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99-721: Gettysburg may refer to: Events [ edit ] Gettysburg Campaign , a series of American Civil War military engagements in the Main Eastern Theater. Battle of Gettysburg , July 1–3 military engagements during the 1863 Gettysburg Campaign Retreat from Gettysburg , the Confederate and Union armies' return to the South following the Battle of Gettysburg Gettysburg Address , President Abraham Lincoln's speech at

198-724: A combined statistical area in York and Adams counties Gettysburg, PA USA, a United States Metropolitan Statistical Area that is the Adams County portion of the York-Hanover-Gettysburg CSA Elsewhere Gettysburg, Ohio , a village Gettysburg, Preble County, Ohio , an unincorporated community Gettysburg, South Dakota Gettysburg Air Force Station , a General Surveillance Radar Station in South Dakota during

297-610: A Philadelphia newspaper that accurately reported Lee's location. The news was a day old, however, and Stuart, slowed down by a wagon train of booty, did not arrive at Gettysburg until July 2. The Confederates were often aided by uncensored newspaper reports of the movements of Union forces. Hooker tried to censor the newspapers, but reporters and editors evaded his restrictions and the South often had accurate reports of Union strength. Lee's armies threatened Harrisburg, Washington, Baltimore and even Philadelphia. Local militia units hurriedly formed to oppose Lee, but they were inconsequential in

396-441: A brief series of skirmishes with state emergency militia and two companies of cavalry. Early laid the borough under tribute but did not collect any significant quantities of supplies. Soldiers burned several railroad cars and a covered bridge , and they destroyed nearby rails and telegraph lines . The following morning, Early departed for adjacent York County . The brigade of Brig. Gen. John B. Gordon of Early's division reached

495-520: A copy claimed to be the original Chicago version was on display for a fair in Sioux City, Iowa ; it was badly damaged by weather during this display. For a time, it was believed that a copy of the cyclorama discovered by North Carolinian Joe King in 1965 and later donated to Wake Forest University was the original Chicago copy. While work was being performed on the Boston version of the cyclorama in

594-701: A day by the small but spirited Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1863) on June 27, and crossed the Potomac River at Rowser's Ford at 3 a.m. on June 28. Upon entering Maryland, the cavalrymen attacked the C & O Canal , one of the major supply lines for the Army of the Potomac, capturing canal boats and cargo. They entered Rockville on June 28, also a key wagon supply road between the Union Army and Washington, tearing down miles of telegraph wire and capturing

693-529: A different strategy. It wanted Lee to reduce Union pressure threatening their garrison at Vicksburg, Mississippi , but he rejected its suggestions to send troops to provide direct aid, arguing for the value of a concentrated blow in the Northeast. In essence, Lee's strategy was identical to the one he employed in the Maryland campaign of 1862. Furthermore, after Chancellorsville he had supreme confidence in

792-417: A double envelopment of the enemy. The wing under Brigadier General John Buford would cross the river at Beverly's Ford, two miles (3 km) northeast of Brandy Station. At the same time, David McMurtrie Gregg 's wing would cross at Kelly's Ford, six miles (10 km) downstream to the southeast. However, Pleasonton was unaware of the precise disposition of the enemy and he incorrectly assumed that his force

891-594: A few being fugitive slaves ), all of whom were forcibly sent southwards and sold into slavery . Many of the abductions were carried out by Albert G. Jenkins ' cavalry brigade. Ewell's corps continued to push deeper into Pennsylvania, with two divisions heading through the Cumberland Valley to threaten Harrisburg , while Jubal Early's division of Ewell's Corps marched eastward over the South Mountain range, occupying Gettysburg on June 26 after

990-576: A former preservation organization for the battlefield in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Gettysburg Electric Railway , the 1893-1916 Gettysburg Battlefield trolley Gettysburg Railroad , the first of several Gettysburg-named steamtrain lines servicing Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, prior to the Western Maryland and Reading railroads Forest City and Gettysburg Railroad , formerly servicing Gettysburg, South Dakota The Gettysburg Championship ,

1089-612: A former women's golf tournament in Adams County, Pennsylvania The Gettysburg Times , an Adams County, Pennsylvania, newspaper USS  Gettysburg  (1858) , a Scottish ship supplying the Confederate States of America until captured by the Union Navy and renamed in 1864. USS  Gettysburg  (CG-64) , a Ticonderoga -class guided-missile cruiser Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

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1188-455: A half to complete. The finished painting was nearly 100 yards long and weighed six tons. When completed for display, the full work included not just the painting, but numerous artifacts and sculptures, including stone walls, trees, and fences. The effect of the painting has been likened to the nineteenth century equivalent of an IMAX theater. Four major versions were made: the Chicago copy,

