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62-450: Garrett AiResearch designed the TPE331 from scratch in 1959 for the military. “Designed as a 575-horsepower engine it was not a scaled-down version of a larger engine, as competitors were offering.” The TPE331 originated in 1961 as a gas turbine (the "331") to power helicopters. It first went into production in 1963. More than 700 had been shipped by the end of 1973. It was designed to be both

124-679: A turboshaft (TSE331) and a turboprop (TPE331), but the turboshaft version never went into production. The first engine was produced in 1963, installed on the Aero Commander in 1964 and put into production on the Aero Commander Turbo Commander in June 1965. The 715 shp TPE331-6 used in the Beech King Air B100 have a 400-hr. fuel nozzle cleaning interval, 1,800-hr. hot section inspection interval and

186-634: A 5,400-hr. time between overhaul ; approval is possible for 3,000-hr. HSIs and 6,000-hr. overhauls and engine reserves are cheaper than for the PT6A. Comparable engines Related lists Garrett AiResearch Garrett AiResearch was a manufacturer of turboprop engines and turbochargers , and a pioneer in numerous aerospace technologies. It was previously known as Aircraft Tool and Supply Company , Garrett Supply Company , AiResearch Manufacturing Company , or simply AiResearch . In 1964, Garrett AiResearch merged with Signal Oil & Gas , to form

248-697: A YP-80A (44-83026) at RAF Burtonwood , Lancashire, England, on 28 January 1945, the YP-80A was temporarily grounded. Before World War II ended, however, two American pre-production Lockheed YP-80A Shooting Star fighter jets saw limited service in Italy with the USAAF on reconnaissance, in February and March 1945. Because of delays in delivery of production aircraft, the Shooting Star saw no actual combat during

310-616: A beanfield on Sepulveda Boulevard , at the corner of Century Boulevard near Mines Field, which later became Los Angeles Airport . In 1942, the Army Air Force concluded that vital cabin pressurization manufacturing facilities should be relocated inland from the coast, and AiResearch set up the AiResearch Phoenix Division in Phoenix, Arizona . For this purpose, AiResearch Manufacturing Company of Arizona

372-538: A company renamed in 1968 to Signal Companies. In 1985, it merged with Allied Corporation , forming AlliedSignal . In 1999 AlliedSignal acquired Honeywell and adopted the Honeywell name. John Clifford "Cliff" Garrett founded a company in Los Angeles in 1936 which came to be known as Garrett AiResearch or simply AiResearch . The company was first named Aircraft Tool and Supply Company. In early 1937, it

434-505: A complete centralized air data system ". In the 1950s and 1960s Garrett diversified and expanded. Garrett AiResearch designed and produced a wide range of military and industrial products for aerospace and general industry. It focused on fluid controls and hydraulics , avionics , turbochargers , aircraft engines , and environmental control systems for aircraft and spacecraft. "By 1960 Garrett gas turbines, cabin pressurization systems, air conditioners, and flight control systems were aboard

496-466: A design proposal in mid-June and promised that the prototype would be ready for testing in 150 days. The Skunk Works team, beginning 26 June 1943, produced the airframe in 143 days, delivering it to Muroc Army Airfield on 16 November. The project was so secret that only five of the more than 130 people working on it knew that they were developing a jet aircraft, and the British engineer who delivered

558-624: A dive at low altitude. Despite initial claims of success, the speed of the straight-wing F-80s was inferior to the 668 mph (1075 km/h) MiGs. The MiGs incorporated German research showing that swept wings delayed the onset of compressibility problems, and enabled speeds closer to the speed of sound. F-80s were soon replaced in the air superiority role by the North American F-86 Sabre , which had been delayed to also incorporate swept wings into an improved straight-winged naval FJ-1 Fury . However, F-80 pilots still destroyed

620-668: A jet-powered aircraft, beginning work on the L-133 in 1939. The L-133 eventually developed into an extremely advanced design, including futuristic features such as canard forewings and a blended wing body , but when Lockheed presented the design to the Army Air Force, it was rejected as being technologically unfeasible. Instead the USAAF concentrated development around the much less radical Bell P-59 Airacomet , which first flew in October 1942. It quickly became obvious, however, that

