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49-658: Garsmir was controlled by the Safavid dynasty of Iran in the 17th century, under the name Tor Agha. In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani conquered it and changed the name to Garmsir, which means "hot place" in Persian. Ahmad Shah sent Pashtun settlers from the Alizai and Nurzai tribes to occupy and farm the land. Between the 1950s and 1970s, Garmsir was transformed by the work of the Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority , which built

98-779: A Barakzai man named Abdullah Jan to serve as district governor. In early 1995, the Taliban conquered Garmsir, along with the rest of Helmand. They ruled until the United States invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. During the War in Afghanistan (2001–present) , the Battle of Garmsir took place in the district from 2007 to 2011. The district contained ISAF installations including Forward Operating Base Delhi and Camp Dwyer . The district consists largely of desert terrain, except for

147-543: A canal system throughout Helmand and vastly increased the amount of arable land in Garsmir. In the early 1970s, King Zahir Shah and his successor Mohammed Daoud sent 25,000 immigrants to Garmsir to occupy the newly irrigated land. Garmsir was contested throughout the Soviet–Afghan War , with mujahideen controlling the majority of the district and communist forces holding the district center. The mujahideen captured

196-510: A developed agricultural society. However, as Alexander Mikaberidze adds, these explanations for the word Georgians/Georgia are rejected by the scholarly community, who point to the Persian word gurğ/gurğān ("wolf" ) as the root of the word. Starting with the Persian word gurğ/gurğān , the word was later adopted in numerous other languages, including Slavic and West European languages. This term itself might have been established through

245-661: A few specimens of his Persian verse have survived. A collection of his poems in Azeri were published as a Divan. Shah Tahmasp who has composed poetry in Persian was also a painter, while Shah Abbas II was known as a poet, writing Azerbaijani verses. Sam Mirza, the son of Ismail I was himself a poet and composed his poetry in Persian. He also compiled an anthology of contemporary poetry. Georgians The Georgians , or Kartvelians ( / k ɑːr t ˈ v ɛ l i ə n z / ; Georgian : ქართველები , romanized : kartvelebi , pronounced [kʰaɾtʰʷelebi] ), are

294-551: A narrow irrigated strip 10 kilometers wide and 70 kilometers long in the valley of the Helmand River . Almost all of the population lives in the irrigated area. The four main communities are Hazar Joft, Darveshan, Laki, and Safar. The population is 85,500 - 99% of them Pashtun and 1% Balouch . The district is poor. Main sources of income include daily wages (labors, working in fruit markets, and selling home products, driving, shop keeping etc.) and agriculture. Agriculture

343-528: A nation and Caucasian ethnic group native to present-day Georgia and surrounding areas historically associated with the Georgian kingdoms. Significant Georgian diaspora communities are also present throughout Russia , Turkey , Greece , Iran , Ukraine , the United States , and the European Union . Georgians arose from Colchian and Iberian civilizations of classical antiquity ; Colchis

392-615: A significant number of irreligious Georgians . Located in the Caucasus , on the continental crossroads of Europe and Asia , the High Middle Ages saw Georgian people form a unified Kingdom of Georgia in 1008 AD, the pan-Caucasian empire, later inaugurating the Georgian Golden Age , a height of political and cultural power of the nation. This lasted until the kingdom was weakened and later disintegrated as

441-521: Is also a small number of Georgian Jews , tracing their ancestors to the Babylonian captivity . In addition to traditional religious confessions, Georgia retains irreligious segments of society , as well as a significant portion of nominally religious individuals who do not actively practice their faith. The Georgian cuisine is specific to the country, but also contains some influences from other European culinary traditions , as well as those from

490-507: Is derived from the country of Georgia. In the past, lore-based theories were given by the medieval French traveller Jacques de Vitry , who explained the name's origin by the popularity of St. George amongst Georgians, while traveller Jean Chardin thought that "Georgia" came from Greek γεωργός ("tiller of the land"), as when the Greeks came into the region (in Colchis ) they encountered

539-558: Is prepared, always accompanied by large amounts of wine, and dinner can last for hours. In a Georgian feast, the role of the tamada (toastmaster) is an important and honoured position. In countries of the former Soviet Union , Georgian food is popular due to the immigration of Georgians to other Soviet republics, in particular Russia. In Russia all major cities have many Georgian restaurants and Russian restaurants often feature Georgian food items on their menu. The Georgians have historically been classified into various subgroups based on

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588-575: Is sometimes claimed. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where they adopted the Azari form of Turkish spoken there, and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometimes during the eleventh century. By the time of the establishment of the Safavid empire, the members of the family were Turkicized and Turkish-speaking, and some of

