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53-610: The Rumsen Indian tribe lived in Mid-Carmel Valley , the mouth of Carmel Valley and neighboring Monterey Peninsula at the time of Spanish colonization . In 1923, Marion Hollins bought 2,000 acres (809 ha) from the Del Monte Properties that held property in Carmel Valley . The ranch was later sold to William May Garland II around 1970, who also bought other ranches in the area. The ranch

106-465: A large submarine outflow canyon . The current hypothesis is that, at one point in the Miocene epoch , many millions of years ago, the river was probably located in the vicinity of what is now Los Angeles County , having been carried north to its present position due to tectonic plate drift at the same rate as currently. When the ancient Salinas river was in that southern location, it may have served as

159-754: A part of the chain of 21 missions , then commissioned by the Spanish government in Alta California , now the U.S. State of California . All three of the Salinas Valley missions remain intact to this day, the Soledad mission having evolved into the City of Soledad , and the San ;Miguel mission having evolved into the unincorporated village of San Miguel . The San Antonio mission

212-494: Is 13.26 inches (337 mm) per year, and the average annual rainfall since 2000 is 11.01 inches (280 mm) per year. Recent increases in water use, primarily in the agricultural sector, and the damming of the river and its tributaries may be contributing factors causing the now mostly-dry condition of the riverbed. The Monterey County Water Resources Agency currently operates a water use monitoring program which requires that all agricultural water users self-report annually on

265-575: Is allowed within the park. Almost all of the trails in the Open Space Preserve are open to equestrians. The Rancho Loop Trail takes you to the a packing shed, barn, and display of old farm equipment. Rumsen people The Rumsen (also known as Rumsien, San Carlos Costanoan, and Carmeleno) are one of eight groups of the Ohlone , an indigenous people of California . Their historical territory included coastal and inland areas within what

318-592: Is especially known as one of the principal regions for lettuce and artichokes in the United States. The river is shallow above ground, periodically dry, with much of its flow underground. The underground flow results from numerous aquifers, which are recharged by water from the Salinas, especially from the Nacimiento and San Antonio lakes during the dry months. In the 18th and early 19th centuries,

371-657: Is now Monterey County, California , including the Monterey Peninsula . Like other Ohlone, Rumsen no longer have federal recognition but continue to sustain their culture and community presence in central California. This is despite the fact the Rumsen signed a treaty with the United States: the Treaty of Camp Belt, signed May 13, 1851. The treaty was then taken to Washington DC and hidden for 30 years while

424-548: Is now embedded in Fort Hunter Liggett (a U.S. Army garrison). The mission period ended with the Mexican revolution and the replacement of missions with ranchos in the 1820s and 30s. Ranchos around the Salinas river included Rancho Las Salinas , Rancho Bolsa Nueva y Moro Cojo The Rancho period ended with the 1848 American seizure of California from Mexico. The City of Monterey , about 10 miles south of

477-409: Is still capable of quickly transforming itself back into a fast-flowing river. In rainfall-induced flood conditions, it can at times measure over a mile in width. During the 20th century, such flood conditions are reported to have generally occurred approximately once every 3–10 years. The last similar flooding event along the river was reported in 1998. The atypical drought-breaking rains of

530-519: Is the basis for the proposal of what is presently thought to be the most probable geological history of the Salinas River. The long and deep submarine Monterey Canyon dwarfs all other such canyons along the Pacific coast of North America. However, the known flow-rates and drainage area of the Salinas River in no way indicate the river as it presently stands was ever capable of creating such

583-704: Is the longest river of the Central Coast region of California , running 175 miles (282 km) and draining 4,160 square miles (10,800 km ). It flows north-northwest and drains the Salinas Valley that slices through the central California Coast Ranges south of Monterey Bay . The river begins in southern San Luis Obispo County , originating in the Los Machos Hills of the Los Padres National Forest . From there,

