful in Westphalian Germany during the 15th century. In some regions of Mexico, mainly in the state of Michoacan , people affected by criminal groups like Los Zetas and La Familia Michoacana , created vigilante groups called Grupos de autodefensa comunitaria in 2013. Their most notorious leader Hipólito Mora ,
3320-460: The Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals. (2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement: Provided that
3403-563: The biblical account in Genesis 34 of the abduction and rape (or, by some interpretations, seduction) of Dinah , the daughter of Jacob , in the Canaanite city of Shechem by the eponymous son of the ruler, and the violent reaction of her brothers Simeon and Levi , who slew all of the males of the city in revenge, rescued their sister and plundered Shechem. When Jacob protested that their actions might bring trouble upon him and his family,
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3486-589: The brothers replied "Should he [i.e., Shechem] treat our sister as a harlot?" In the Western literary and cultural tradition, characteristics of vigilantism have often been vested in folkloric heroes and outlaws (e.g., Robin Hood ). During medieval times, punishment of felons was sometimes exercised by such secret societies as the courts of the Vehm ( cf. the medieval Sardinian Gamurra later become Barracelli ,
3569-579: The convicts—is gut wrenching but effective." Khalid Mohamed called Devgn's performance "flawless, as incendiary as fire and as cool as ice" but commented Singh was only used as "decoration" in the film. NDTV 's Rajen Gurabudu lauded Devgn for perfecting his role. In 2012, the Hindustan Times reported Devgn would star in a sequel to the film that was titled Gangaajal 2 . Two years later, more reports were published stating Devgn would be replaced by an actress; he believed he would not be suitable for
3652-456: The court, he is arrested and taken to jail. This time, the court rejects Sunder's bail application and orders the police to keep Sunder in custody. Sadhu, however, influences the local minister to release his son but Amit refuses and is sent on emergency leave. Sunder is released and disrupts the marriage of the woman he kidnapped and kills her mother. Unable to bear the loss, the woman kills herself. Amit detains Sadhu and Sunder, and takes them to
3735-541: The dependence of officials on corrupt local contractors. Inspector Bachcha Yadav, a stooge of Sadhu, visits Sadhu's hideout and sees the infamous local gangster Nunwa. Nunwa has killed an officer in Bachcha's department after a heated argument. Yadav kills Nunwa, fearing arresting him would expose the connection between Nunwa and the Tejpur police, and tells the public he was killed in an encounter . Amit later realises Nunwa
3818-801: The end of its opening weekend and ₹ 5.22 crore (equivalent to ₹ 19 crore or US$ 2.3 million in 2023) after its first week. It earned ₹ 16.33 crore (equivalent to ₹ 60 crore or US$ 7.2 million in 2023) in India. Abroad, the film grossed ₹ 11 lakh (equivalent to ₹ 40 lakh or US$ 48,000 in 2023) following the first week of screening and collected ₹ 34 lakh (equivalent to ₹ 1.2 crore or US$ 150,000 in 2023) after finishing its overseas theatrical run. The film-trade website Box Office India estimated Gangaajal had revenues of ₹ 16.67 crore (equivalent to ₹ 61 crore or US$ 7.3 million in 2023) from India and overseas markets combined, making it one of
3901-549: The film became one of the highest-grossing Indian films of the year, and grossed ₹ 16.67 crore (equivalent to ₹ 61 crore or US$ 7.3 million in 2023) worldwide. It received widespread acclaim from critics, some of whom praised the cast's performances—generally that of Devgn—but questioned the plot's originality. Gangaajal received several accolades, including the National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues . A sequel titled Jai Gangaajal
3984-488: The film has an "oft-repeated theme". Deepa Gumaste of Rediff.com stated; "Ajay Devgan pulls up an ace with a part tailormade to reinforce his seething-under-the-surface angry hero image. To his credit ... he brings style and grace to a largely stereotypical, righteous protagonist . To a great extent, his presence covers up the film's patchiness in the second half." The Indo-Asian News Service said Devgn's "languorous body language and pinched, anguished expression confer
4067-401: The film, although he made the climax "a little implausible". Dinesh Raheja wrote; "Jha adroitly recreates the appropriate ambience for the policeman who tries to work with integrity in a corrupt system. A pall of gloom and tension looms large over the frames, best illustrated in the scene where a reformed officer ensnares a fugitive. The pre-interval scene of the police brutality—the blinding of
4150-410: The film. The New York -based composer Wayne Sharpe, who had composed feature-film soundtracks for 15 years, composed the film's background score, marking his debut in Indian film. Sharpe used both Western and Indian instruments for Gangaajal . Sandesh Shandilya composed the soundtrack of Gangaajal and Akhilesh Sharma wrote the lyrics. Richa Sharma , Ustad Sultan Khan and Lalit Pandit performed