1287-618: A long distance on the Baltimore road, which Stuart claimed caused a "great panic" in the city of Baltimore. Meanwhile, Union cavalry commander Alfred Pleasonton ordered his divisions to spread out in their movement north with the army, looking for Confederates. Judson Kilpatrick's division was on the right flank of the advance and passed through Hanover on the morning of June 30. The head of Stuart's column encountered Kilpatrick's rear as it passed through town and scattered it. The Battle of Hanover ended after Kilpatrick's men regrouped and drove

1386-424: A long line and much demoralized when they come into Pennsylvania. I shall throw an overwhelming force on their advance, crush it, follow up the success, drive one corps back on another, and by successive repulses and surprises, before they can concentrate, create a panic and virtually destroy the army. [Then] the war will be over and we shall achieve the recognition of our independence. The Confederate government had

1485-535: A much needed break. Lee's army could also threaten Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , and encourage the growing peace movement in the North. Lee had numerous misunderstandings that shaped his strategy. Lee misread Northern opinion by his reliance on anti-war Copperhead newspapers for northern public opinion. Reading them, he assumed the Yankees must be just as war weary as southerners, and did not appreciate

1584-698: A primary purpose of the campaign was for the Army of Northern Virginia to accumulate food and supplies outside of Virginia, Lee gave strict orders (General Order 72) to his army to minimize any negative impacts on the civilian population. Food, horses, and other supplies were generally not seized outright, although quartermasters reimbursing Northern farmers and merchants using Confederate money were not well received. Various towns, most notably York, Pennsylvania , were required to pay indemnities in lieu of supplies, under threat of destruction. During their invasion of Pennsylvania, Confederate troops abducted up to 1,000 African Americans (most of them free people of color with

1683-497: A railway museum Gettysburg Theological Seminary, the original name for the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg Gettysburg Area School District , a region of Adams County, Pennsylvania, with a high school north of the borough Gettysburg Regional Airport , a general aviation airport in Adams County, Pennsylvania, west of the borough York-Hanover-Gettysburg, PA Combined Statistical Area,

1782-475: A strong defensive position in Ashby's Gap. After successfully defending his screen for almost a week, Stuart found himself motivated to begin the most controversial adventure of his career, Stuart's raid around the eastern flank of the Union Army. Hooker's significant pursuit with the bulk of his army began on June 25, after he learned that the Army of Northern Virginia had crossed the Potomac River. He ordered

1881-469: A television episode Sid Meier's Gettysburg! , a computer game Gettysburg (block wargame) , from Columbia Games Gettysburg (game) , a board game Gettysburg (1863), a trilogy of songs by Iced Earth from The Glorious Burden , 2004 "Gettysburg", a song by The Brandos from Honor Among Thieves , 1987 "Gettysburg", a song by Ratatat from Classics , 2006 Other [ edit ] Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association ,

1980-521: A wagon train of 140 brand new, fully loaded wagons and mule teams. This wagon train would prove to be a logistical hindrance to Stuart's advance, but he interpreted Lee's orders as placing importance on gathering supplies. The proximity of the Confederate raiders provoked some consternation in the national capital and Meade dispatched two cavalry brigades and an artillery battery to pursue the Confederates. Stuart supposedly told one of his prisoners from

2079-465: Is possible that he had the same intention when he spoke to Robert E. Lee following the Battle of Upperville. He certainly needed to erase the stain on his reputation represented by his surprise and near defeat at the Battle of Brandy Station . The exact nature of Lee's order to Stuart on June 22 has been argued by the participants and historians ever since, but the essence was that he was instructed to guard

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2178-551: The Boston Daily Advertiser that "it is impossible to tell where reality ends and the painting begins." One veteran, pointing at the painting, said to his friend: "You see that puff of smoke? Just wait a moment till that clears away, and I'll show you just where I stood." In New York, police responding to a report of a nighttime burglary and disoriented by the illusion twice seized dummies representing dead soldiers, convinced that they were live burglars. In 1891,

2277-569: The American Civil War , with Lee increasingly pushed back toward Richmond until his surrender in April 1865. The Union Army of the Potomac was commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker and then (from June 28) by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade . After his victory in the Battle of Chancellorsville , Lee's Army of Northern Virginia moved north for a massive raid designed to obtain desperately needed supplies, to undermine civilian morale in

2376-482: The Battle of Middleburg occurred on the morning of June 19 when Col. J. Irvin Gregg's brigade advanced west from Aldie and attacked Stuart's line on a ridge west of Middleburg. Stuart repulsed Gregg's charge, counterattacked, then fell back to defensive positions one-half mile (800 m) to the west. On June 21, Pleasonton again attempted to break Stuart's screen by advancing on Upperville , nine miles (14 km) to