637-413: Is the main source of income and most of the arable land is irrigated. Safavid dynasty The Safavid dynasty ( / ˈ s æ f ə v ɪ d , ˈ s ɑː -/ ; Persian : دودمان صفوی , romanized :  Dudmâne Safavi , pronounced [d̪uːd̪ˈmɒːne sæfæˈviː] ) was one of Iran 's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736 . Their rule is often considered

686-583: The Imereti region for centuries and are now identified as Imeretian or Imeretian-Mingrelians. Last names from mountainous eastern Georgian provinces (such as Kakheti, etc.) can be distinguished by the suffix – uri (ური), or – uli (ული). Most Svan last names typically end in – ani (ანი), Mingrelian in – ia (ია), - ua (უა), or - ava (ავა), and Laz in – shi (ში). The 1897 Russian census (which accounted people by language), had Imeretian, Svan and Mingrelian languages separate from Georgian . During

735-648: The Iranian Azerbaijan region. It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin, but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman , Georgian , Circassian , and Pontic Greek dignitaries, nevertheless, for practical purposes, they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified . From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of

784-485: The Laz . The language known today as Georgian is a traditional language of the eastern part of the country which has spread to most of the present-day Georgia after the post-Christianization centralization in the first millennium CE. Today, Georgians regardless of their ancestral region use Georgian as their official language. The regional languages Svan and Mingrelian are languages of the west that were traditionally spoken in

833-608: The Middle East , Central Asia , Caucasus , Anatolia , the Persian Gulf , and Mesopotamia . The Safavid Kings themselves claimed to be sayyids , family descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , although many scholars have cast doubt on this claim. There seems now to be a consensus among scholars that the Safavid family hailed from Iranian Kurdistan , and later moved to Iranian Azerbaijan , finally settling in

882-535: The ancient Greeks and Romans as Colchians and Iberians . East Georgian tribes of Tibarenians-Iberians formed their kingdom in 7th century BCE . However, western Georgian tribes ( Colchian tribes ) established the first Georgian state of Colchis ( c.  1350 BCE ) before the foundation of the Kingdom of Iberia in the east. According to the numerous scholars of Georgia, the formations of these two early Georgian kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia, resulted in

931-510: The 11th century CE at Ardabil . Traditional pre-1501 Safavid manuscripts trace the lineage of the Safavids to the Kurdish dignitary, Firuz-Shah Zarrin-Kolah . According to historians, including Vladimir Minorsky and Roger Savory , the Safavids were Turkish speakers of Iranian origin: From the evidence available at the present time, it is certain that the Safavid family was of indigenous Iranian stock, and not of Turkish ancestry as it

980-823: The 20th century, due to Soviet anti-religious policies, cultural integration with the national Orthodox majority, and strong missionary efforts by the Georgian Orthodox Church. In the early modern period, converted Georgian recruits were often used by the Persian and Ottoman Empires for elite military units such as the Mameluks , Qizilbash , and ghulams . The Iranian Georgians are all reportedly Shia Muslims today, while Ingiloy (indigenous to Azerbaijan), Laz (indigenous to Turkey), Imerkhevians (indigenous to Turkey), and Georgians in Turkey (who descend from Georgian immigrants) are mostly Sunni Muslim. There

1029-585: The Georgian language. Colchians in the ancient western Georgian polity of Colchis were another proto-Georgian tribe. They are first mentioned in the Assyrian annals of Tiglath-Pileser I and in the annals of Urartian king Sarduri II, and also included western Georgian tribe of the Meskhetians . Iberians, also known as Tiberians or Tiberanians, lived in the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia. Both Colchians and Iberians played an important role in

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1078-634: The Georgian population, most of whom are ethnic Georgian, follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity. A sizable Georgian Muslim population exists in Adjara . This autonomous Republic borders Turkey, and was part of the Ottoman Empire for a longer amount of time than other parts of the country. Those Georgian Muslims practice the Sunni Hanafi form of Islam. Islam has however declined in Adjara during

1127-715: The Ottomans, and the remaining Georgian territories were absorbed by the Russian Empire in a piecemeal fashion through the course of the 19th century. Georgians briefly reasserted their independence from Russia under the First Georgian Republic from 1918 to 1921 and finally in 1991 from the Soviet Union . The Georgian nation was formed out of a diverse set of geographic subgroups, each with its characteristic traditions, manners, dialects and, in

1176-593: The Russians on the political horizon as a possible replacement for the lost Byzantine Empire , "for the sake of the Christian faith". The Georgian kings and Russian tsars exchanged no less than 17 embassies, which culminated in 1783, when Heraclius II of the eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti forged an alliance with the Russian Empire . The Russo-Georgian alliance, however, backfired as Russia

