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70-628: It is not known when Murong Shun was born, but it was known that he was the oldest son of the Busabo Khan Murong Fuyun and Sui dynasty's Princess Guanghua, who had first married Murong Shun's uncle Murong Shifu in 596 when Murong Shifu was khan. In 597, after Murong Shifu was assassinated, Murong Fuyun became khan, and pursuant to Tuyuhun customs, married Princess Guanghua as his wife. In 604, Emperor Wen of Sui , who had initially married Princess Guanghua to Murong Shifu and who had later approved her marriage to Murong Fuyun, died, and

140-504: A Pope Peter II. Even though there is no specific prohibition against choosing the name Peter, bishops elected to the Papacy have refrained from doing so even if their own given name was Peter. This is because of a tradition that only Saint Peter should have that honor. In the 10th century John XIV used the regnal name John because his given name was Peter. While some antipopes did take the name Peter II, their claims are not recognized by

210-524: A Praenomen of Roman Emperors, Augustus and Caesar became a cognomen of theirs. Immediately after a new pope is elected, and accepts the election, he is asked by the Dean of the College of Cardinals , "By what name shall you be called?" The new pope chooses the name by which he will be known. The senior Cardinal Deacon, or Cardinal Protodeacon , then appears on the balcony of Saint Peter's Basilica to proclaim

280-577: A Tang princess be given to his son, the Prince of Zun, in marriage. Emperor Taizong agreed, but ordered that the Prince of Zun personally arrive in Chang'an to marry the princess. When the Prince of Zun failed to do so, Emperor Taizong cancelled the marriage. Meanwhile, Murong Fuyun also attacked Lan and Kuo (廓州, also in modern Haidong) Prefectures and detained the Tang emissary Zhao Dekai (趙德楷). Emperor Taizong sent

350-437: A Tuyuhun prince, Ni Luozhou (尼洛周) the Prince of Dabao, serve as Murong Shun's assistant, hoping that Murong Shun can take over Tuyuhun. However, on the way back to Tuyuhun lands, Ni was assassinated, and Murong Shun returned to Sui, which, in later years, began collapsing as it was engulfed by agrarian rebellions. In 618, Murong Shun was accompanying Emperor Yang at Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ), when Emperor Yang

420-835: A breach of the Act of Union . The case, however, was dismissed on the grounds that the pursuers had no title to sue the Crown, and also that the numbering of monarchs was part of the royal prerogative , and thus not governed by the Act of Union. The Roman Emperors usually had the titles of "Imperator Caesar Augustus" in their names (which made these regnal names). Caesar came from the cognomen of Gaius Julius Caesar , Imperator meant Commander and Augustus meant venerable or majestic. The name usually went in two ways, Imperator ( Praenomen , Nomen and Cognomen ) Caesar Augustus or Imperator Caesar (Praenomen, Nomen and Cognomen) Augustus. Also, Imperator became

490-427: A different name from their original name when they accede to the monarchy. The regnal name is usually followed by a regnal number , written as a Roman numeral , to differentiate that monarch from others who have used the same name while ruling the same realm. In some cases, the monarch has more than one regnal name, but the regnal number is based on only one of those names, for example Charles X Gustav of Sweden . If

560-414: A different name. First, Queen Victoria had been christened Alexandrina Victoria, but took the throne under the name Victoria. When Victoria's son, Prince Albert Edward, became king in 1901, he took the regnal name Edward VII , against the wish of his late mother. The new king declared that he chose the name Edward as an honoured name borne by six of his English predecessors, and that he preferred that

630-451: A major crippling attack on Tuyuhun, forcing Murong Fuyun to flee. The Tuyuhun nobles were resentful of the Prince of Tianzhu, and Murong Shun led them in killing the Prince of Tianzhu and then surrendering. As Murong Fuyun was killed by his subordinates during flight, Emperor Taizong created Murong Shun the dual titles of Prince of Xiping and Zhugulüwugandou Khan (or Gandou Khan in short), to succeed Murong Fuyun. However, Murong Shun's reign