682-552: A jet-versus-jet aerial kill after he claimed to have shot down an F-80. According to the Americans, the F-80 was downed by flak. One week later, on 8 November, the first American claim for a jet-versus-jet aerial kill was made when Lieutenant Russell J. Brown, flying an F-80, reported that he downed a MiG-15. Soviet records claim that no MiGs were lost that day and that their pilot, Senior Lieutenant Kharitonov, survived by pulling out of

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744-427: A newly installed emergency fuel pump backup system, but the investigation of Bong's crash found that he had apparently forgotten to switch on this pump, which could have prevented the accident. He bailed out when the aircraft rolled inverted but was too close to the ground for his parachute to deploy. After Bong's death, both the USAAF and Lockheed wanted to prove the reliability of the airplane. Robert E. Thacker from

806-550: A slim low wing and tricycle landing gear . Like most early jets designed during World War II—and before the Allies captured German research data that confirmed the speed advantages of swept-wings —the XP-80 had straight wings, similar to previous propeller-driven fighters. It was the first operational jet fighter to have its engine buried in the fuselage, a format previously used in the pioneering German Heinkel He 178 V1 of 1939, and

868-843: A squadron of the 56th FG led by Colonel David C. Schilling made the first west-to-east Atlantic crossing by single-engined jets in July, flying to Germany for 45 days in Operation Fox Able I. Replaced by the newly Shooting Star-equipped 36th Fighter Group at Fürstenfeldbruck , the 56th FG conducted Fox Able II in May 1949. That same year F-80s first equipped the 51st Fighter Group, based in Japan. The 4th ( Langley Air Force Base , Virginia), 81st ( Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico), and 57th ( Elmendorf Air Force Base , Alaska) Fighter Groups all acquired F-80s in 1948, as did interceptor squadrons of

930-612: A total of six MiG-15s in aerial combat. When sufficient Sabres were in operation, the Shooting Star flew exclusively ground-attack missions, and were also used for advanced flight training duties and air defense in Japan. By the end of hostilities, the only F-80s still flying in Korea were photo-reconnaissance variants. F-80Cs equipped 10 USAF squadrons in Korea: One RF-80A unit operated in the Korean War: During

992-658: The Air Defense Command . The first Air National Guard unit to fly the F-80C was the 196th FS of the California ANG in June 1947. Several P-80A Shooting Stars were transferred to the United States Navy beginning 29 June 1945, retaining their P-80 designations. At Naval Air Station Patuxent River , one Navy P-80 was modified with required add-ons, such as an arrestor hook , and loaded aboard

1054-582: The Convair 880 , Lockheed Super Constellation , Vickers Viscount , Sud Aviation Caravelle , Douglas DC-8 , and Boeing 707 . The company had also developed the first inflatable airliner evacuation slides ". In the 1950s and 1960s Garrett pioneered the development of foil bearings , which were first installed as original equipment on the McDonnell-Douglas DC-10 in 1969 and then became standard equipment on all U.S. military aircraft. In

1116-497: The Korean War , and were among the first aircraft to be involved in jet-versus-jet combat. The Americans used the F-80C variant and RF-80 photo-recon variants in Korea. The F-80 flew both air-to-air and air-to-ground sorties, claiming several aerial victories against North Korean Yak-9s and Il-10s . On 1 November 1950, a Russian MiG-15 pilot, Lieutenant Semyon F. Khominich, became the first pilot in history to be credited with

1178-497: The Me 262 in spring 1943, which had made only test flights of its own first quartet (the V1 through V4 airframes) of design prototypes at that time, all fitted with retracting tailwheel landing gear. After receiving documents and blueprints comprising years of British jet aircraft research, the commanding General of the Army Air Force, Henry H. Arnold , believed an airframe developed to accept

1240-688: The Silver Ghost . The XP-80A's first test flight was unimpressive, but most of the problems with the design were soon addressed and corrected in the test program. Initial opinions of the XP-80A were not positive, with Lockheed Chief Engineering Test Pilot Milo Burcham commenting that an aircraft he very much enjoyed (powered by the Halford engine) had now become a "dog." The XP-80As were primarily testbeds for larger, more powerful engines and air intake design, and consequently were larger and 25% heavier than

