45-533: Professor Ross Garnaut led two climate change reviews, the first commencing in 2007 and the second in 2010. The first Garnaut Climate Change Review was a study by Professor Ross Garnaut , commissioned by then Opposition Leader, Kevin Rudd and by the Australian State and Territory Governments on 30 April 2007. After the election on 24 November 2007, Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd confirmed
90-564: A "low emissions" energy source, given its negligible emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during plant operation. As such, he supports nuclear power as part of global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions especially given rising energy consumption in Asia. He has also publicly noted China's commitment to expanding its fleet of nuclear reactors, even in the wake of the Fukushima disaster . Married to Jayne, with sons John (born 1974 –
135-436: A 550 scenario would be a reduction in entitlements of 10 per cent from 2000 levels. For 2050, reductions would be 80 per cent from 2000 levels or 90 per cent per capita. If there is no comprehensive global agreement at Copenhagen in 2009, Australia, in the context of an agreement among developed countries only, should commit to reduce its emissions by 5 per cent (25 per cent per capita) from 2000 levels by 2020, or 13 per cent from
180-512: A dispute with BHP Billiton . He was chairman of Lihir Gold from 1995 until the merger with Newcrest in 2010 and he was a trustee (2003 to 2010) and then chairman of the International Food Policy Research Institute (2006 to 2010). Garnaut commented after Cyclone Yasi affected Queensland in 2011 that the extensive body of climate science suggested that "cyclonic events will be more intense in
225-785: A fall-back position of 550 CO 2 -e concentration, which would entail a 10% reduction in emissions by 2020, and an 80% reduction by 2050. He further recommended that, should all negotiations collapse at the Copenhagen summit , Australia should still reduce its emissions by 5% by 2020 on 2000 levels. The report's key recommendation was to implement an emissions trading scheme. However, the report did not recommend free permits be granted to major polluters, or that transport sector be protected by special fossil fuel subsidies or tax excise cuts. The report also recommended that up to $ 1 billion should be made available for matched funding for investment in reducing emissions in coal power generation , as
270-609: A focus on ensuring better, easier and more seamless access to new markets, investment opportunities and innovations for Australian businesses. Workplace Relations: The Australian Chambers supports a world-class workplace relations system that promotes individual flexibility, greater job opportunities and more productive and effective workplaces. It argues for a focus on ensuring modern workplace laws reflect and address 21st century business and community needs without undue third-party interference or lost competitiveness. Work Health and Safety: The Australian Chamber says its member network
315-571: A focus on greater employment of young or disadvantaged job seekers, including mature-age workers, people with a disability and indigenous Australians . Small Business: The Australian Chamber says Australia's two million small businesses that employ seven million people are the backbone of the economy. It argues for a focus on cutting red tape, simplifying the tax system , improving access to finance, making it easier to employ people and building better infrastructure. Sustainability: The Australian Chamber supports sustainable development that maintains
360-507: A form of preemptive structural adjustment assistance. Emission reductions from the agriculture and forestry sectors were excluded from the final report. Professor Garnaut said that the overall cost to the Australian economy of tackling climate change under both the 450ppm and 550ppm scenarios was manageable and in the order of 0.1-0.2 per cent of annual economic growth to 2020. The report estimated mitigation costs for 450ppm at almost
405-459: A hotter world". He further noted that if there were an intensification of extreme weather events with less than one degree of warming experienced and, if strong emissions growth was expected from many rapidly growing developing countries, then "you ain’t seen nothing yet" in terms of the intensification of extreme weather events. Recent studies by Australian scientists have detected a long-term shift towards wet extremes and hot extremes occurring at
450-433: A journalist for Fairfax Media newspapers) and Anthony (1977). Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI) is Australia's largest business association , comprising state and territory chambers of commerce and national industry associations. ACCI represents Australian businesses of all shapes and sizes, across all sectors of the economy, and from every corner of
495-477: A percentage point more than 550pmm mitigation of the present value of GNP through the 21st century. The report stated that stronger mitigation is justified by insurance value and non-market value benefits in the 21st century and much larger benefits beyond, and that the costs of action are less than the costs of inaction. The report was criticised by the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry for