700-434: A monarch reigns in more than one realm, they may carry different ordinals in each one, as some realms may have had different numbers of rulers of the same regnal name. For example, the same person was both King James VI of Scotland and King James I of England . The ordinal is not normally used for the first ruler of the name, but is used in historical references once the name is used again. Thus, Queen Elizabeth I of England

770-672: A number of emissaries to Tuyuhun to discuss the matter and also summoned Tuyuhun emissaries and personally had discussions with them. Murong Fuyun still did not relent. In fall 634, Emperor Taizong sent the generals Duan Zhixuan (段志玄) and Fan Xing (樊興) to attack Tuyuhun with Tang forces, supplemented by soldiers from the Qibi (契苾) and Dangxiang tribes. When Duan began the attack, however, after minor successes, Tuyuhun forces simply began to elude him and refuse to engage him. Apparently immediately after he withdrew, Tuyuhun forces again attacked Liang Prefecture (涼州, roughly modern Wuwei, Gansu ). Around

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840-611: A pope to be named after a Roman god. Mercurius subsequently decreed that he would be known as John II. Since the end of the tenth century the pope has customarily chosen a new name for himself during his Pontificate; however, until the 16th century some pontiffs used their baptismal names . The last pope to use his baptismal name was Pope Marcellus II in 1555, a choice that was even then quite exceptional. The names chosen by popes are not based on any system other than general honorifics. They have been based on immediate predecessors, mentors, political similarity, or even after family members—as

910-574: A very traditional name in the Kingdom. Later during the first half of the 14th century, Charles I of Hungary signed as " Carolus rex ", but in fact his birth name was the Italian Caroberto . This is why he is often referred to by Hungarian historians as "Charles Robert of Hungary". All ruling male members of the House of Orange-Nassau bore the name Willem (William). The current king of

980-412: Is actually saying is that an event happened within a finite period of time, one that is equal to the duration of the reign of the monarch in question. Now seeing as how it is possible (and in fact common, particularly among the southern tribes) for one individual to have several different names and aliases in a single life, a certain degree of uniformity in usage is required if the history of an entire state

1050-560: Is found in the kingdom of Lagos , where the Adeniji-Adele family is distinguished from their numerous Adele cousins by the word Adeniji , which was actually the first name of the reigning founder of their branch of the dynasty, the Oba Adeniji Adele II . This distinction notwithstanding, both groups of dynasts (as well as a number of other ones that do not have the name Adele as an official surname, such as that of

1120-538: Is known about Tuyuhun's status under Murong Fuyun the next several years, but at the time, Sui itself was collapsing, engulfed in agrarian rebellions throughout its territory. By 619, Emperor Yang was dead, killed at Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ), and Murong Shun, who had been with Emperor Yang at Jiangdu, had returned to the Sui capital Chang'an , then taken over by one of the generals who had rebelled against Emperor Yang, Li Yuan , who had also since then taken

1190-410: Is to be tied to his or her name. It is for this reason that when new monarchs are enthroned, the uniqueness of their names is usually considered to be a matter of considerable importance (even when it is caused by nothing more than the adding of ordinals to them or the allowing of more than a generation to pass before their subsequent usage). An example of this can be found in the kingdom of Benin , where

1260-603: The Shang dynasty , Chinese sovereigns could be honored with temple names ( 廟號 ; miào hào ) after their death, for the purpose of ancestor worship . Temple names consisted of two or three Chinese characters, with the last word being either zǔ ( 祖 ; "progenitor") or zōng ( 宗 ; "ancestor"). Since the Zhou dynasty , Chinese monarchs were frequently accorded posthumous names ( 謚號 ; shì hào ) after their death. Posthumous names were adjectives originally intended to determine

1330-523: The Sui and Tang dynasties. In 635, during a Tang invasion, he was assassinated due to the people's resentment of his hostile attitude toward the Emperor Taizong of Tang that led to the invasion. Murong Fuyun's father Murong Kualü 's reign (r. 540–591) as khan had been a turbulent one, particularly late in his reign, when even his crown princes were said to have been fearful for their deaths. He

1400-651: The Umayyad dynasty , used the laqab as-Saffah ("the Blood-Shedder"). This name carried a messianic association, a theme that would be continued by as-Saffah's successors. The use of regnal names among the caliphs lasted throughout the reign of the Abbasid Caliphate, until the institution was deposed after the defeat of the Mamluk Sultanate and the capture of Caliph al-Mutawakkil III by