1225-478: The Shahs composed poems in their then-native Turkish language. Concurrently, the Shahs themselves also supported Persian literature, poetry and art projects including the grand Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp , while members of the family and some Shahs composed Persian poetry as well. The authority of the Safavids was religiously based, and their claim to legitimacy was founded on being direct male descendants of Ali,

1274-618: The accession of Tahmasp I . The Safavid family was a literate family from its early origin. There are extant Tati and Persian poetry from Shaykh Safi ad-din Ardabili as well as extant Persian poetry from Shaykh Sadr ad-din. Most of the extant poetry of Shah Ismail I is in Azerbaijani pen-name of Khatai. Sam Mirza, the son of Shah Ismail as well as some later authors assert that Ismail composed poems both in Turkish and Persian but only

1323-584: The ancient Iranian appellation of the near- Caspian region, which was referred to as Gorgan ("land of the wolves" ). Most historians and scholars of Georgia as well as anthropologists, archaeologists, and linguists tend to agree that the ancestors of modern Georgians inhabited the southern Caucasus and northern Anatolia since the Neolithic period . Scholars usually refer to them as Proto-Kartvelian (Proto-Georgians such as Colchians and Iberians) tribes. The Georgian people in antiquity have been known to

1372-540: The beginning of modern Iranian history , as well as one of the gunpowder empires . The Safavid Shāh Ismā'īl I established the Twelver denomination of Shīʿa Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire , marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam . The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid order of Sufism , which was established in the city of Ardabil in

1421-510: The case of Svans and Mingrelians , own regional languages. The Georgian language , with its own unique writing system and extensive written tradition, which goes back to the 5th century, is the official language of Georgia as well as the language of education of all Georgians living in the country. According to the State Ministry on Diaspora Issues of Georgia , unofficial statistics say that there are more than 5 million Georgians in

1470-529: The consolidation and uniformity of the Georgian nation. According to the renowned scholar of the Caucasian studies Cyril Toumanoff , the Moschians also were one of the early proto-Georgian tribes which were integrated into the first early Georgian state of Iberia. The ancient Jewish chronicle by Josephus mentions Georgians as Iberes who were also called Thobel (Tubal). David Marshall Lang argued that

1519-463: The cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, and regarded by the Shiʻa as the first Imam. Furthermore, the dynasty was from the very start thoroughly intermarried with both Pontic Greek as well as Georgian lines. In addition, from the official establishment of the dynasty in 1501, the dynasty would continue to have many intermarriages with both Circassian as well as again Georgian dignitaries, especially with

Garmsir District - Misplaced Pages Continue

1568-589: The district center in August 1988 and expelled the communists. Following the mujahideen victory, violence broke out between Alizai and Noorzai tribal leaders over who would rule the district. The fighting ended with an Alizai victory in September 1989, when Nasim Akhundzada brought 600 fighters from Musa Qala to reinforce the Alizai. Approximately 300 people were killed during the year-long conflict. The Alizai chose

1617-520: The earliest Georgian formation. An FTDNA collection of Georgian Y-DNA suggests that Georgians have the highest percentage of Haplogroup G (39.9%) among the general population recorded in any country. Georgians' Y-DNA also belongs to Haplogroup J (32.5%), R1b (8.6%), L (5.4%), R1a (4.2%), I2 (3.8%) and other more minor haplogroups such as E, T and Q. Georgian is the primary language for Georgians of all provenance, including those who speak other Kartvelian languages : Svans , Mingrelians and

1666-475: The ethnic and cultural formation of the modern Georgian nation. According to the scholar of the Caucasian studies Cyril Toumanoff: Colchis appears as the first Caucasian State to have achieved the coalescence of the newcomer, Colchis can be justly regarded as not a proto-Georgian, but a Georgian (West Georgian) kingdom ... It would seem natural to seek the beginnings of Georgian social history in Colchis,

1715-570: The former religions except Zoroastrianism, which become a second established religion in Iberia after the Peace of Acilisene in 378. The conversion to Christianity eventually placed the Georgians permanently on the front line of conflict between the Islamic and Christian world. Georgians remained mostly Christian despite repeated invasions by Muslim powers, and long episodes of foreign domination. As

1764-603: The geographic region which their ancestors traditionally inhabited. Even if a member of any of these subgroups moves to a different region, they will still be known by the name of their ancestral region. For example, if a Gurian moves to Tbilisi (part of the Kartli region) he will not automatically identify himself as Kartlian despite actually living in Kartli. This may, however, change if substantial amount of time passes. For example, there are some Mingrelians who have lived in

1813-441: The latter being one of the proto-Georgian tribes that emerged as a dominant group in ancient times. Kart probably is cognate with Indo-European gard and denotes people who live in a "fortified citadel ". Ancient Greeks ( Homer , Herodotus , Strabo , Plutarch etc.) and Romans ( Titus Livius , Cornelius Tacitus , etc.) referred to western Georgians as Colchians and eastern Georgians as Iberians . The term "Georgians"