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636-689: The Carquinez Strait , to empty through the present San Francisco Bay . People first appeared along the California coast approximately 13,000 years ago, during the latter part of the Pleistocene epoch . Up until European settlement in Alta California , the indigenous people who lived along the Salinas River were the Rumsen in the northern Salinas Valley , and the Salinan in

689-631: The Gabilan Mountain Range . It flows past Atascadero and Paso Robles (to Monterey). It receives the natural outflow of the Estrella River and the controlled outflows of the Nacimiento and San Antonio reservoirs through their respective river tributaries in southern Monterey County . The river passes through the active San Ardo Oil Field , and then into and through the Salinas Valley. It flows past many small towns in

742-701: The Hearst Museum of Anthropology , declared the tribe extinct, which directly led to its losing federal recognition and land rights. Dialects of the Rumsen language were spoken by four independent local tribes, including the Rumsen themselves, the Ensen of the Salinas vicinity, the Calendaruc of the central shoreline of Monterey Bay, and the Sargentaruc of the Big Sur Coast. The territory of

795-652: The Las Tablas Creek tributary of the Nacimiento River, and Jack Creek, a tributary of Paso Robles Creek west of Templeton . In regards to the area's historical beaver population, after a period of depletion by 19th-century fur trappers, California golden beaver ( Castor canadensis subauratus ) populations rebounded and expanded their range from the Salinas River mouth to the San Antonio River tributary below its reservoir and beyond to

848-462: The Portola expedition , it was reported by them as being a "river watering a luxuriant plain" filled with fish weighing 8 to 10 pounds (3.6 to 4.5 kg). As of the end of 2016, the river had been transformed into little more than a dry bedded run-off feature for the majority of its length. Until 1989 the Salinas River had a continuous flow throughout the year, stretching back to at least 1941 when

901-552: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) began complete monitoring records in the Salinas area. Most probably primarily due to recent increases in agricultural water demand in the Salinas Valley, and the resultant lowering of water tables, the lower reaches of the Salinas river (north of King City) remained entirely dry during the three years 2013–2016. Nonetheless, with sufficiently heavy rains, and on rare occasions, this now normally dry runoff feature

954-594: The de Anza Expedition in March ;1776: ... there are obtained also many good salmon which enter the river to spawn. Since they are fond of fresh water they ascend the streams so far that I am assured that even at the mission of San Antonio some of the fish which ascend the Rio de Monterey have been caught. Of this fish we ate almost every day while we were here. If Father Font was describing salmon (and not steelhead), then his records suggest that salmon once traversed

1007-530: The 367-acre (1.49 km ) Salinas River National Wildlife Refuge and its outflow to Monterey Bay is blocked by sand dunes except during winter high-water flows. The land owners altered the course of the river by filling in the river bed during the dry season. This allowed them to farm all of their land and use the water as they saw fit. The old stream bed went from the Old Salinas River, joining Elkhorn Slough on Monterey Bay near Moss Landing , to

1060-489: The Aleutian Islands before returning to the spawning grounds in the tributaries of the Salinas River. As noted, the trout life-cycle which requires an annual migration to the sea and then back, was broken during the dry-river conditions of the years 2013–2016, and the current fate of the river's steelhead trout remains uncertain at best. Father Pedro Font described salmon in the Salinas River ( Rio de Monterey ) on

1113-519: The Garland ranch in March 1975 from William May Garland II for $ 1.1 million, along with a $ 250,000 gift from Garland. After Garland died on May 10, 1975, the park district named the park after him. Several ecosystems exist in the park and preserve. Garland Ranch Regional Park is home to native species such as deer, mountain lion and bobcat. Visitors are warned of the presence of the animals with signs at

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1166-746: The Monterey pine forest. The 50 miles (80 km) of hiking and riding trails in Garland Ranch Regional Park are popular with riders, hikers, and joggers. One trail leads past a waterfall, and another is an 800-foot high "Inspiration Point" overlooking the valley. The park offers a number of hiking trails such as the La Mesa Trail which leads to the high grassland area. Other trails provide shorter easier loops. The park has beautiful views of Carmel Valley and interesting vegetation, with dense oaks woodlands, and canyons. Horse riding