1470-691: The Xiyu states, and knowing that Emperor Yang was looking for targets to conquer, suggested to him that Xiyu states had a lot of treasures and that Tuyuhun was easy to conquer. Emperor Yang started considering attacking Tuyuhun, as a result. At one point, when Murong Fuyun sent Murong Shun as an emissary to Sui, Emperor Yang detained him. In 608, Pei persuaded the Tiele tribes to attack Tuyuhun, and Tiele forces defeated Tuyuhun forces. Murong Fuyun took his people east, entering Sui's Xiping Commandery (西平, roughly modern Xining , Qinghai ) to ask for refuge and aid against

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1540-564: The reasons for his choice of name during his first General Audience in St. Peter's Square, on 27 April 2005. On that occasion, he said that he wanted to remember " Pope Benedict XV , that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war", and also " Saint Benedict of Nursia , co-patron of Europe, whose life evokes the Christian roots of Europe". There has never been

1610-779: The 1952 accession of Elizabeth II , the title Elizabeth II caused controversy in Scotland as there had never been a Scottish Elizabeth I . Winston Churchill suggested that British sovereigns would use either the Scottish or the English number, whichever was higher; this convention fit the pattern of prior reigns since the Acts of Union 1707 , all subsequent monarchs either having higher regnal numbers in England (namely William IV , Edward VII , and Edward VIII ) or had names not used before

1680-564: The Elector of Saxony, Frederick Augustus I, was elected king in 1697, he took the name of Augustus II. His son Frederick Augustus II crowned in 1734, also took the name of Augustus, becoming Augustus III. The monarchs of Portugal have traditionally used their first baptismal name as their regnal name upon their accession. The only notable exception was Sancho I , who was born Martin of Burgundy ( Martinho de Borgonha , in Portuguese). As he

1750-661: The Ewekas after his grandfather Eweka II . In the case of the comparatively small number of Nigerian monarchs, such as Obi Nnaemeka Achebe of Onitsha , who do not make use of regnal names as a result of a variety of reasons, pre-coronation names are maintained during their reigns. Monarchies of the Chinese cultural sphere practiced naming taboo , wherein the personal names of the rulers were to be avoided. Monarchs could adopt or be honored with regnal names ( 尊號 ; zūn hào ) during their reign or after they had abdicated. Since

1820-587: The First", "George the Sixth", etc. In some countries in Asia, monarchs took or take era names . While era names as such are not used in many monarchies, sometimes eras are named after a monarch (usually long-lived), or a succession of monarchs of the same name. This is customary; there is no formal or general rule. For example, the whole period during which a succession of four Georges ( George I , II , III , and IV ) of

1890-678: The Hanoverian dynasty reigned in Great Britain became known as the Georgian era . Conversely, although there were many Edwards, the Edwardian era always refers to the reign of Edward VII at the beginning of the 20th century. Ancient rulers in many parts of the world took regnal names or throne names which were different from their personal name. This is known to be true, for instance, of several kings of Assyria , and appears to be

1960-580: The Holy Roman Church [surname], who conferred upon himself the name [papal name]. During the first centuries of the church, priests elected bishop of Rome continued to use their baptismal names after their elections. The custom of choosing a new name began in AD 533 with the election of Mercurius . Mercurius had been named after the Roman god Mercury , and decided that it would not be appropriate for

2030-530: The Netherlands was christened Willem-Alexander . During an interview in 1997 he said he intended to rule under the name of Willem IV, but he had a change of mind. In a televised interview just before his inauguration, he announced he would continue to use the name Willem-Alexander, saying "I spent 46 years of my life under the name Willem-Alexander, and specifically under the nickname of Alexander. I think it would be weird to discard that because I become king of

2100-740: The Oloye Adekunle Ojora , a prominent nobleman of royal descent) are part of what is known as the Adele Ajosun Ruling House of Lagos. Beyond that which is described above, regnal names also serve in Nigeria and indeed in much of Africa as chronological markers in much the same way that those of Europe do (e.g. the Victorian era). Whenever one hears of a person describing what happened at the time when so and so ruled over any particular place or people, what he or she