2475-599: The Blue Ridge Mountains . A.P. Hill would then march his corps through the valley as well. On June 12, the leading elements of Lee's army were passing through the Chester Gap . At the same time, Hooker still believed that Lee's army was positioned on the west bank of the Rappahannock, between Fredericksburg and Culpeper and that it outnumbered his own. Hooker had proposed to march on Richmond after

2574-527: The Carlisle Barracks , Stuart concluded the so-called Battle of Carlisle and withdrew after midnight to the south towards Gettysburg. The fighting at Hanover, the long march through York County with the captured wagons, and the brief encounter at Carlisle slowed Stuart considerably in his attempt to rejoin the main army. Gettysburg Cyclorama The painting is the work of French artist Paul Dominique Philippoteaux. It depicts Pickett's Charge,

2673-632: The Middle Department , to withdraw the surplus force to Harpers Ferry . Schenck, however, did not comply and, unaware that Lee's infantry were approaching, did not issue any orders for Milroy to withdraw immediately from Winchester before June 13. By then, Milroy's position was in extreme danger from a superior Confederate force. Ewell planned to defeat the Union garrison by sending Allegheny Johnson and Jubal Early 's divisions directly to Winchester while Rodes' division maneuvered east to defeat

2772-769: The Passage of the Balkans , The Belgian Revolution of 1830 , Attack in the Park , The Battle of Kars , The Battle of Tel-el-Kebir , and the Derniere Sortie . He was commissioned by a group of Chicago investors to create the Gettysburg Cyclorama. He spent several weeks in April 1882 at the site of the Gettysburg Battlefield to sketch and photograph the scene, and extensively researched

2871-555: The Potomac River , Lee's Second Corps advanced through Maryland and Pennsylvania, reaching the Susquehanna River and threatening the state capital of Harrisburg . However, the Army of the Potomac was in pursuit and had reached Frederick, Maryland, before Lee realized his opponent had crossed the Potomac. Lee moved swiftly to concentrate his army around the crossroads town of Gettysburg . The Battle of Gettysburg

2970-668: The 21st century, it was determined that this version was actually a later copy made under the direction of E. J. Austen. This version was sold in 2007, and in 2019 was sold to the North Carolina Civil War & Reconstruction History Center for a fraction of its appraised value. The Chicago exhibition was sufficiently successful to prompt businessman Charles L. Willoughby to commission a second version, which opened in Boston, Massachusetts , on December 22, 1884. From its opening until 1892, approximately 200,000 people viewed

3069-579: The Army of the Potomac departed Fredericksburg and reached Manassas Junction on June 16. Hooker dispatched Pleasonton's cavalry again to punch through the Confederate cavalry screen to find the main Confederate army, which led to three minor cavalry battles from June 17 through June 21 in the Loudoun Valley. Pleasonton ordered David McM. Gregg's division from Manassas Junction westward down the Little River Turnpike to Aldie . Aldie

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3168-544: The Army of the Potomac to cross into Maryland and concentrate at Middletown (Slocum's XII Corps) and Frederick (the rest of the army, led by Reynolds's advance wing—the I, III, and XI Corps). Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for 100,000 volunteers from four states to serve a term of six months "to repel the threatened and imminent invasion of Pennsylvania." Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin called for 50,000 volunteers to take arms as volunteer militia ; only 8,000 initially responded, and Curtin asked for help from

3267-454: The Baltimore exhibition, George E. Pickett 's widow, "Sallie" Pickett, lectured on her husband's experiences and found herself very moved by the experience. On September 3, 1912, ground was broken for a new cyclorama building on Baltimore Street in Gettysburg, on Cemetery Hill (on the site of the present day Holiday Inn ), near the entrance to the Soldiers' National Cemetery . It opened to

3366-479: The Boston copy, and two others. Of the latter copies, one was cut up and converted into tents for use on an Indian reservation , while the fate of the other is not known. In 1881, Paul Philippoteaux was commissioned by Charles Willoughby to paint a cyclorama depicting Pickett's Charge for $ 50,000. Willoughby, Phillippoteaux, and other investors formed the National Panorama Company to display

3465-479: The Boston cyclorama was sent to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania temporarily, while another cylcorama depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus was displayed in Boston. The immediate following history of the cyclorama is unclear, but it was likely displayed at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair . but by 1896 it had been returned to Boston, where it was stored in a 50-foot (15 m) crate behind the exhibition hall, where it

3564-478: The Civil War , an alternate history novel by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen Gettysburg Cyclorama or The Battle of Gettysburg , an 1883 painting by Paul Philippoteaux Gettysburg (1993 film) , a film based on the novel The Killer Angels Gettysburg (2011 film) , a History Channel television movie "Gettysburg" ( The Office ) , a television episode "Gettysburg" ( The Outer Limits) ,