1219-414: The Salinas River main stem and up its San Antonio River tributary to Mission San Antonio near what is now Jolon . This may support other historical observer records primarily in the form of oral histories taken and compiled by H.A. Franklin that placed Chinook salmon in the mainstem as far south as Atascadero where Highway 41 crosses, as well as southern tributaries of the Salinas River, including

1272-565: The Salinas River that supported steelhead trout once included Paso Robles Creek, Jack Creek, Atascadero Creek, Santa Margarita Creek and Trout Creek in the upper reaches of the River. It once took over ten days for the steelhead from the upper part of the watershed to migrate to the Pacific Ocean near the City of Marina on Monterey Bay. From there, the steelhead would migrate to the area west of

1325-416: The Salinas River watershed. At one time it was also an important middle link for salmon migrating from the Salinas River to Tassajara Creek and other tributaries. Estrella River also remains undammed. A 2015 assessment of the survivability of the river's steelhead trout indicated that such a survival may be unlikely, due to the river's recent tendency to run dry for most of the year. Other tributaries of

1378-666: The US government attempted to learn if the land and water sources they "gave" to these tribes had gold in their streams or rivers. The Rumsen historically shared a common language, Rumsen , which was spoken from the Pajaro River to Point Sur , and on the lower courses of the Pajaro, as well as on the Salinas and Carmel Rivers , and the region of the present-day cities of Salinas , Monterey and Carmel Valley . The Rumsen tribe held

1431-483: The arrival of Hispanic and American settlers in the area, the Salinas River was once home to abundant fish and beaver populations. Regarding historical fish populations, the Arroyo Seco is the only major Salinas River tributary which has remained undammed and as of 2015, still supported a small remnant population of the threatened Central Coast Steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) that once spawned throughout in

1484-577: The banks of the Salinas river (then referred to as el Rio de Monterey .) The new missions built along the banks of the Salinas river were the Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad established in 1791, and the Mission San Miguel Arcángel , established in 1797. The Mission San Antonio de Padua was established during this same time period in the Salinas Valley, but not on the river itself. These three missions were

1537-472: The bay north of Moss Landing . Possibly because of flooding and human activity sometime between 1908 and 1910, the river mouth changed by 5.5 miles (8.8 km) to a new channel by Mulligan Hill. The old river bed was converted to farmland. The historic increase in agriculture and settlement in the area, and the related increased water consumption demands have had a significant impact on the Salinas River. The river now typically remains dry or without flow for

1590-577: The capital of Alta California . The earliest recorded use of this name for the river was a reference made by Fr.  Pedro Font on 4 March 1776. This name continued in use as late as 1850. After the American annexation of the area, it was renamed the Salinas River . The river was apparently renamed as the "Salinas" river by an American cartographer in 1858, ten years after the 1848 American seizure of Alta California from Mexico . In 1858

1643-564: The entrance to the park and at the Visitor Center. Along with deer, other commonly seen animals are California quail, cottontail rabbits, crows, hawks, jays, lizards, western gray squirrels , turkeys, voles, white tailed kites, raccoons , bobcats , dusky-footed woodrats , and woodpeckers. The most common eucalyptus planted in California was the Eucalyptus globulus or Blue Gum, a species which can reach heights of 150–200 feet. It

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1696-664: The era of Spanish missions in California , the Rumsen people's lives changed when the Spaniards came from the south to build the Mission San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo and the Monterey Presidio in their territory. Many were baptized between 1771 and 1808. Once baptized, the Rumsen people were enslaved and forced to live in the mission village and its surrounding ranches. They were taught as Catholic neophytes , also known as Mission Indians , until