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#1732772435463540-627: A range of matters: Economics and Industry : The Australian Chamber supports a strong, dynamic and globally competitive Australian economy can only be achieved by advancing economic reform. It argues to lower and simplify taxes, streamline the federation, reduce the size of government , cut excessive red tape , improve efficiency and enhance national productivity. Employment, Education and Training : The Australian Chamber supports developing innovative and proactive programs that improve workforce participation, encourage apprenticeships and provide for better transitions from learning to work. It argues for
585-654: Is also supported, but there is little discussion as to why it is preferred over a carbon tax . There seems to be support for the continued public funding of research into carbon capture and storage in spite of the failure of the FutureGen project in the US to maintain public funding. The impact of deforestation is only considered for other countries, especially Indonesia and Papua New Guinea . The report does not consider forestry or deforestation in Australia . This contrasts
630-493: Is committed to ensuring that every person, every day, returns home safely from work; work where everyone is continually looking for better ways of doing things and improving work health and safety culture, and performance, including in psychological health . It says business supports nationally consistent WHS legislation and supports non-regulatory approaches where all parties, employers, employees and others have mutual and collective responsibilities for health and safety. In 2016
675-670: Is governed by a constitution and is led by a Board. Board members are elected from the membership at the Annual General Meeting held each November. The General Council, comprising the Board and other member representatives, oversees the Australian Chamber's policy development. The General Council meets three times a year and is advised by policy committees and working parties that meet between General Council meetings. The Australian Chamber has formal policies on
720-963: Is headquartered in Canberra, with offices in Sydney and Melbourne. The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry has a history that dates back more than 190 years. The Chamber Movement commenced in Australia when the Sydney Chamber of Commerce was established in 1826. Across the 19th century, Chambers of Commerce were formed in Adelaide (1839), Melbourne, Hobart and Launceston (each in the 1850s), Brisbane (1868), Fremantle (1873) and Perth (1890). Chambers of Manufacturers were also formed in this era, including in Victoria (1865), South Australia (1869), NSW (1885), Western Australia (1890) and Queensland (1911). Australia's first industry association
765-965: The Australian National University . He attained a Bachelor of Arts in 1967 and a PhD in 1972 as a student of Peter Drysdale . He was previously distinguished Professor of Economics at the Australian National University (1989–2008), Head of Economics Department at ANU (1989–1998) and the Director of the ANU Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management. He retired from ANU before moving to the University of Melbourne . Notable positions include Principal Economic Adviser to Prime Minister Bob Hawke (1983–1985); Australian Ambassador to China (1985–1988); First Assistant Secretary (Head of
810-599: The McKinsey Report on Greenhouse Gas Reduction which places forestry as the sector with the most significant greenhouse gas abatement potential in Australia for reductions by 2020. The draft report of the Garnaut Review was released on 4 July 2008. The main conclusions of the report are The report indicated that in the absence of a global effort to reduce CO 2 emissions, climate change would have severe adverse effects on Australian agriculture and on
855-522: The University of Melbourne . He is the author of numerous publications in scholarly journals on international economics, public finance and economic development, particularly in relation to East Asia and the Southwest Pacific. Throughout his career Garnaut held a number of influential political and economic positions as: senior economic adviser to Prime Minister Bob Hawke (1983–1985), Australia's ambassador to China (1985–1988), chairman of
900-715: The natural environment . Irrigation in the Murray-Darling Basin would be severely affected, and in the most adverse scenarios, would cease altogether. Severe damage, and even destruction of the Great Barrier Reef is also a likely impact of rapid climate change. The Garnaut report was released on 30 September 2008. The report recommended that Australia push internationally for a carbon dioxide equivalent concentrations of 450 ppm , which would commit Australia to reductions of 25% on 2000 levels by 2020, and 90% by 2050. He also recommended that Australia have
945-522: The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI). In 2015 the organization launched a new corporate identity, featuring the Federation Star to demonstrate "the way they bring together businesses from all parts of the country" according to their website The Australian Chamber is a non-profit organisation whose members are chambers of commerce of Australia's states and territories and national industry associations. The Australian Chamber