3663-646: The Cold War Gettysburg, Washington Gettysburg Township, Graham County, Kansas Gettysburg Seamount , the highest peak of the Gorringe Ridge, a seamount in the Atlantic Ocean Entertainment [ edit ] For additional media regarding the Battle of Gettysburg--most which use the name "Gettysburg", see Template:Battle of Gettysburg and Category:American Civil War films . Gettysburg: A Novel of

3762-514: The Confederacy ". The version that hangs in Gettysburg, a recent (2005) restoration of the version created for Boston , is 42 feet (13 m) high and 377 feet (115 m) in circumference. Philippoteaux became interested in cycloramas and, in collaboration with his father, created The Defence of the Fort d'Issy in 1871. Other successful works included Taking of Plevna (Turko-Russian War),

3861-459: The Confederate army's movements behind the Blue Ridge effectively. He initially conceived the idea of reacting to Lee's absence by seizing unprotected Richmond, Virginia , the Confederate capital. But President Abraham Lincoln sternly reminded him that Lee's army was the true objective. His orders were to pursue and defeat Lee but to stay between Lee and Washington and Baltimore. On June 14,

3960-431: The Confederates out of town. Stuart's brigades had been better positioned to guard their captured wagon train than to take advantage of the encounter with Kilpatrick. To protect his wagons and prisoners, he delayed until nightfall and then detoured around Hanover by way of Jefferson to the east, increasing his march by five miles (8 km). After a 20-mile (32 km) trek in the dark, his exhausted men reached Dover on

4059-581: The National Park Service Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center , the National Park Service's reception center Gettysburg National Cemetery , a district of the military park on Cemetery Hill Gettysburg National Museum , the 1921 museum used as the 1974-2008 NPS visitor center and the corporation which owned it before 1974 Gettysburg National Tower , the former hyperboloid tower seized under

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4158-833: The New York State Militia. Gov. Joel Parker of New Jersey also responded by sending troops to Pennsylvania. The War Department created two new departments, the Department of the Monongahela , commanded by Major General William T. H. Brooks , and the Department of the Susquehanna , commanded by Major General Darius N. Couch , to coordinate defensive efforts in Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, and Philadelphia were considered potential targets and defensive preparations were made. In Harrisburg,

4257-568: The North, and to encourage anti-war elements. Lee's army slipped away from Federal contact at Fredericksburg , Virginia, on June 3, 1863. The largest predominantly cavalry battle of the war was fought at Brandy Station on June 9. The Confederates crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains and moved north through the Shenandoah Valley , capturing the Union garrison at Winchester , in the Second Battle of Winchester , June 13–15. Crossing

4356-510: The North. The Republicans will be destroyed [in the 1864 presidential election] & I think the friends of peace will become so strong as that the next administration will go in on that basis. We have only therefore to resist manfully. Lee was overconfident of the morale and equipment of his "invincible" veterans as a result of their performance at Chancellorsville; he fantasized about a definitive war-winning triumph: [The Yankees will be] broken down with hunger and hard marching, strung out on

4455-534: The November 19, 1863, Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg. Places [ edit ] Pennsylvania-related articles Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Gettysburg Battlefield Historic District , 11,000 acres (4,500 ha) of historic properties, buildings, and structures in Adams County, Pennsylvania Gettysburg National Military Park , 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) protected by

4554-567: The Potomac during the Chancellorsville Campaign (April 30 – May 6, 1863), Lee decided upon a second invasion of the North. Such a move would upset Union plans for the summer campaigning season, give Lee the ability to maneuver his army away from its defensive positions behind the Rappahannock River , and allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich northern farms while giving war-ravaged Virginia

4653-484: The Rappahannock with one section attacking west toward Stevensburg and the second force pushing north to Brandy Station. Between Gregg and the St. James action was a prominent ridge called Fleetwood Hill, which had been Stuart's headquarters the previous night. Stuart, surprised a second time by Gregg's forces threatening his rear, sent regiments from St. James to check the Union advance in the south. When Gregg's men charged up

4752-449: The Susquehanna on June 28, where militia guarded the 5,629-foot-long (1,716 m) covered bridge at Wrightsville . Gordon's artillery fire caused the well-fortified militiamen to retreat and burn the bridge. Confederate cavalry under the command of Brig. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins raided nearby Mechanicsburg on June 28 and skirmished with militia at Sporting Hill on the west side of Camp Hill on June 29. The Confederates then pressed on to

4851-572: The Takings Clause Gettysburg Battlefield , the area of Civil War military engagements partially within the military park Gettysburg Armory , a vacant borough facility on the National Register of Historic Places Gettysburg College , a liberal arts college mostly within the borough Gettysburg Railroad Station , a defunct railway station of which only the depot building survives, which houses