4233-518: The hero, who never turns renegade and remains true to the law to the very end", and appreciated him showing the "eye-for-an-eye kind of revenge too is harmful for the society in the long run and the only solution lies in sprucing up the system". Nahta said Jha had successfully entertained the audience although the film's subject may be similar that of an art film , which he believed would not be popular with contemporaneous audiences. Anupama Chopra of India Today said Devgn's "first-rate" performance
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#17327720479844316-469: The highest-grossing Indian films of 2003. On 25 July 2010, Shemaroo Entertainment released the film on Video CD as a double-disc pack in the PAL widescreen format. Since 11 April 2019, the film has been available for streaming on Amazon Prime Video and Netflix . Critics gave Gangaajal generally positive reception; most of them appreciated Devgn's performance in the film as a police but questioned about
4399-405: The incident, Bachcha writes his confession in a letter and submits it to Amit. When Bachcha reaches his home, he finds Sunder has taken his son and wife hostage. After a brief struggle, Sunder kills Bachcha by shooting him in the eyes. Enraged, Amit issues a search warrant for Sunder and warns Sadhu to tell Sunder to surrender himself. Sadhu applies for bail for Sunder but before Sunder is produced in
4482-539: The last 125 years, there are no academic studies of any of them – of their use in South Africa, their evolution and current decline. Hindi is adopted as the third official court language in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi . As a result of this status, the Indian workforce in UAE can file their complaints to the labour courts in the country in their own mother-tongue. Hindi is the lingua franca of northern India (which contains
4565-480: The local police's slow response to crimes, residents of the district resort to pouring acid in the eyes of the criminals as an instrument for extrajudicial justice. Following the release of his directorial debut Damul (1984), Jha conceived an idea for his next venture that would be titled Gangaajal , which would be about corruption and political violence. Jha was unfamiliar with the subject matter and had no desire to start production, and took twenty years to write
4648-482: The main setting because he is familiar with the local culture, people, and tradition. He did not want to have another topic for his film at the time so he improved the story for the next twenty years, after which the principal photography started. According to Jha, the film's title reflects a metaphor that indicates ritual purification with "astonishing, stark and powerful" elements. Many of his friends suggested other suitable titles, including Police , because they felt
4731-670: The oath now in Nepali. I might rather take it in English." Hindi is a protected language in South Africa . According to the Constitution of South Africa , the Pan South African Language Board must promote and ensure respect for Hindi along with other languages. According to a doctoral dissertation by Rajend Mesthrie in 1985, although Hindi and other Indian languages have existed in South Africa for
4814-582: The official language of the imperial court during the reign of Shah Jahan . It is recorded that Emperor Aurangzeb spoke in Hindvi . The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the Indian Independence movement , and continues to be spoken as the common language of the people of the northern Indian subcontinent, which is reflected in the Hindustani vocabulary of Bollywood films and songs. Standard Hindi
4897-544: The original title was too metaphorical. Jha, however, kept the original title and added an extra 'a' to it. In preparation, Jha interviewed several police officers and read clippings on police he had saved. Jha announced the film in January 2001 during an interview with Komal Nahta of Rediff.com , and said it would be produced by Jha's banner Prakash Jha Productions in association with Manmohan Shetty of Entertainment One . He called Gangaajal his perception of affairs in
4980-490: The place of the English borrowings (ṭeli)fon and ṭīvī . Hindi also features significant Persian influence, standardised from spoken Hindustani . Early borrowings, beginning in the mid-12th century, were specific to Islam (e.g. Muhammad , Islām ) and so Persian was simply an intermediary for Arabic. Later, under the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire , Persian became the primary administrative language in
5063-421: The plot's originality. Writing for the entertainment portal Bollywood Hungama , Taran Adarsh gave the film a rating of two stars, saying Devgn performs his role "exceedingly well, carrying the film on his firm shoulders" while noting Singh "suffers due to poor characterisation and ... fails to impress". Adarsh criticised Jha for addressing topics he believed are not suitable for the modern audience, and added