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#1732772435463990-691: The Australian Chamber released its “Top 10 in 10: Ten steps towards a more competitive Australia” policy manifesto. The 10 steps are: The Australian Chamber advocates on behalf of employers at the Fair Work Commission and other industrial bodies in matters including the Annual Wage Review . Members of the Australian Chamber are state and territory chambers of business, and national industry associations. They include: The Australian Chamber speaks on behalf of Australian business in international forums, including: Former staff at
1035-790: The Division of General Financial and Economic Policy), Papua New Guinea Department of Finance in the years straddling independence in 1975; and Member of the Advisory Council to the Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs (1997–2002). He was Deputy Chairman and Member of the Australia-China Council (1990–1994); and author of the 1989 Report to the Australian Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, 1989, Australia and
1080-493: The Kyoto compliance 2008–2012 period. The report's recommendations in terms of policy, apart from a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme which included forestry and agriculture, centred heavily on hoping that carbon capture and storage and other coal pollution mitigation technologies would be available on a wide scale within the next twenty years. The report was criticised by the Australian Chamber of Commerce & Industry for
1125-629: The Northeast Asian Ascendency , (Australian Parliament Publicity Service, Canberra, 1989). Garnaut has held a number of government and corporate board positions, while maintaining an academic profile as an economist. For example, he was chairman of the Papua New Guinea Sustainable Development Program from 2002 to 2012, but resigned after Prime Minister Peter O'Neill 's government banned Garnaut from entering Papua New Guinea due to
1170-686: The Primary Industry Bank of Australia (1989–1994), chairman of Bankwest (1988–1995), head of division in the Papua New Guinea Department of Finance (1975–1976) and chairman of Lihir Gold . On 30 April 2007 the state and territory governments of Australia, at the request of Kevin Rudd , then leader of the Australian Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition , appointed Garnaut to examine
1215-662: The Stern Report related the cost of dealing with climate change in the United Kingdom to the GDP of the United Kingdom, whilst the Garnaut report compared these aspects in Australia and so such a comparison is not necessarily apt. Ross Garnaut Ross Gregory Garnaut AC (born 28 July 1946, Perth ) is an Australian economist, currently serving as a vice-chancellor's fellow and professorial fellow of economics at
1260-533: The capacity of society, the economy and the environment to satisfy the needs of current and future generations. It argues for a focus on improving transport infrastructure and services to ensure Australia's growing cities are efficient, productive and liveable. Trade and International Affairs: The Australian Chamber supports global free trade as a principal driver of economic prosperity and peace, with greater cooperation facilitated through multilateral, plurilateral and bilateral trade liberalisation . It argues for
1305-432: The country. ACCI contributes to public discussion and government decision-making on issues that impact on business, including economics, trade, workplace relations, work health and safety and employment, education and training. The Chamber also speaks on behalf of Australian business in international forums. The current chief executive of ACCI is Andrew McKellar and the president is Nola Watson. The organisation
1350-815: The decade before Federation in 1901, several Australia-wide bodies were formed to advocate national policies: the Australian Chamber of Commerce (ACC), the Associated Chambers of Manufacturers of Australia (ACMA) and the Australian Council of Employers Federations (ACEF). In 1977 the ACMA and the ACEF merged to form the Confederation of Australian Industry (CAI). In 1992 the CAI merged with the ACC to form
1395-473: The economic impact that reducing greenhouse gas emissions would have. It was also heavily criticised by environmental organisations, including Friends of the Earth and Rising Tide . The Australian Conservation Foundation praised the report for advocating a 450 ppm target, but was critical of Professor Garnaut's 550ppm second best option and described the 2020 target of 10 per cent as weak. Dr Clive Hamilton
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1440-469: The economic impact that reducing greenhouse gas emissions would have. It was also heavily criticised by environmental organisations, including Friends of the Earth and Rising Tide Australia . The Australian Conservation Foundation praised the report for advocating a 450 ppm target. Clive Hamilton was heavily critical of the report, arguing that it reduced global expectations of what should be aimed for, naively exposed Australia's negotiating tactics to
1485-708: The expense of Australia's economic growth. Climate Change Minister Penny Wong did not comment directly on the report but said that economic responsibility needed to be considered in responding to the report, and that the Government would wait before Treasury modelling on climate change mitigation before responding. In November 2010 the Minister for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency commissioned Professor Garnaut to update his 2008 Garnaut Climate Change Review. Eight papers were released in February and March 2011 and