1302-400: The air superiority role by the transonic F-86 Sabre . The F-94 Starfire , an all-weather interceptor using the same airframe, also saw Korean War service. The closely related T-33 Shooting Star trainer remained in service with the U.S. Air Force and Navy well into the 1980s, with the last NT-33 variant not retired until April 1997. The XP-80 had a conventional all-metal airframe, with

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1364-588: The cabin pressure system for the B-29 bomber , the first production bomber pressurized for high altitude flying. By the end of World War II, AiResearch engineers had developed air expansion cooling turbines for America's first jet aircraft, the Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star . During World War II, Garrett AiResearch sold $ 112 million in military equipment and had as many as 5,000 employees. Having to scale back its workforce to just 600 employees at

1426-568: The 1960s, AiResearch Environmental Control Systems provided the life supporting atmosphere for American astronauts in the projects Mercury , Gemini , Apollo , and Skylab . On the industrial side, the first T-15 turbocharger was delivered to the Caterpillar Company in 1955. It was followed by an order for 5,000 production units, to be installed in the Caterpillar D9 tractor. "On September 27, 1954, Cliff Garrett made

1488-486: The 2,457 miles (3,954 km) run between Long Beach and New York in 4:13:26 hrs at an average speed of 584 mph (507 kn; 940 km/h), aided by the upper-level westerly winds, to set a Fédération Aéronautique Internationale record. The P-80B prototype, modified as a racer and designated P-80R , was piloted by Colonel Albert Boyd to a world air speed record of 623.73 mph (1,004.2 km/h) on 19 June 1947. The P-80C began production in 1948; on 11 June

1550-691: The British-made Halford H-1 B "Goblin" jet engine could provide the superior performance to match the new German jets, and the Materiel Command's Wright Field research and development division tasked Lockheed to design the aircraft based on their experience with the L-133. Concept work began on the XP-80 in May 1943. Since the British turbojet was not yet delivered, Lockheed obtained its blueprint dimensions from Bell as ordered by

1612-580: The Caterpillar project, Garrett turbochargers saw wider use on earth-moving equipment, in tractors, stationary powerplants, railroad locomotives and ships. The Garrett T11 automotive turbocharger came into being in 1960 and promptly became popular with diesel truck operators. By 1962, Garrett was powering the world’s first turbocharged production car, the Oldsmobile Jetfire Rocket . This was followed by several other firsts, including

1674-583: The Flight Test Division at Wright Field was ordered to select three other pilots, pick up 5 P-80s from Lockheed and fly them to Muroc Army Airbase , and fly each airplane there for 500 hours. Thacker tapped Chuck Yeager , plus two other pilots and they put 500 hours on each airplane without further incident. After the war, the USAAF compared the P-80 and Me 262 concluding, "Despite a difference in gross weight of nearly 2,000 lb (900 kg),

1736-545: The Halford H1 engine was detained by the police because Lockheed officials could not vouch for him. After the engine had been mated to the airframe, foreign object damage during the first run-up destroyed the engine. The British engineer who had delivered the engine had warned Lockheed that the skin of the inlet ducts was too thin but the American engineers ignored this warning and both ducts collapsed and were sucked into

1798-518: The Korean war, 368 F-80s were lost, including 277 in combat missions and 91 non-combat losses Of the 277 F-80s lost in operations (approximately 30% of the existing inventory), 113 were lost to ground fire, 14 to enemy aircraft, 54 to "unknown causes" and 96 were "other losses". F-80s are credited by the USAF with destroying 17 aircraft in air-to-air combat and 24 on the ground. Major Charles J. Loring Jr.