2170-653: The Sinosphere. Bold characters represent the most common way to refer to the monarchs. During the Medieval Age, when the House of Árpád disappeared in 1301, two of the monarchs that claimed the throne and were crowned chose a different name. Otto III, Duke of Bavaria became Bela V of Hungary, taking the name of his maternal grandfather, Béla IV of Hungary . On the other hand, Wenceslaus III of Bohemia signed his royal documents in Hungary as Ladislas, this being

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2240-469: The Tang general Hou Junji . Murong Fuyun Murong Fuyun ( Chinese : 慕容伏允 ; 597–635), regnal name Busabo Khan ( Chinese : 步薩鉢可汗 ), was a ruler of the Xianbei -led dynastic state of Tuyuhun . He first became ruler when his brother Murong Shifu was assassinated in 597, and became one of the longest-ruling monarchs of Tuyuhun. His reign was characterized by numerous major conflicts with

2310-578: The Tiele. Emperor Yang sent his cousin Yang Xiong (楊雄) the Prince of Ande and Yuwen Shu the Duke of Xu to escort Murong Fuyun. As Yuwen's forces approached, however, Murong Fuyun became apprehensive of the strength of his forces and decided to flee. Yuwen attacked him, and was said to have killed 3,000 Tuyuhun soldiers, and captured some 200 Tuyuhun nobles and 4,000 households. Murong Fuyun fled southwest into

2380-456: The Tuyuhun lands. With Murong Shun in his hands, he created Murong Shun as khan and had him, assisted by Ni Luozhou (尼洛周) the Prince of Dabao, trying to head toward the Tuyuhun people to take over control. On the way, however, Ni was assassinated, and Murong Shun retreated back to Sui. In 613, Pei again persuaded the tribes submitting to Western Tujue 's Heshana Khan to attack Tuyuhun. Little

2450-570: The Union (George and Victoria). New Royal Mail post boxes in Scotland bearing the cypher E II R , were vandalised, after which, to avoid further problems, post boxes and Royal Mail vehicles in Scotland bore only the Crown of Scotland . A legal case, MacCormick v. Lord Advocate (1953 SC 396), contested the right of the Queen to title herself Elizabeth II in Scotland, arguing that to do so would be

2520-553: The achievements and moral values, or the lack thereof, of one's life. Since both titles were accorded only after one's death, they were not effectively regnal names. As a result of Chinese cultural and political influence, temple names and posthumous names were adopted by monarchs of Korea and Vietnam, whereas monarchs of Japan adopted only posthumous names. Since 140 BC, during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han , Chinese sovereigns often proclaimed era names ( 年號 ; nián hào ) for

2590-569: The case for several kings of Judah . In Ancient Egypt , Pharaohs took a number of names—the praenomen being the most commonly used, on occasion in conjunction with their personal name. In the Ethiopian Empire , especially during the Solomonic dynasty , many Emperors would take a throne name, though this was not a general practice; a great number of rulers would remain known during their reign by their birth names. Yekuno Amlak ,

2660-431: The corresponding era name of their reign and are commonly known by their respective era name with few exceptions, although era names were not effectively regnal names. The era name system was also adopted by rulers of Korea, Vietnam and Japan, with Japan still using the system to this day. The following table provides examples from China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam to illustrate the differences between monarchical titles in

2730-642: The country." Furthermore, he said he did not consider himself "a mere number", adding that regnal numbers reminded him of Dutch cattle naming conventions. When the House of Piast disappeared and the Lithuanian House of Jagiellon was elected in the figure of the High Duke Jogaila , this monarch took the name of Władysław II, in honour of the previous Polish king ( Władysław I the Elbow-high ) with this traditional name. Similarly, when

2800-414: The first pope to use two names for his regnal name when he took the name John Paul I , including the "I". He took the "John Paul" name to honor both John XXIII and Paul VI . With the unexpected death of John Paul I a little over a month later, Karol Wojtyła took the name John Paul II to honor his immediate predecessor. Antipopes also have regnal names, and also use the ordinal to show their position in