4950-494: The Union cavalry as a peer of the Confederate mounted arm. After Brandy Station, a variety of Union sources reported the presence of Confederate infantry at Culpeper and Brandy Station. Hooker did not immediately act on this information. The day after the battle, Ewell's Corps began marching toward the Shenandoah Valley. Lee intended Ewell to clear the valley of Federal forces while Longstreet's Corps marched east of

5049-484: The Union center. The defeat of his massive infantry assault, Pickett's Charge , caused Lee to order a retreat that began the evening of July 4. The Confederate retreat to Virginia was plagued by bad weather, difficult roads, and numerous skirmishes with Union cavalry. However, Meade's army did not maneuver aggressively enough to prevent Lee from crossing the Potomac to safety on the night of July 13–14. Shortly after Lee's Army of Northern Virginia defeated Hooker's Army of

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5148-464: The Union detachment at Berryville and wheel north toward Martinsburg . These movements effectively surrounded the Federal garrison by 23,000 Confederate troops. On the 13th, Milroy's telegraph connection with Harpers Ferry and Washington was cut by Ewell's troops. The Berryville detachment escaped Rodes' division and fell back on Winchester while Rodes' men continued north to Martinsburg. Though Ewell

5247-535: The Union's West Fort and the brigade of Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays led the charge that captured the fort and a Union battery. As darkness fell, Milroy belatedly decided to retreat from his two remaining forts. Anticipating the movement, Ewell ordered Johnson to march northwest and block the Union escape route. At 3:30 a.m. on June 15, Johnson's column intercepted Milroy's on the Charles Town Road. Although Milroy ordered his men to fight their way out of

5346-406: The artwork once it was completed. A location for a building to house the cyclorama was also selected. The work opened to the public in Chicago on October 22, 1883, to critical acclaim. General John Gibbon , one of the commanders of the Union forces who repelled Pickett's Charge, was among the veterans of the battle who gave it favorable reviews. So realistic was the painting that many veterans of

5445-399: The basis of the composition. Philippoteaux also interviewed several survivors of the battle, including Union generals Winfield S. Hancock , Abner Doubleday , Oliver O. Howard , and Alexander S. Webb , and based his work partly on their recollections. Philippoteaux enlisted a team of five assistants, including his father until his death, to create the final work. It took over a year and

5544-495: The battle and Lee ordered infantry reinforcements under Robert E. Rodes moved within a mile of the battle, still concealed, in case the Union broke through Stuart's lines. Meanwhile, as Buford's forces at St. James began to make headway, Pleasonton ordered a withdrawal of all Union forces across the Rappahannock. As the threat to Confederate positions at Brandy Station lifted, Rodes withdrew his infantry back to their camp at Pony Mountain. By 9:00 p.m. all Union troops were across

5643-411: The battle and its events over several months. He erected a wooden platform along present-day Hancock Avenue and drew a circle around it, eighty feet in diameter, driving stakes into the ground to divide it into ten sections. Local photographer William H. Tipton took three photographs of each section, focusing in turn on the foreground, the land behind it, and the horizon. The photos, pasted together, formed

5742-594: The battle at Brandy Station, but Lincoln had replied that "Lee's army, not Richmond, is your true objective." Meanwhile, Ewell's Corps was passing Front Royal and approaching Winchester. The Union garrison was commanded by Major General Robert H. Milroy and consisted of 6,900 troops posted in Winchester itself and a detachment of 1,800 men ten miles (16 km) east in Berryville, Virginia . The Union defenses consisted of three forts on high ground just outside

5841-418: The battle started. The new commander brooked no delay in chasing the rebels north. Meade's advance was sluggish but was further advanced than Lee knew. Lee underestimated his new foe, expecting him to be easy to anticipate and slow to respond, much like Hooker. Meade wanted to defend further south, but when battle was joined at Gettysburg he hastened all corps there. Taking advantage of interior lines, Meade

5940-482: The battle was underway. Stuart had taken all Lee's best cavalry, leaving the main army with two third-rate, ill-equipped, poorly led brigades that could not handle the reconnaissance challenge in hostile country. Stuart had taken the bulk of the cavalry on a counter-clockwise sweep near the coast behind the Union army and was out of contact with Lee for a week, depriving Lee of knowledge of the federal army. Trying to find Lee, he solved his intelligence problem by reading

6039-523: The departure of the army, protect Richmond from any Union incursion across the Rappahannock, and pursue the enemy if Hill thought it advantageous. By the following morning, Hooker's chief of staff, General Daniel Butterfield , had received various reports that at least a portion of the Confederate Army was moving. The next day, June 5, Hooker canceled all leave and army furloughs and instructed that all troops be prepared to march if necessary. In

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6138-494: The determination of the Lincoln Administration. Lee did know he was seriously short of supplies for his own army, so he planned the campaign primarily as a full-scale raid that would seize supplies. He wrote: If we can baffle them [Yankees] in their various designs this year & our people are true to our cause...our success will be certain.... [and] next year there will be a great change in public opinion at