1860-676: The Marine Corps, equipping VMF-311 at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro . These aircraft were eventually sent to reserve units. The success of these aircraft led to the procurement by the Navy of 698 T-33 Shooting Stars (as the TO-2/TV-2) to provide a two-seat aircraft for the training role. Lockheed went on to develop a carrier-capable version, the T2V SeaStar , which went into service in 1957. Shooting Stars first saw combat service in

1922-465: The Me 262 was superior to the P-80 in acceleration, speed and approximately the same in climb performance. The Me 262 apparently has a higher critical Mach number (the Me 262A's being at M 0.86 ), from a drag standpoint, than any current Army Air Force fighter." The Shooting Star began to enter service in late 1944 with 12 pre-production YP-80A s, one of which was destroyed in the accident in which Burcham

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1984-520: The P-59's performance was only marginally superior to current piston engined fighters. Bell performed preliminary work revising the P-59 with a low wing and a single fuselage-mounted engine, to be designated XP-59B , but by this time the Bell factory was swamped with other work so the USAAF transferred the project to Lockheed. The impetus for development of the P-80 was the discovery by Allied intelligence of

2046-627: The Shooting Star, were unused to flying at high speed without a loud reciprocating engine and had to learn to rely on the airspeed indicator . The second prototype, designated XP-80A , was designed for the larger General Electric I-40 engine (an improved J31, later produced by Allison as the J33). Two aircraft (44-83021 and 44-83022) were built. 44-83021 was nicknamed the Gray Ghost after its "pearl gray" paint scheme, while 83022, left unpainted for comparison of flight characteristics, became known as

2108-458: The Signal Oil and Gas Company in 1964. In 1968, the combined company adopted The Signal Companies as its corporate name. In 1985, Signal merged with Allied Corp. , becoming Allied-Signal . The company acquired Honeywell Aerospace in 1999. Although AlliedSignal was much larger than Honeywell, it was decided to adopt the Honeywell name because of its greater public recognition. Part of

2170-571: The USAAF. Lockheed's team, consisting of 28 engineers , was led by Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson in the same manner as the P-38 Lightning , in the same remote building with high security and greater autonomy, a continuation of Lockheed's Skunk Works style of research and development. With the Germans and British clearly far ahead in development, Lockheed was pressed to develop a comparable jet as quickly as possible. Kelly Johnson submitted

2232-562: The XP-80 eventually reached a top speed of 502 mph (808 km/h; 436 kn) at 20,480 ft (6,240 m), making it the first turbojet-powered USAAF aircraft to exceed 500 mph in level flight, following the August 1944 record flight of 504 mph (811 km/h; 438 kn) by a special high-speed variant of the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt . Contemporary pilots, when transitioning to pioneering jets like

2294-400: The XP-80. The P-80 testing program proved very dangerous. Burcham was killed on 20 October 1944 while flying the third YP-80A, 44–83025. The Gray Ghost was lost on a test flight on 20 March 1945, although pilot Tony LeVier escaped. Newly promoted to chief engineering test pilot to replace Burcham, LeVier bailed out when one of the engine's turbine blades broke, causing structural failure in

2356-401: The air by expanding it, then injected the air into the cockpit. As rearmament got under way, Garrett began turning out a total of 700 accessory products. With the Navy order for [an on-board engine] self-starter, [by 1951] Garrett Corp. [had] a $ 120 million backlog, enough to keep 5,500 workers on three shifts busy for at least the next three years". By the end of the 1940s, Garrett Corporation

2418-401: The aircraft carrier USS  Franklin D. Roosevelt at Norfolk, Virginia , on 31 October 1946. The following day the aircraft made four deck-run takeoffs and two catapult launches, with five arrested landings, flown by Marine Major Marion Carl . A second series of trials was held on 11 November. The U.S. Navy had already begun procuring its own jet aircraft, but the slow pace of delivery

2480-478: The aircraft's tail. LeVier landed hard and broke his back, but returned to the test program after six months of recovery. The top-scoring World War II USAAF ace Major Richard Bong was also killed on an acceptance flight of a production P-80 in the United States on 6 August 1945. Both Burcham and Bong crashed as a result of main fuel pump failure. Burcham's death was the result of a failure to brief him on

2542-507: The conflict. The initial production order was for 344 P-80As after USAAF acceptance in February 1945. A total of 83 P-80s had been delivered by the end of July 1945 and 45 assigned to the 412th Fighter Group (later redesignated the 1st Fighter Group ) at Muroc Army Air Field . Production continued after the war, although wartime plans for 5,000 were quickly reduced to 2,000 at a little under $ 100,000 each. A total of 1,714 single-seat F-80A , F-80B , F-80C , and RF-80 s were manufactured by