1749-453: The estimated amount of groundwater pumped from the shrinking Salinas Valley aquifer. This is in contrast to some areas of the country where various water authorities both monitor and regulate water use for agriculture. The previous ecosystem of the Salinas River, which once included steelhead trout, and numerous other species throughout the full length of a once year-round flowing river, has clearly been drastically impacted in recent years by

1802-425: The expanding heavy demands of agricultural water use in the Salinas Valley, and the resulting most typical dry-river conditions. Despite regularly running dry, the Salinas River has at the same time had occasional notable floods. Among these were the flood of 1964 and the flood of 1995. The geological history of the ancient Salinas River is currently held by tectonic plate theory to likely be rather unique among

1855-920: The language group was bordered by Monterey Bay and the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Awaswas Ohlone to the north, the Mutsun Ohlone to the east, the Chalon Ohlone on the southeast, and the Esselen to the south. Linda Yamane is an Ohlone scholar and basket weaver who traces her heritage to the Rumsen Ohlone. She has spent more than 30 years researching and reviving Rumsen language, stories, songs, basketry, and other Ohlone cultural traditions. Salinas River (California) The Salinas River ( Rumsen : ua kot taiauačorx )

1908-635: The lower Carmel River Valley and neighboring Monterey Peninsula at the time of Spanish colonization. Their population of approximately 400 to 500 people was distributed among at least five villages within their territory. An early 20th-century mapping of a specific village called Rumsen on the Carmel River, several miles inland from the Mission in Carmel, may or may not be accurate. Mission registers indicate that " Tucutnut ", about three miles upstream from

1961-589: The majority of the year, and downstream (north) of King City remained fully dry or with zero flow during the years 2013–2016. During the Spanish / Mexican / Mission period, the river was named El Rio de Monterey . When first encountered by the Spanish Portola Expedition on 27 September 1769, the members of the expedition at first suspected that they had found the Carmel River , that had been discovered earlier by Vizcaíno . One of

2014-600: The many rivers of the western North American seaboard: The shifting position of the raised section of the Pacific Plate that the river flows through was in ancient times aligned with the North American Plate at a point far south of its present location. The discovery of the Monterey Canyon , the remarkably deep submarine canyon extending into the Pacific from the mouth of the Salinas River,

2067-631: The missions were secularized (discontinued) by the Mexican Government in 1834. Some Mission San Carlos Indian people were formally deeded plots upon secularization , only to have those plots stolen during the Rancho Period. At least since the mission era, the people of the Esselen Nation claim close association with the Rumsen Ohlone, through Mission integration and intermarriage. In 1925, Alfred Kroeber , then director of

2120-590: The mouth of a river that drained the catchment of the Colorado River , that currently flows from the Rocky Mountains into the Sea of Cortez in western Mexico . The Salinas River is also thought to have been, about 700,000 years ago, the outlet for prehistoric Lake Corcoran . Lake Corcoran once filled much of what is now California's Central Valley , prior to the lake's developing an outlet via

2173-503: The mouth of the Carmel River, was the largest village of the Rumsen local tribe. The Rumsen were the first Costanoan people to be seen and documented by the Spanish explorers of Northern California, as noted by Sebastian Vizcaíno when he reached Monterey in 1602. Since this first Spanish contact, Manila galleons may have occasionally ventured up the California coastline and stopped in Monterey Bay between 1602 and 1769. During

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2226-424: The mouth of the Salinas (at that time), was the capital city of Alta California , and the site of the 7 July 1846 invasion by American warships, commanded by Admiral J.D. Sloat . When Americans first arrived, the river approached Monterey Bay near Mulligan Hill just north of Marina . It turned north to flow parallel to the bay, separated by sand dunes, before flowing into Elkhorn Slough and finally entering

2279-462: The newer name "Salinas" first appeared on an American-made map as the Rio Salinas , most probably so renamed after the nearby American-founded town of Salinas , which in turn appears to have first been named in 1854 after the old Rancho Las Salinas land grant, parts of which included the city. The river begins in southern San Luis Obispo County , approximately 2.5 miles (4.0 km) east of