6237-570: The emergency; being unorganized, untrained, unequipped and poorly led, they were more trouble than they were worth. When the battle began they broke and ran away. The battles of the Gettysburg Campaign were fought in the following sequence; they are described in the context of logical, sometimes overlapping divisions of the campaign. On June 3, 1863, Lee's army began to slip away northwesterly from Fredericksburg , leaving A.P. Hill's Corps in fortifications above Fredericksburg to cover

6336-399: The face of a large, battle-hardened attack force. When Lee finally got news of the approaching Federal army, he ordered his scattered forces to concentrate at Gettysburg, a crossroads junction in heavily wooded areas. Over three days, July 1–3, both armies arrived piecemeal; the Confederate forces from the north and northwest, while Union forces from the south and east. By July 1, Meade was to

6435-471: The failed infantry assault that was the climax of the Battle of Gettysburg. The painting is a cyclorama , a type of 360° cylindrical painting. The intended effect is to immerse the viewer in the scene being depicted, often with the addition of foreground models and life-sized replicas to enhance the illusion. Among the sites documented in the painting are Cemetery Ridge , the Angle , and the " High-water mark of

6534-424: The latter replacing the wounded W.H.F. "Rooney" Lee ) between the Union army and Washington, moving north through Rockville to Westminster and on into Pennsylvania, hoping to capture supplies along the way and cause havoc near the enemy capital. Stuart and his three brigades departed Salem Depot at 1 a.m. on June 25. Unfortunately for Stuart's plan, the Union army's movement was underway and his proposed route

6633-860: The leading elements of his army in Culpeper on June 7 and ordered Albert G. Jenkins ' cavalry to advance northward through the Shenandoah Valley. He also wrote to John D. Imboden and ordered him to attract Union forces in Hampshire County and to disrupt their communications and logistics as well as acquire cattle for use by the Confederate Army. To support these movements, Lee wrote to General Samuel Jones and asked him to spare any troops that he could. The following day, he wrote to James Seddon , Confederate Secretary of War, and attempted to persuade him to send troops currently in North Carolina to reinforce either his army or Confederate forces in

6732-479: The main Confederate army was marching through Pennsylvania, Lincoln was unable to give Meade more firepower. The vast majority of the 700,000 Federal soldiers (except for Grant's 70,000 near Vicksburg) were noncombatants that held static defensive posts that Lincoln feared to uncover, or like Rosecrans at Nashville, they were afraid to move. Urgently the President called for 100,000 civilian militiamen to turn out for

6831-417: The meantime, Longstreet's and Ewell's corps were camped in and around Culpeper . With more Union reports intimating that Lee had moved a large portion of his army, Hooker ordered Sedgwick to conduct a reconnaissance in force across the Rappahannock River . A small skirmish began shortly after 5:00 p.m. as Vermont and New Jersey troops, supported by a heavy Federal artillery bombardment, paddled across

6930-496: The men of his army, assuming they could handle any challenge he gave them. Lee's movement started on the first of June and within a short time was well on its way through Maryland, with Union forces moving north along parallel lines. Lee's cavalry, under General Jeb Stuart had the primary mission of gathering intelligence on where the enemy position was, but Stuart failed and instead raided some supply trains. He did not rejoin Lee until

7029-431: The morning of July 1, the same time that his Confederate infantry colleagues began to fight Union cavalrymen under John Buford at Gettysburg. Leaving Hampton's Brigade and the wagon train at Dillsburg , Stuart headed for Carlisle , hoping to find Ewell. Instead, he found nearly 3,000 Pennsylvania and New York militia occupying the borough. After lobbing a few shells into town during the early evening of July 1 and burning

7128-506: The mountain passes with part of his force while the Army of Northern Virginia was still south of the Potomac and that he was to cross the river with the remainder of the army and screen the right flank of Ewell's Second Corps. Instead of taking a direct route north near the Blue Ridge Mountains, Stuart chose to reach Ewell's flank by taking his three best brigades (those of Wade Hampton , Fitzhugh Lee , and John R. Chambliss ,

7227-543: The outer defenses of Fort Couch , where they skirmished with the outer picket line for over an hour, the northernmost engagement of the Gettysburg campaign. They later withdrew in the direction of Carlisle . Jeb Stuart enjoyed the glory of circumnavigating an enemy army, which he had done on two previous occasions in 1862, during the Peninsula Campaign and at the end of the Maryland Campaign . It

7326-724: The painting. The Boston version was housed in a specially designed building, the Cyclorama Building , on Tremont Street , and was the site of popular public lectures on the battle. Two additional copies of the cyclorama were made: the third was first exhibited in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, beginning in February 1886 and a fourth debuted in Brooklyn, New York, in October 1886. Many reviewers and visitors agreed with