2870-514: The founder of the Solomonic dynasty, took his father's name, Tasfa Iyasus, as his throne name. Yagbe'u Seyon , his son and heir, took the throne name Salomon after the biblical figure. Amda Seyon took the throne name Gebre Mesqel, "slave of the cross "; Tewodros I was Walda Ambasa, "son of the lion"; Sarwe Iyasus was Mehreka Nañ "distributor of your [the Lord 's] mercy"; etc. Tafari Makonnen,

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2940-452: The idea, pointing out that this was the opportunity to destroy Tuyuhun. Li Jing agreed, and divided his forces into two branches—with Li Jing himself and Xue Wanjun (薛萬均) and Li Daliang heading northwest, and Hou and Li Daozong heading southwest. Both prongs continued to be successful. Eventually, Li Jing received news of Murong Fuyun's location and surprised Murong Fuyun, defeating his remaining forces. Murong Fuyun himself managed to flee, but

3010-476: The last sovereign Emperor of Ethiopia, took as his throne name Haile Selassie , meaning "Power of the Trinity ". In the various extant traditional states of Nigeria , the regnal names of the titled monarchs, who are known locally as the traditional rulers , serve two very important functions within the monarchical system . Firstly, seeing as how most states are organised in such a way as to mean that all of

3080-406: The legitimate descendants of the first man or woman to arrive at the site of any given community are considered its dynastic heirs , their thrones are usually rotated amongst almost endless pools of contending cousins who all share the names of the founders of their houses as primary surnames. In order to tell them all apart from one another, secondary surnames are also used for the septs of each of

3150-537: The line of previous pontiffs with their names. For example, David Bawden took the name Michael I when declared pope in 1990. Coptic popes also choose regnal names distinct from their given names. The use of regnal names ( laqab ) was uncommon in the Medieval Islamic era until the Abbasid Caliphate , when the first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas Abdullah ibn Muhammad , who overthrew

3220-575: The mainstream Roman Catholic Church, and each of these men only either has or had a minuscule following that recognized their claims. Probably because of the controversial Antipope John XXIII , new popes avoided taking the regnal name John for over 600 years until the election of Angelo Cardinal Roncalli in 1958. Immediately after his election, there was some confusion as to whether he would be known as John XXIII or John XXIV. Cardinal Roncalli thus moved to immediately resolve by declaring that he would be known as John XXIII. In 1978, Albino Luciani became

3290-442: The mountains. Sui took over former Tuyuhun lands and divided it into four commanderies, settling minor criminals in those lands. By 609, however, Murong Fuyun appeared to have exited the mountains and taken the land back, and Emperor Yang, this time commanding the army himself, again attacked Tuyuhun. Emperor Yang's forces, while suffering some minor setbacks, were again able to send Murong Fuyun fleeing, reaffirming Sui's control over

3360-406: The name Albert be only associated in royal history with his father . In 1936, after the abdication crisis , Prince Albert, Duke of York, assumed the throne. His full name was Albert Frederick Arthur George, but he became King George VI rather than "King Albert". When John, Earl of Carrick ascended the throne in 1390, it was deemed imprudent for him to take the regnal name of "John II", due to

3430-448: The new Pope, informing the world of the man elected Pope, and under which name he would be known during his reign. Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Habemus Papam ! Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum [forename], Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem [surname], qui sibi nomen imposuit [papal name]. I announce to you a great joy: We have a Pope, The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord [forename], Cardinal of

3500-470: The new year 635, Emperor Taizong sent Li Jing to attack Tuyuhun again. In summer 635, Tang forces began engaging Tuyuhun forces, and after some minor victories by Li Jing's subordinate Li Daozong , Murong Fuyun, apparently following the same strategies he used against Duan, burned the grasses and fled. Most of Li Jing's subordinates believed that it was dangerous to venture further without adequate grazing supplies and advised withdrawal, but Hou Junji opposed

3570-510: The nobles, led by Murong Shun , killed the Prince of Tianzhu and surrendered. Murong Fuyun, in flight, was killed by his subordinates. Emperor Taizong created Murong Shun the dual titles of Prince of Xiping and Zhugulüwugandou Khan (or Gandou Khan in short), to succeed Murong Fuyun. Regnal name A regnal name , regnant name , or reign name is the name used by monarchs and popes during their reigns and subsequently, historically. Since ancient times, some monarchs have chosen to use

