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42-460: The Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom ( traditional Chinese : 甘州 回鶻 ; simplified Chinese : 甘州回鹘 ; pinyin : Gānzhōu Huíhú ), also referred to as the Hexi Uyghurs , was established in 894 around Ganzhou in modern Zhangye . The kingdom lasted from 894 to 1036; during that time, many of Ganzhou's residents converted to Buddhism . The Hexi Corridor , located within modern Gansu ,

84-588: A retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to

126-610: A written language for the Tangut people. However the Tangut script eventually went extinct after the Yuan conquest. Nevertheless, Emperor Jingzong had strong opposition to the people imitating the Song dynasty too closely. He emphasized the value of their traditional nomadic way of life and discouraged any dependence on Song luxury items. Trade with the Song was minimized or cut off before

168-509: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from

210-444: A revolution, changing the lifestyles of the Tangut people. He ordered Tangut men to shave their heads or they would face public execution. He also ordered a change of clothing and writing. With the help of Chinese traitors Zhang Yuan  [ zh ] (張元) and Wu Hao  [ zh ] (吳昊), Jingzong took an aggressive stance with the Song dynasty. At its height, he claimed an army of 500,000 men. In 1034 Jingzong attacked

252-869: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;

294-493: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to

336-543: The Kensiu language . Li Yuanhao Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia (1003–1048), born Li Yuanhao ( Chinese : 李元昊 ) or Tuoba Yuanhao ( Chinese : 拓跋元昊 ), also known as Zhao Yuanhao (趙元昊), Weiming Yuanhao (嵬名元昊 ) and Weiming Nangxiao (嵬名曩霄), was the founding emperor of the Western Xia dynasty of China, reigning from 1038 to 1048. He was the eldest son of the Tangut ruler Li Deming . Yuanhao

378-640: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝   'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for

420-604: The (Buddhist) sculptures in the hall. At each sacrifice, they must slaughter a lamb. Some drink alcohol merrily. Then they dip their finger into the blood of the lamb and dye the mouth of the Buddha with blood. Some hold the foot of the Buddha screaming, which was meant to show intimacy and respect for the Buddha. When chanting the Scripture, they wore Kasaya (the monk’s robe) and used the Indian language. The modern day descendants of

462-791: The Ganzhou Uyghurs accepted the Song dynasty as suzerains. Due to freer status of women in Turkic society, the Ganzhou Kingdom often used both Buddhist monks and nuns as envoys to Song China, where Buddhist nuns were also highly patronized by the elite. The Song recognized the Ganzhou Uyghurs, as well as the Qarakhanids and the Qocho Uyghurs, as the collective descendants of the former Uyghur Khaganate. Arab sources, for example

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504-556: The Ganzhou Uyghurs and Tanguts engaged in combat and the Uyghurs emerged victorious. The Liao dynasty attacked the Ganzhou Uyghurs and defeated them. In 1009 the Ganzhou Uyghurs captured Liangzhou . In 1010 the Liao dynasty attacked the Ganzhou Uyghurs and defeated them. In 1016 Zhongshun Baode Khagan died and Huaining Shunhua Khagan succeeded him. In 1023 Huaining Shunhua Khagan died and Guizhong Baoshun Khagan succeeded him. In 1026

546-588: The Ganzhou Uyghurs are known as the Yugur . Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan , the set of traditional characters is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in the Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until

588-581: The Ganzhou Uyghurs return to their former homeland on the Orkhon but they refused the offer. In 925 Cao Yijin led an attack on the Ganzhou Uyghurs and defeated them. In 926 Diyin died and Aduoyu succeeded him as Shunhua Khagan. Shunhua Khagan married Cao Yijin's daughter. In 930 Cao Yijin visited the Ganzhou Uyghur court in Ganzhou. In 933 Shunhua Khagan died and Jingqiong succeeded him. In 961

630-662: The Ganzhou Uyghurs were defeated in battle by the Liao dynasty, a defeat which weakened Uyghur control over the Hexi corridor sufficiently for the Tangut Li Yuanhao to seize control and proclaim the Western Xia . In 1028 the Ganzhou Uyghurs were defeated by the Tanguts, while Guizhong Baoshun Khagan died and Baoguo Khagan succeeded him. In 1036 the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom was annexed by the Tanguts. After

672-576: The Guiyi Circuit. The Guiyi Circuit regime of Dunhuang established marriage alliances, diplomatic, trade and cultural links with the Ganzhou Uyghurs. In 920 Huaijian Khagan became sickly, and he died in 924; his sons Diyin and Renmei fought over the throne with Diyin coming out on top. They received a royal appointment from the Later Tang dynasty. The Khitans of the Liao dynasty offered to let

714-571: The Huanqing territories (環慶路). He captured Song general Qi Zongju (齊宗矩). At this point, he changed his target to the Kingdom of Qocho in the west, and his efforts against them began in 1036. From the Uyghurs, he took large portions of Gansu , and the Tangut people would control the Hexi Corridor for 191 years before being conquered by the Yuan dynasty . In 1038 he declared himself