2332-443: The party members, Father Crespi, then proposed that the [Salinas] river might be a different river, and that it should therefore be given a new name, however he appears to have been over-ruled by the other members of his party at the time. The first agreed upon name for the river, as it subsequently appeared on many Spanish and Mexican maps, was Rio de Monterey , presumably being named after the newly founded nearby town of Monterey ,

2385-567: The present course where the main channel's mouth is directly on the Pacific Ocean . The old Salinas River channel that diverts north behind the sand dunes along the ocean, acts as an overflow channel during the rainy season. Commencing from Hill Town running south along the western banks of the Salinas River to Gonzales is River Road. This road also falls along the edge of the Santa Lucia Highlands AVA , giving rise to its designation as River Road Wine Trail . Before

2438-490: The river flows north into Monterey County , eventually making its way to connect with the Monterey Bay , part of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Moss Landing . The river is a wildlife corridor , and provides the principal source of water from its reservoirs and tributaries for the farms and vineyards of the valley. In 1769, when the river was first discovered by non-Native peoples via

2491-652: The southern Salinas Valley . The Chalon and Esselen peoples also lived in the general vicinity of the Salinas River. The Salinas river was first sighted by European settlers on 27 September 1769. This first European contact with the river was recorded by the Spanish "colonizing expedition" of Gaspar de Portolà . As was the practice of the Spanish government in the New World at the time, soldiers and priests were then typically sent out together on such colonizing expeditions. The Portolá expedition included Franciscan priests, who soon thereafter established two missions along

2544-629: The summit point of Pine Ridge, at a point just off of Agua Escondido Road, coming down off of the slopes of the Los ;Machos Hills of the Los Padres National Forest . The only dam situated directly on the Salinas River (the Salinas Dam ) forms the small Santa Margarita Reservoir. The Salinas flows down the valley bounded on its southwestern side by the Santa Lucia Mountain Range , and bounded on its northeastern side by

2597-507: The upper Salinas River watershed. More recent accounts suggested that beaver are no longer found along the northern reaches of the river, a recent comprehensive survey found beaver throughout the entire Salinas River mainstem and virtually all of its major tributaries, including the Estrella River. The use of the river for irrigation in the Salinas Valley makes it one of the most productive agricultural regions in California. It

2650-408: The valley, including King City , Greenfield , and Soledad , where it combines with the flash-flood prone Arroyo Seco , its fourth major tributary (in wet years). It flows 3 miles (4.8 km) south of the city of Salinas before cutting through Fort Ord and flows into central Monterey Bay approximately 3 miles west of Castroville . The final stretch of the river forms a lagoon protected by

2703-445: The winter of 2016–2017 restored the river's flow to its lower northern reaches in January 2017. The current most typical dry or zero flow state of the majority of the river may be more the result of human activity than of any recent changes in weather patterns. Rainfall patterns of recent years in the Salinas area have not significantly changed from historical average rainfall patterns; the 139-year average annual rainfall in Salinas

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2756-401: Was located off Carmel Valley Road and extended across the Carmel River up to the hayfield called "La Mesa". This area is now just off Via Las Encinas road, which is now one of the trailheads , on the Garland Ranch Regional Park, called the Via Las Encinas trailhead. On June 19, 1976, the Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District opened the Garland Ranch Regional Park. The park district acquired

2809-433: Was often planted as a windbreak for farmlands such as those in Carmel Valley and Salinas. Large clusters of Blue Gum eucalyptus can be seen at the Garland Ranch. There are plants and animals of the Monterey Cypress ( Cupressus macrocarpa ) forest, Floodplain ecosystem, Monterey Pine ( Pinus radiata ) forest, Coast Live Oak ( Quercus agrifolia ) woodland, and Redwood ( Sequoioideae ) forest. Monarch butterflies can be seen in

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