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3640-538: The purpose of identifying and numbering years. Prior to the Ming dynasty , it was common for Chinese monarchs to proclaim more than one era name during a single reign, or that a single era name could span the reigns of several rulers. Monarchs of the Ming and Qing dynasties, however, often adopted only one era name throughout their reign. Thus, Chinese sovereigns of the Ming and Qing dynasties came to be highly associated with

3710-417: The royal families that are eligible for the aforementioned rotations, names that often come from the names of state of the first members of their immediate lineages to rule in their lands. Whenever any of their direct heirs ascend the thrones, they often use their septs' names as reign names as well, using the appropriate ordinals to differentiate themselves from the founders of the said septs. An example of this

3780-575: The throne and established a new state of Tang as its Emperor Gaozu, still fighting for supremacy of China with many other rebel rulers. Emperor Gaozu negotiated with Murong Fuyun, who had by now recovered the Tuyuhun lands, to attack one of his rivals, Li Gui the Emperor of Liang. Murong Fuyun agreed, and requested that Murong Shun be released. Emperor Gaozu agreed, and Murong Shun was able to return to Tuyuhun. (However, by this time, Murong Fuyun had already created another son to be his crown prince, and it

3850-517: The throne name of Erediauwa I became the surname of all of his immediate family in the Eweka royal house of the state, thus nominally tying them and their descendants to the era of his reign. This is especially obvious when their branch's name is compared to the last names of the said king's brothers and their heirs, named the Akenzuas after his father Akenzua II , and his uncles and their heirs, named

3920-468: The throne, but did continue. Sometime before 634, Murong Fuyun appeared to make an overture toward peace—by sending an emissary to offer tributes to Emperor Taizong—but even before the emissary left, Tuyuhun forces attacked and pillaged Shan Prefecture (鄯州, in modern Haidong Prefecture , Qinghai ). When Emperor Taizong sent emissaries to rebuke Murong Fuyun and summoned Murong Fuyun to Chang'an to meet him, Murong Fuyun refused, but responded by requesting that

3990-402: The turbulent reigns of recent kings named John ( John Balliol , John of England , and John II of France ). Furthermore, royal propaganda of the time held that John Balliol had not been a legitimate king of Scots, making the new king's regnal number also a difficult issue. To avoid these problems, John took the regnal name of Robert III , honouring his father and great-grandfather . Upon

4060-584: Was a time of peace between Tuyuhun and Sui. Indeed, in 596, Emperor Wen created the daughter of a clansman Princess Guanghua and married her to Murong Shifu. For reasons lost to history, there was a major disturbance in Tuyuhun in 597, and Murong Shifu was assassinated. The people supported Murong Fuyun as khan. He sent emissaries to Sui to explain the situation and to ask for permission to, pursuant to Tuyuhun customs, marry Princess Guanghua as well. Emperor Wen agreed. (He and Princess Guanghua thereafter had at least one son, Murong Shun .) Emperor Wen died in 604 and

4130-538: Was a younger son, Martin was expected to join the clergy, and was named after Saint Martin of Tours , on whose feast day he had been born. When the heir apparent , Henry, died, the prince's name was changed to Sancho, one with a more established royal tradition in the other Iberian monarchies (Navarre, Castile and Aragon). Though most monarchs of the United Kingdom have used their first baptismal name as their regnal name, on three occasions monarchs have chosen

4200-483: Was called simply "Elizabeth of England" until the accession of Queen Elizabeth II almost four centuries later in 1952; subsequent historical references to the earlier queen retroactively refer to her as Elizabeth I. However, Tsar Paul I of Russia , King Umberto I of Italy , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia and Pope John Paul I all used the ordinal I (first) during their reigns. In spoken English, such names are pronounced as "Elizabeth