756-838: The Mongols would later be able to conquer China. For vacillating between multiple sides, colluding with Mongols and Jurchen, and launching attacks against the Song. However, the Mongols ultimately crushed the Western Xia dynasty, destroyed nearly any vestige of the empire, and ended Jingzong's reign in Ningxia . The Mongols would then reunify China under the Yuan dynasty. In 1048, both the Prime Minister, Mozang Epang (沒藏訛龐), and Prince Ningling Ge (寧令哥) conspired to assassinate Jingzong. Prince Ningling Ge attempted to kill Jingzong with

798-555: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China

840-587: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,

882-488: The Uyghurs led by Pangteqin (Huaijian Khagan) established the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom in Ganzhou. In 902 the Ganzhou Uyghurs sent military aid to Emperor Zhaozong of Tang . In 910 the Ganzhou Uyghurs attacked the Kingdom of Jinshan (Guiyi). In 911 the Ganzhou Uyghurs attacked the Kingdom of Jinshan and forced them into an alliance as a lesser partner. In 916 a Ganzhou Uyghur princess was married to Cao Yijin, governor of

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924-632: The Yellow Head Uyghurs. They practiced Buddhism and lived as pastoral nomads. In the 13th century they were called the Sali Uyghurs. Their descendants are today known as the Yugurs . Even though they had been conquered by the Tanguts, the Ganzhou Uyghurs maintained the practice of sending trade missions to the Song court. The Uyghurs of Ganzhou originally practiced Manichaeanism as their state religion but abandoned it for Buddhism at

966-410: The account of Arab traveller Abū Dulaf (which may have been based on other sources of the period), seems to have referred to the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom as "China". In 975 Jingqiong died and Yeluohe Mili'e succeeded him. In 983 Jingqiong died and Lusheng succeeded him. In 1003 Lusheng died and Zhongshun Baode Khagan succeeded him. The Tanguts attacked the Ganzhou Uyghurs but were defeated. In 1008

1008-590: The destruction of their realm, the Ganzhou Uyghurs migrated and settled in Dunhuang (Shazhou) and Guazhou . The Guazhou Uyghurs surrendered to the Tanguts in 1030 and Shazhou surrendered in 1036. A record of a Huolasan Khan ruling in Shazhou in 1127 shows that the Uyghurs there retained some amount of autonomy in Western Xia . Another group that settled between Dunhuang and the Qaidam Basin came to be known as

1050-469: The emperor of the Western Xia dynasty whose capital was situated in Xingqing . Afterwards, he launched a campaign against the Song. Although the Tangut empire won a series of three large battles, the victories proved to be very costly and they found their forces depleted, due in part to a scorched earth policy by the Song. In 1044 the Western Xia dynasty signed a treaty with the Song dynasty resulting in

1092-644: The end of the 10th century due to pressure from the Tanguts . Like the Tanguts, they sent Buddhist pilgrimages to Mount Wutai , but the real reason for the expeditions may have been to spy on the Liao dynasty . According to Hong Hao, a Song dynasty diplomat on his way to the Jurchen Jin dynasty , the Uyghurs of the Hexi Corridor still practiced Buddhism : The Uighur believe mostly in Buddhism. They place

1134-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from

1176-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as

1218-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In

1260-983: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often

1302-452: The middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of the predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by the People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is

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1344-464: The nominal acknowledgment of Song sovereignty by the Tangut and the payment of tribute by the Song. The Emperor led to a reorganization of much of the Empire with the help of ethnic Han advisors. The empire created new departments and administrative services. The Emperor also knew Chinese and had Chinese works translated into his people's language. He accomplished this by supporting the development of

1386-677: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as

1428-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as

1470-457: The peace treaty that came four years before his death. Although Jingzong used talented Song workers, to retain his own power and dynasty, he did not want to be conquered by the Song dynasty. Later on the Western Xia emperors would switch between multiple sides, Liao , Song, Jin , and the Mongols, in order to retain their power. Jingzong's attacks weakened the Jin and Song dynasties to the extent that

1512-636: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with

1554-985: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write

1596-518: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being

1638-705: The very latest. In 874, remnant forces of the Tibetan Empire known as the Wenmo, Han Chinese slave soldiers under the Tibetan Empire, in Ganzhou drove out the Uyghurs. Around the years 881 and 882, Ganzhou slipped from the control of the Guiyi Circuit. Remnants from the disintegrated the Uyghur Khaganate settled in Qinzhou 秦州, Liangzhou, Ganzhou, Suzhou 肅州, Guazhou 瓜州 and Shazhou 沙州. In 894

1680-587: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c.  200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c.  the 5th century . Although

1722-441: Was born to Tuoba Weiming's consort, lady Weimu as "Weimai" (嵬埋 ). After his father died in 1032, he became the leader of the Tangut. He was described as a talented army general and had always wanted to establish a country for the Tanguts. Early in his leadership, Jingzong abolished the surname Zhao which had been given by the Song dynasty , replacing it with the surname Weiming (Chinese: 嵬名, Tangut: 𗼨𗆟 ). He had also started

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1764-544: Was traditionally a Chinese inroad into Central Asia . From the 9th to 11th centuries this area was shared between the Ganzhou Uyghurs and the Guiyi Circuit . By the early 11th century both the Uyghurs and Guiyi Circuit were conquered by the Tangut people of the Western Xia dynasty . The Ganzhou Uyghur rulers were descended from the House of Yaglakar . There was a pre-existing community of Uyghurs at Ganzhou by 840 at

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