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2604-414: The decision to separate the turbocharger group from the gas turbine department due to commercial diesel turbocharger opportunities. That was the beginning of the new AiResearch Industrial Division for turbocharger design and manufacturing". This new division was established in Phoenix, Arizona . AiResearch Industrial Division ("AID") would later be renamed Garrett Automotive. Following the first phase of

2666-467: The demand for development of commercial space near the fast-growing Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). At that time, 2,000 people worked at the facility "and Garrett was ranked one of the top three aircraft accessory manufacturers in the world". In 1959 ground was broken for construction of an additional facility at 190th Street and Crenshaw Boulevard in Torrance, California . Part of that facility

2728-452: The end of production in 1950, of which 927 were F-80Cs (including 129 operational F-80As upgraded to F-80C-11-LO standards). However, the two-seat TF-80C, first flown on 22 March 1948, became the basis for the T-33 trainer, of which 6,557 were produced. On 27 January 1946, Colonel William H. Councill flew a P-80 nonstop across the U.S. to make the first transcontinental jet flight. He completed

2790-406: The end of the war stimulated Garrett to look for new revenue sources. "He found them in the small turbines which patient Engineer Walter Ramsaur had been perfecting since 1943. A way had to be found to cool cockpits so jet pilots could endure the heat generated by air friction at supersonic speeds. Ramsaur's turbine provided the answer. By putting an engine's heat to work turning the turbine, it cooled

2852-464: The engine when at full throttle. This delayed the first flight until a second engine (the only other existing) could be delivered from Britain, de Havilland generously donating the engine intended for the prototype Vampire . The first prototype (44-83020) was nicknamed Lulu-Belle (also known as "the Green Hornet" because of its paint scheme). Powered by the replacement Halford H1 taken from

2914-468: The first turbocharged car to win the Indianapolis 500 (1968), the first turbo for a non-sports car application (1977- Saab 99 ), the first mass production turbo for diesel engines (1978- Mercedes 300SD ), and the first turbo to win the 24 Hours of Le Mans (1978- Renault )". In the 1970s Garrett's expanding industrial and other non-military applications had changed the basic sources of income. "At

2976-450: The later British Gloster E.28/39 demonstrator of 1941. Other early jets generally had two engines because of their limited power, these being mounted in external nacelles for easier maintenance. With the advent of more powerful British jet engines, a single fuselage-mounted engine was more effective, and this configuration was used by nearly all subsequent fighter aircraft. Lockheed was the first American aircraft company to start work on

3038-515: The newly formed United States Air Force redesignated the type as F-80C . The USAF Strategic Air Command had F-80 Shooting Stars in service from 1946 through 1948 with the 1st and 56th Fighter Groups. The first P-80s to serve in Europe joined the 55th Fighter Group (later redesignated the 31st FG) at Giebelstadt , Germany, in 1946, remaining 18 months. When the Soviet Union blockaded Berlin ,

3100-804: The original Garrett AiResearch became known as the Garrett Turbine Engine Company from 1979, and became the Garrett Engine Division of AlliedSignal in 1985. In 1994, AlliedSignal acquired the Lycoming Turbine Engine Division of Textron , merging it with Garrett Engine to become the AlliedSignal Engines Division of AlliedSignal Aerospace Company. Another part of Garrett AiResearch,The Garrett Aviation Division ("Garrett Aviation"), which mainly services aircraft,

3162-483: The prototype de Havilland Vampire jet fighter, it first flew on 8 January 1944, with Lockheed test pilot Milo Burcham at the controls. Following this flight, Johnson said, "It was a magnificent demonstration, our plane was a success – such a complete success that it had overcome the temporary advantage the Germans had gained from years of preliminary development on jet planes." The donated British jet engine and program data had no doubt proved invaluable. In test flights,