4270-668: Was constantly attacking the provinces of the Sui dynasty located on the border with Tuyuhun, although after the Sui dynasty conquered the Chen dynasty in 589, Murong Kualü was fearful and vacated the border region. He died in 591 and was succeeded by Murong Fuyun's older brother Murong Shifu , who offered to submit to the Emperor Wen of Sui and further to offer a daughter to serve as Emperor Wen's concubine —which Emperor Wen (who had very few, if any, concubines, due to his love for his wife Empress Dugu ) declined. However, after that, there

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4340-478: Was fighting over the supremacy of China with many other rebel rulers, he made overtures to Murong Fuyun, who had by that point taken back the Sui-seized Tuyuhun lands, asking Murong Fuyun to attack one of his rivals, Li Gui the Emperor of Liang. Murong Fuyun agreed, and requested that Murong Shun be released to him. Emperor Gaozu agreed, and in 619 Murong Shun returned to Tuyuhun. However, the return

4410-477: Was killed in a coup led by the general Yuwen Huaji . Murong Shun subsequently returned to the Sui capital Chang'an , which was then under the control of the rebel general Li Yuan the Prince of Tang, who had declared Emperor Yang's grandson Yang You the Prince of Dai as emperor (as Emperor Gong). Later in 618, Li Yuan had Yang You yield the throne to him, establishing the Tang dynasty as its Emperor Gaozu. As he

4480-408: Was largely complete, as Murong Fuyun, under the advice of his strategist the Prince of Tianzhu, was making several pillaging attacks on Tang every year for the rest of Emperor Gaozu's reign, which ended in 626 as he was forced to abdicate to his son Li Shimin (as Emperor Taizong). The attacks were less frequent thereafter, but were still ongoing. In 635, under the general Li Jing , Tang forces made

4550-503: Was not a happy one for Murong Shun, who, as Princess Guanghua's oldest son, expected to be crown prince , but in Murong Shun's long absence, Murong Fuyun had already created another son crown prince. He only created Murong Shun the Prince of Daning, and Murong Shun was not pleased. Despite this initial alliance between Tang and Tuyuhun, peace did not last even before, and did not last after, Tang's reunification of China, which by 623

4620-505: Was said that Murong Shun was depressed thereafter.) Starting 622, Murong Fuyun, apparently under the advice of his strategist the Prince of Tianzhu, began frequent pillaging attacks on Tang's prefectures bordering Tuyuhun, making several attacks per year. The attacks continued throughout the rest of Emperor Gaozu's reign, up to 626 (when he was forced to abdicate in favor of his son Li Shimin (as Emperor Taizong)). The Tuyuhun attacks appeared to decrease in frequency once Emperor Taizong took

4690-475: Was short and turbulent, as it was said that the people did not respect him due to his having served as a hostage for a long time in China, and the turbulence did not subside even though, for a time, Tang forces commanded by the general Li Daliang were in Tuyuhun, assisting him. Late in 635, he was assassinated. His son Murong Nuohebo the Prince of Yan succeeded him, and managed to survive the crisis with aid from

4760-471: Was succeeded by his son Yang Guang (as Emperor Yang), and initially, the relationship between Tuyuhun and Sui remained peaceful, with Murong Fuyun sending emissaries to submit tributes to Emperor Yang in 607, along with emissaries from Gaochang and the khan of Eastern Tujue himself, the Qimin Khan Ashina Ran'gan. However, later that year, the Sui official Pei Ju returned from a tour of

4830-489: Was succeeded by his son Yang Guang (as Emperor Yang). In 607, Emperor Yang started considering conquering Tuyuhun, after his official Pei Ju convinced him that it would be easy to do so. When, on one occasion, Murong Fuyun sent Murong Shun as an emissary to Sui, Emperor Yang detained him as a hostage. In 608 and 609, Emperor Yang launched major attacks on Tuyuhun, taking over its lands and forcing Murong Fuyun to flee. Emperor Yang instead created Murong Shun as khan and had

4900-450: Was the case with Pope John XXIII . The practice of using the baptismal name as papal name has not been ruled out and future popes could elect to continue using their original names after being elected pope. Often the new pontiff's choice of name upon being elected to the papacy is seen as a signal to the world of whom the new pope will emulate or what policies he will seek to enact. Such is the case with Benedict XVI who, in fact, explained

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