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#17327720479845146-487: The police are accused of vigilante justice. Taking macabre inspiration from the incident, local police officials also throw acid in the eyes of criminals in their jails, creating an acute fear throughout Tejpur and falling crime rates. The violent nature of the act finds support with the public, although Anuradha is caught by accident in this and is wounded by acid. Gangaajal becomes an instrument of instant, extrajudicial justice. While all officers deny their involvement in
5229-409: The police station but an enraged mob stops Amit and demand their deaths by gangaajal . Amit prevents the mob from killing them, saying anarchy only brings social decadence. He wants Sadhu and Sunder to be tried by the law but they escape. They hold a family hostage to ward Amit off and a fight takes place between them. Sunder and Sadhu are killed after falling onto a plough, piercing their eyes. During
5312-458: The police. Sensing an opportunity, Bachcha urges Amit to give him a chance. Bachcha lures Sunder into a factory where Amit and his men are waiting. After a brief scuffle, Sunder is arrested and produced in a local court. The woman's mother refuses to testify against Sunder after the DIG Verma, who is loyal to Sadhu, threatens her into withdrawing her complaint. The judge acquits Sunder because of
5395-504: The political party Rashtriya Janata Dal because the film's antagonist Sadhu Yadav has the same name as Rabri Devi 's brother-in-law . They also vandalised the film's posters and filed a petition to the Patna High Court to ban it. The protesters told the film's distributors not to screen the film in the state; they decided to temporarily stop screening it. The controversy ended after Yadav told Jha he did not feel offended about
5478-413: The present-day Bihar, saying it is a "dramatic journey" from someone "into the collective consciousness of the society. It eventually becomes an intense meditation on the mechanics of crime and punishment." Although several publications reporting the film was based on the 1980 Bhagalpur blindings , Jha said it is not but that the film has several blinding scenes that are minor parts of the plot. The dialogue
5561-457: The production of his directorial debut Damul , a 1984 political drama, Prakash Jha conceived the idea for his next film, which would be named Gangaajal: The Holy Weapon , which he wanted to be about corruption and political violence. In an interview with Screen , Jha said he decided to make films set in rural cities because he believed they have an "earthy quality" that would attract audiences. For this film, he chose his home state Bihar as
5644-522: The progressive use of Hindi language and impose restrictions on the use of the English language by the union government. In practice, the official language commissions are constantly endeavouring to promote Hindi but not imposing restrictions on English in official use by the union government. At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states: Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand . Hindi
5727-515: The same genre. Shekhar singled out Devgn, whom he thought "expectedly shines through a by-now-trademarked understated show". Writing for Outlook magazine, Namrata Joshi , who rated the film three stars, said the detailing of the characters is the best part of the film, writing; "The vignettes of police life, the intricacies of established corruption are well portrayed. It only helps that Jha has talented actors for support." In B4U , Parag Chandrabala Maniar noted Jha's effort to do "a sincere job" in
5810-502: The same language, Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu. Hindi is the most commonly used scheduled language in India and is one of the two official languages of the union , the other being English. Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan and is one of 22 scheduled languages of India , also having official status in Uttar Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir , Delhi , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh and Bihar . Hindi
5893-446: The sequel. Priyanka Chopra was cast for the lead and the film was retitled Jai Gangaajal . The sequel opened in theatres on 4 March 2016; it received mixed reviews from critics and performed poorly at the box office. Hindi Modern Standard Hindi ( आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी , Ādhunik Mānak Hindī ), commonly referred to as Hindi , is the standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in Devanagari script . It
5976-496: The story in a convincing manner and that "promises to be very watchable". In another article for the website, Kunal Shah wrote Gangaajal is "rich" in the content and "good" in the technical aspect. He said Devgn's "brilliant" performance would "glue" the audience to their seats but criticised several of the film's sequences for being "predictable", though said it is still "watchable". Mayank Shekhar from Mid-Day noted Jha almost did not use black humour, unlike his previous films of