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3224-540: The start of design, two pre-production models saw limited service in Italy just before the end of World War II . Designed with straight wings, the type saw extensive combat in Korea with the United States Air Force (USAF) as the F-80 . America's first successful turbojet -powered combat aircraft, it was soon outclassed with the appearance of the swept-wing transonic MiG-15 and was quickly replaced in

3286-525: The start of the decade sales to the military accounted for 70 percent of the company's business. At the end of the ten years, largely because of turbochargers and general aviation products, the situation was reversed. Commercial sales made up 70 percent; military had dropped to 30 percent". By the end of the 1970s "sales had reached $ 1.3 billion ; backlog was $ 1.9 billion". To avoid a hostile takeover of Garrett's assets by Curtiss-Wright following Cliff Garrett's death in 1963, Garrett Corporation merged with

3348-646: Was a small store building on Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles". In 1939, Garrett incorporated the "Garrett Corporation" and the three operating companies became divisions: Airsupply Division, Garrett Supply Division, and AiResearch Manufacturing Division. Needing additional space, they built their own manufacturing facility in Glendale, California , and thereby established the name AiResearch Manufacturing Company. By 1941, AiResearch needed new space, and on April 28, 1941, moved from Glendale to what until then had been

3410-488: Was causing retention problems among pilots, particularly those of the Marines who were still flying Vought F4U Corsairs . To increase land-based jet-transition training in the late 1940s, 50 F-80Cs were transferred to the U.S. Navy from the U.S. Air Force in 1949 as jet trainers. Designated TO-1 by the Navy (changed to TV-1 in 1950), 25 were based at Naval Air Station North Island , California, with VF-52 , and 16 assigned to

3472-653: Was established as a wholly owned subsidiary. The company's first major product was an oil cooler for military aircraft. Garrett designed and produced oil coolers for the Douglas DB-7 . Boeing 's B-17 bombers , credited with substantially tipping the air war in America's and Great Britain's favor over Europe and the Pacific, were outfitted with Garrett intercoolers , as was the B-25 . The company developed and produced

3534-419: Was killed. A 13th YP-80A was modified to the sole F-14 photo reconnaissance model and lost in a December crash. Four were sent to Europe for operational testing (demonstration, familiarization, and possible interception roles), two to England and two to the 1st Fighter Group at Lesina Airfield , Italy, but when test pilot Major Frederic Borsodi was killed in a crash caused by an engine fire while demonstrating

3596-565: Was listed on the New York Stock Exchange . "In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Garrett was heavily committed to the design of small gas turbine engines from 20 - 90 horse power (15 - 67 kW). The engineers had developed a good background in the metallurgy of housings , high speed seals , radial inflow turbines , and centrifugal compressors ". By 1949, the Sepulveda Blvd. property was increasingly constrained by

3658-528: Was occupied in 1960. "By 1962, 1000 employees were working at the Torrance location and by 1972, 3000 employees were based there". After a gradual series of moves, the Sepulveda facility was closed in 1990. During the 1950s AiResearch initiated activities in the field of aircraft electronics, "first with an angle of attack computer 1968-1970, to eliminate gunfire error and then with its first delivery of

3720-596: Was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions while flying an F-80 with the 80th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 8th Fighter-Bomber Wing on 22 November 1952. 1714 production aircraft were delivered to the Air Force prior to any conversions or redesignations, with their original block numbers. Lockheed also produced a two-seat trainer variant with a longer fuselage, the T-33 , which remained in production until 1959 and

3782-433: Was renamed as Garrett Supply Company. In 1939, it became AiResearch and shortly thereafter AiResearch Manufacturing Company, which then became a division within the Garrett Corporation. Already operating his Garrett Supply and Airsupply businesses, in 1939 Cliff Garrett established a small research laboratory to conduct "air research" on the development of pressurized flight for passenger aircraft. "[AiResearch's] first 'lab'

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3844-507: Was sold to General Electric in 1997. It was renamed Landmark Aviation after a 2004 merger. In 2007, it became StandardAero after a merger, and was owned by Dubai Aerospace Enterprise . In 2015, it was purchased by BBA Aviation . Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star The Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star is the first jet fighter used operationally by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) during World War II . Designed and built by Lockheed in 1943 and delivered just 143 days from

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