7425-509: The public in 1913, in time for the 50th anniversary of the battle, once again displayed as a full circular painting, rather than in sections. The unheated, leaky brick building took a further toll on the condition of the painting. The Boston cyclorama was purchased by the National Park Service in 1942, and moved to a site on Ziegler's Grove near the new Visitor Center in 1961, after a second round of restoration. The exhibition

7524-473: The river and overran Confederate positions on the southern bank. As a precaution, Lee temporarily halted Ewell's Corps, but when he saw that Hooker would not press the Fredericksburg line to bring on a battle, he ordered Ewell to continue. The same day as Federal troops crossed the river, General Buford wrote that he had received credible information that "all of the available cavalry of the Confederacy"

7623-420: The river. Brandy Station was the largest predominantly cavalry fight of the war, and the largest to take place on American soil. It was a tactical draw, although Pleasonton withdrew before finding the location of Lee's infantry nearby and Stuart claimed a victory, attempting to disguise the embarrassment of a cavalry force being surprised as it was by Pleasonton. The battle established the emerging reputation of

7722-560: The situation, when the Stonewall Brigade arrived just after dawn to cut the turnpike to the north, Milroy's men began to surrender in large numbers. Milroy escaped personally but the Second Battle of Winchester cost the Union about 4,450 casualties (4,000 captured) out of 7,000 engaged, while the Confederates lost only 250 of 12,500 engaged. "Fighting Joe" Hooker did not know Lee's intentions, and Stuart's cavalry masked

7821-517: The south of Lee, cutting off his retreat and forcing him to fight. Joseph Hooker , commanding the Army of the Potomac, wanted to attack Richmond, but Lincoln vetoed that idea because - in his view - Hooker's goal should have been fighting and defeating the Confederacy's most important army in the field, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. When Hooker demanded control of the garrison at Harper's Ferry or he would resign, Lincoln accepted and replaced Hooker with George Meade on June 28, just three days before

7920-463: The state government removed its archives from the town for safekeeping. In much of southern Pennsylvania, the Gettysburg campaign became widely known as the "emergency of 1863". The military campaign resulted in the displacement of thousands of refugees from Maryland and Pennsylvania who fled northward and eastward to avoid the oncoming Confederates, and resulted in a shift in demographics in several southern Pennsylvania boroughs and counties. Although

8019-483: The title Gettysburg . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg&oldid=1257082193 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gettysburg Campaign The Gettysburg campaign

8118-428: The town. Milroy's tenure at Winchester had been marked by incivility toward the civilian population, who resented his oppressive rule, and the Confederate troops were eager to destroy his force. General-in-chief Henry Halleck did not want any Union force stationed in Winchester beyond what was necessary as an outpost to monitor Confederate movement and repeatedly ordered Milroy's superior, Maj. Gen. Robert C. Schenck of

8217-447: The wagon train that were it not for his fatigued horses "he would have marched down the 7th Street Road [and] took Abe & Cabinet prisoners." Stuart had planned to reach Hanover, Pennsylvania , by the morning of June 28, but rode into Westminster, Maryland , instead late on the afternoon of June 29. Here his men clashed briefly with and overwhelmed two companies of the 1st Delaware Cavalry under Maj. Napoleon B. Knight, chasing them

8316-467: The war were reported to have wept upon seeing it. The painting was displayed in Chicago for ten years; the exhibitors claimed that it was viewed by over two million people during that time. This version was probably not the copy displayed at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair , and a cyclorama displayed in Indianapolis, Indiana , in 1893 was claimed to be the Chicago copy by its presenters. The next year,

8415-424: The west of Middleburg. The cavalry brigades of Irvin Gregg and Judson Kilpatrick were accompanied by infantry from Col. Strong Vincent 's brigade on the Ashby's Gap Turnpike. Buford's cavalry division moved northwest against Stuart's left flank, but made little progress against Grumble Jones's and John R. Chambliss's brigades. The Battle of Upperville ended as Stuart conducted a fierce fighting withdrawal and took up

8514-476: The west. On June 9, Lee ordered Stuart to cross the Rappahannock and raid Union forward positions, screening the Confederate Army from observation or interference as it moved north. Anticipating this imminent offensive action, Stuart ordered his troopers into bivouac around Brandy Station . Alfred Pleasonton's combined arms force consisted of 8,000 cavalrymen and 3,000 infantry, while Stuart commanded about 9,500 Confederates. Pleasonton's attack plan called for

8613-448: The western slope and neared the crest, the lead elements of Grumble Jones ' brigade rode over the crown. For several hours there was desperate fighting on the slopes of the hill as many confusing charges and counter-charges swept back and forth. The section of Union troops sent to Stevensburg were bluffed into withdrawing and turned eastward to reinforce Gregg on Fleetwood Hill. Generals Lee and Ewell rode out to Brandy Station to observe