6059-766: The story. The film, announced in January 2001, was photographed by Arvind K; filming took 60 days and took place in Wai and Satara , both in Maharashtra , and sets were designed by Sukhwant Panigrahi. The film's soundtrack was composed by Sandesh Shandilya with lyrics by Akhilesh Sharma and a background score by the American composer Wayne Sharpe. Gangaajal was released on 29 August 2003. Its production costs were ₹ 4.5 crore (equivalent to ₹ 17 crore or US$ 2.0 million in 2023) or ₹ 10 crore (equivalent to ₹ 37 crore or US$ 4.4 million in 2023);
6142-471: The transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi are: During the period of Delhi Sultanate in medieval India , which covered most of today's north India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh and which resulted in the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures , the Sanskrit and Prakrit base of Old Hindi became enriched with loanwords from Persian , evolving into the present form of Hindustani. Hindi achieved prominence in India after it became
6225-486: The villainous character who shared his name: "There are thousands of persons with the name of Sadhu. The controversy ... has been created due to a misunderstanding." Gangaajal performed moderately well at the box office. It was released on 290 screens across India and grossed ₹ 1.08 crore (equivalent to ₹ 4.0 crore or US$ 480,000 in 2023) on its first day. The film collected ₹ 3.1 crore (equivalent to ₹ 11 crore or US$ 1.4 million in 2023) by
6308-503: The vocals, and Venus Records & Tapes released the soundtrack album. Jha had high expectations during the pre-release of Gangaajal , wanting it to be a commercial success and set a new trend in Hindi cinema . The release was scheduled for July 2003 but the film opened in theatres on 29 August that year. In September, during its theatrical run in Bihar, a protest was held by supporters of
6391-677: The world including first and second language speakers. Hindi is the fastest growing language of India , followed by Kashmiri , Meitei , Gujarati and Bengali according to the 2011 census of India . The term Hindī originally was used to refer to inhabitants of the Indo-Gangetic Plain . It was borrowed from Classical Persian هندی Hindī ( Iranian Persian pronunciation: Hendi ), meaning ' of or belonging to Hind (India) ' (hence, ' Indian ' ). Another name Hindavī ( हिन्दवी ) or Hinduī ( हिन्दुई ) (from Persian هندوی 'of or belonging to
6474-420: Was difficult to play the role as it was new for her. The film features an ensemble cast of 87 actors; according to Jha this is intended to "collectively make up the atmosphere". Gangaajal was produced on a budget of ₹ 4.5 crore (equivalent to ₹ 17 crore or US$ 2.0 million in 2023) or ₹ 10 crore (equivalent to ₹ 37 crore or US$ 4.4 million in 2023). Principal photography
6557-572: Was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union Government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351), with state governments being free to function in the language of their own choice. However, widespread resistance to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers, especially in South India (such as those in Tamil Nadu ) led to the passage of
6640-482: Was handled by Arvind K. in 60 days, and Sukhwant Panigrahi served as the production designer. Initially, Jha wanted the film to be made in Bihar but changed his mind for logistic reasons. Filming took place in two areas of Satara and Wai in Maharashtra , and Jha asked local people to briefly appear in several scenes. He said most of them were cooperative and that he felt helped. Filming ended in March 2003 and Jha edited
6723-399: Was killed because of his relationship with Sadhu and suspends Bachcha from duty as a punishment. Anxious he would be transferred from Tejpur, Bachcha visits Sadhu's home to seek his help but learns Sadhu has abandoned him. Amit takes notice of the incident and finds Sunder has kidnapped a missing young woman. Amit persuades the woman's mother, who is hesitant to do so, to file a complaint with
6806-512: Was released in 2016 which under-performed, both commercially and critically. The Superintendent of Police (SP) Amit Kumar takes charge of Tejpur, which has a high crime rate. In the district, the police are controlled by the strongman gangster Sadhu Yadav and his son Sunder Yadav. While travelling to the headquarters, Amit's car breaks down and he inspects the area. He observes professional laxity among police officials, crumbling infrastructure, outdated weaponry, lack of stationery and transport, and
6889-475: Was written by Jha. Ajay Devgn played the role of the Superintendent of Police Amit Kumar that was previously offered to Akshay Kumar , marking Devgn's second collaboration with Jha after Dil Kya Kare (1999). Devgn said he had a positive rapport with Jha and that he was allowed to speak in Hindi without a Bihari accent. Jha said Devgn's acting style led him to approach Devgn again, describing him as
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