1530-622: The final report of the Garnaut Climate Change Review Update 2011 was presented to the Government on 31 May 2011. In September 2010, Professor Garnaut was appointed as an independent expert advisor to the Multi-Party Climate Change Committee. The committee will explore options for the implementation of a carbon price and will help to build consensus on how Australia will tackle the challenge of climate change. In 2008, Garnaut
1575-529: The impacts of climate change on the Australian economy and recommend medium to long-term policies and policy frameworks to improve the prospects for sustainable prosperity. The Garnaut Climate Change Review was finalised on 30 September 2008, with a finalised update being released on 31 May 2011. Garnaut concluded his role as climate change advisor for the Australian Government on 30 June 2011. Garnaut attended Perth Modern School and then
1620-409: The international community. Responses from political parties were mixed. Australian Greens leader Bob Brown suggested that the report demonstrated that reducing greenhouse gas emissions would not come at the expense of Australia's economic growth. Climate Change Minister Penny Wong did not comment directly on the report but said that economic responsibility needed to be considered in responding to
1665-453: The international diplomatic sphere, alienates both the Australian public and the international community, misjudges the time frames necessary to avoid dangerous climate change , gives Australia numerous special deals, and would be rejected by the international community. Responses from political parties were mixed. Australian Greens leader Bob Brown showed that the report demonstrated that reducing greenhouse gas emissions would not come at
1710-615: The participation of the Commonwealth Government in the Review. The Review examined the impacts of climate change on the Australian economy, and recommended medium to long-term policies and policy frameworks to improve the prospects for sustainable prosperity. Some observers have remarked that the Garnaut Review would be Australia's version of the Stern Review . A number of forums were held around Australia to engage
1755-573: The public on various issues relating to the Review. The Secretariat to support the Review was based in the Victorian Department of Premier and Cabinet. The final report of the Garnaut Review was delivered on 30 September 2008. The interim report of the Garnaut Review was released on 21 February 2008. The executive summary states: Interim greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets for 2020 to be set in 2008 are supported in addition to targets for 2050. An emissions trading scheme (ETS)
1800-482: The report, and that the Government would wait for Treasury modelling on climate change mitigation before responding. Economist John Humphreys criticised the report, arguing that it massively overstated the projected costs of global warming (about three times the estimate of the Stern Report ), and argued that therefore the costs of action in fact exceeded the costs of inaction. However, it must be recognised that
1845-578: The review. The final report was released on 30 September 2008 and recommended that Australia should indicate at an early date its preparedness to play its full, proportionate part in an effective global agreement that 'adds up' to either a 450 or a 550 emissions concentrations scenario, or to a corresponding point between. Australia’s full part for 2020 in a 450 scenario would be a reduction of 25 per cent in emissions entitlements from 2000 levels. For 2050, reductions would be 90 per cent from 2000 levels (95 per cent per capita). Australia’s full part for 2020 in
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1890-456: The same time, consistent with changes as a result of increased concentrations in greenhouse gases. The Garnaut Climate Change Review was commissioned by former Prime Minister of Australia , Kevin Rudd , and by the Australia 's state and territory governments on 30 April 2007. After his election on 24 November 2007 the Rudd, confirmed the participation of the Commonwealth Government in
1935-648: Was Master Builders Australia (1870). Employer unions and federations also emerged, including the Victorian Employers Union (1865), the NSW Employers Union (1888), South Australian Employers Federation (1889) and the Queensland Employers Federation (1886). Business actors were important for Australia's development from the beginning, with a growing population driving the establishment of enterprises. In
1980-417: Was heavily critical of the report, arguing that it reduced global expectations of what should be aimed for, naively exposed Australia's negotiating tactics to the international diplomatic sphere, alienated both the Australian public and the international community, misjudged the time frames necessary to avoid dangerous climate change , recommended giving Australia numerous special deals, and would be rejected by
2025-500: Was of the opinion that nuclear was not obviously necessary in Australia's low carbon energy future. He told the media: "Nuclear energy is an important part of the global response to a low-carbon economy , but under Australian circumstances, it is not obvious that nuclear is an important part of our answer." His position on the matter was countered by Ziggy Switkowski , leader of the 2006 UMPNER Review, and an advocate for nuclear power in Australia. Garnaut considers nuclear power to be
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