8712-480: Was a fierce mounted fight of four hours with about 250 total casualties. Munford withdrew toward Middleburg . While the fighting occurred at Aldie, the Union cavalry brigade of Col. Alfred N. Duffié arrived south of Middleburg in the late afternoon and drove in the Confederate pickets. Stuart was in the town at the time and managed to escape before his brigades under Munford and Beverly Robertson routed Duffié in an early morning assault on June 18. The primary action of

8811-474: Was a military invasion of Pennsylvania by the main Confederate army under General Robert E. Lee in summer 1863. It was the first time during the war the Confederate Army attempted a full-scale invasion of a free state. The Union won a decisive victory at Gettysburg , July 1–3, with heavy casualties on both sides. Lee managed to escape back to Virginia with most of his army. It was a turning point in

8910-446: Was also restored. A new visitor center at the Gettysburg battlefield was constructed, and the cyclorama painting was moved there after the renovation was completed in 2008. The prior cyclorama building , which had been designed by Richard Neutra , had been built on ground where fighting occurred during the battle. The National Park Service decided to demolish the old building to restore the area to closer to its wartime state, although

9009-436: Was blocked by columns of Federal infantry from Hancock's II Corps, forcing him to veer farther to the east than either he or General Lee had anticipated. This prevented Stuart from linking up with Ewell as ordered and deprived Lee of the use of his prime cavalry force, the "eyes and ears" of the army, while advancing into unfamiliar enemy territory. Stuart's command reached Fairfax Court House , where they were delayed for half

9108-479: Was close behind Lee, and had cut off the line of retreat back to Virginia. Lee had to fight, but first he had to rush to reassemble his scattered forces at the crossroads town of Gettysburg before Meade defeated them piecemeal. Lee had 60,000 infantry and 10,200 cavalry (Meade's staff estimated Lee had 140,000). This time it was Lee's turn to be fooled; he gullibly accepted misinformation that suggested Meade had twice as many soldiers, when in fact he had 86,000. Though

9207-477: Was closed in 2005 for a third restoration. The $ 12-million restoration, by Olin Conservation, Inc., of Great Falls, Virginia, started with the 26 sections of the painting and recreated its original shape of 14 panels hung from a circular railing, slightly flared out at the bottom. In the process, some original pieces were found of the 12 circumferential feet that had been cut away. Fourteen vertical feet of sky

9306-542: Was in Culpeper County . On June 7, George H. Sharpe , head of the Bureau of Military Information , erroneously reported to Hooker that, while J. E. B. Stuart was preparing a large cavalry raid, Lee's infantry would be withdrawing to Richmond. Hooker decided to preemptively attack the Confederate cavalry force in Culpeper and ordered Cavalry Corps commander Alfred Pleasonton to command the assault. Lee rejoined

9405-492: Was initially hesitant about assaulting the defenses at Winchester, Early discovered that there was an unguarded hill west of the fortifications that dominated the battlefield. By 11 a.m. on June 14, Early began moving his forces covertly to take that position. To distract the Union, Ewell ordered demonstrations by John B. Gordon 's brigade and the Maryland Line . At 6 p.m., Confederate artillery opened fire on

9504-531: Was subjected to damage from weather, vandals removing boards from the crate, and two fires. It was eventually purchased in its deteriorated state by Albert J. Hahne of Newark, New Jersey , in 1910. Hahne displayed sections of the cyclorama in his department store in Newark beginning in 1911, and sections were also shown in government buildings in New York City , Baltimore, Maryland , and Washington, D.C. In

9603-566: Was substantially larger than the Confederates he faced. About 4:30 a.m. on June 9, Buford's column crossed the Rappahannock River and almost immediately encountered Confederate forces. After overcoming their shock at Buford's surprise attack, Confederate forces rallied and managed to check the Union force near St. James Church. Gregg's force, delayed in getting the leading force into position, finally attacked across Kelly's Ford at 9:00 a.m. Gregg's force divided once across

9702-557: Was tactically important in that near the village the Little River Turnpike intersected both of the turnpikes leading through Ashby's Gap and Snickers Gap into the Valley. The Confederate cavalry brigade of Col. Thomas T. Munford was entering Aldie from the west, preparing to bivouac, when three brigades of Gregg's division entered from the east at about 4 p.m. on June 17, surprising both sides. The resulting Battle of Aldie

9801-464: Was the deadliest of the war. Starting as a chance meeting engagement on July 1, the Confederates were initially successful in driving Union cavalry and two infantry corps from their defensive positions, through the town, and onto Cemetery Hill . On July 2, with most of both armies now present, Lee launched fierce assaults on both flanks of the Union defensive line, which were repulsed with heavy losses on both sides. On July 3, Lee focused his attention on

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