1862-447: The legacy that they left behind was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East and West , the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon " checks and balances ", their architectural innovations , and patronage for fine arts . The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by establishing Twelver Shīʿīsm as the state religion of Iran , as well as spreading Shīʿa Islam in major parts of

1911-485: The pre-Christian Kingdom of Colchis , but later lost importance as the unified Kingdom of Georgia emerged. Their decline is largely due to the capital of the unified kingdom, Tbilisi , being in the eastern part of the country known as Kingdom of Iberia effectively making the language of the east an official language of the Georgian monarch. All of these languages comprise the Kartvelian language family along with

1960-691: The region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a national state officially known as Iran. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, controlled all of what is now Iran , Azerbaijan , Bahrain , Armenia , eastern Georgia , parts of the North Caucasus including Russia , Iraq , Kuwait , and Afghanistan , as well as parts of Turkey , Syria , Pakistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . Despite their demise in 1736,

2009-688: The related language of the Laz people , which has speakers in both Turkey and Georgia. Georgian dialects include Imeretian , Racha - Lechkhumian , Gurian , Adjarian , Imerkhevian (in Turkey), Kartlian , Kakhetian , Ingilo (in Azerbaijan), Tush , Khevsur , Mokhevian , Pshavian , Fereydan dialect in Iran in Fereydunshahr and Fereydan , Mtiuletian , Meskhetian and Javakhetian dialect. According to Orthodox tradition, Christianity

Garmsir District - Misplaced Pages Continue

2058-695: The result of the 13th–15th-century invasions of the Mongols and Timur , the Black Death , the Fall of Constantinople , as well as internal divisions following the death of George V the Brilliant in 1346, the last of the great kings of Georgia . Thereafter and throughout the early modern period , Georgians became politically fractured and were dominated by the Ottoman Empire and successive dynasties of Iran . Georgians started looking for allies and found

2107-606: The root Tibar gave rise to the form Iber that made the Greeks pick up the name Iberian in the end for the designation of the eastern Georgians. Diauehi in Assyrian sources and Taochi in Greek lived in the northeastern part of Anatolia . This ancient tribe is considered by many scholars as ancestors of the Georgians. Modern Georgians still refer to this region, which now belongs to present-day Turkey, as Tao-Klarjeti , an ancient Georgian kingdom. Some people there still speak

2156-408: The surrounding Western Asia. Each historical province of Georgia has its own distinct culinary tradition, such as Megrelian, Kakhetian, and Imeretian cuisines. In addition to various meat dishes, Georgian cuisine also offers a variety of vegetarian meals. The importance of both food and drink to Georgian culture is best observed during a Caucasian feast, or supra , when a huge assortment of dishes

2205-578: The world. Georgians call themselves Kartveli ( ქართველი , pl. Kartvelebi ქართველები ), their land Sakartvelo ( საქართველო ), and their language Kartuli ( ქართული ). According to The Georgian Chronicles , the ancestor of the Kartvelian people was Kartlos , the great-grandson of the Biblical Japheth . However, scholars agree that the word is derived from the Karts ,

2254-537: Was first preached in Georgia by the Apostles Simon and Andrew in the 1st century. It became the state religion of Kartli (Iberia) in 319 or 326. At the same time, in the first centuries A.D., the cult of Mithras , pagan beliefs, and Zoroastrianism were commonly practiced in Georgia. The conversion of Kartli to Christianity is credited to St. Nino of Cappadocia . Christianity gradually replaced all

2303-616: Was interconnected with the Hellenic world , whereas Iberia was influenced by the Achaemenid Empire until Alexander the Great conquered it. In the early 4th century, the Georgians became one of the first to embrace Christianity and now the majority of Georgians are Orthodox Christians , with most following their national Georgian Orthodox Church , although there are small Georgian Catholic and Muslim communities as well as

2352-567: Was true elsewhere, the Christian church in Georgia was crucial to the development of a written language, and most of the earliest written works were religious texts. Medieval Georgian culture was greatly influenced by Eastern Orthodoxy and the Georgian Orthodox Church , which promoted and often sponsored the creation of many works of religious devotion. These included churches and monasteries, works of art such as icons , and hagiographies of Georgian saints. Today, 83.9% of

2401-399: Was unwilling to fulfill the terms of the treaty, proceeding to annex the troubled kingdom in 1801 as well as the western Georgian kingdom of Imereti in 1810. There were several uprisings and movements to restore the statehood, the most notable being the 1832 plot , which collapsed in failure. Eventually, Russian rule over Georgia was acknowledged in various peace treaties with Iran and

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