26-515: Geisel may refer to: Ernesto Geisel (1907–1996), Brazilian military general and politician Orlando Geisel (1905–1979), Brazilian general and Minister of the Army, Ernesto's brother Dr. Seuss , pen name of Theodor Seuss Geisel (1904–1991), a children's book author Theo Geisel (physicist) (born 1948), German physicist Geisel (river) , Saxony-Anhalt, Germany Geisel valley ,
52-581: A Bachelor's degree and earn a comfortable living . Already among the largest social classes, rivaled only by the working class, the American lower middle class is diverse and growing. Though not common in sociological models, the middle class may be divided into three sections in vernacular language usage. In this system the term lower middle class relates to the demographic referred to as working class in most sociological models. Yet some class models, such as those by sociologist Leonard Beeghley , suggest
78-514: A gradual relaxation of authoritarian rule. It would be, in his words, "the maximum of development possible with the minimum of indispensable security." . In 1974 elections opposition won more votes than before. However, the torture of regime's left-wing and Communist opponents by DOI-CODI was still ongoing, as demonstrated by the 1975 murder of Vladimir Herzog . In 1977 and 1978, the presidential succession issue caused further political confrontation between Geisel and hard-liners. Noting that Brazil
104-526: A growing distance between Brasília and Washington . Although both countries remained allies, Geisel was keen to seek new alliances and, more importantly, new economic opportunities in other parts of the world, especially Africa and Asia. Brazil shifted its foreign policy to meet its economic needs. "Responsible pragmatism" replaced strict alignment with the United States and a worldview based on ideological frontiers and blocs of nations. Because Brazil
130-406: A teacher of that language, did not want his children to speak Portuguese with a foreign accent. As an adult, Geisel reported that he was able to understand German but could not write it and had some difficulty speaking it. Geisel married Lucy Markus, the daughter of an army colonel, in 1940. They had a daughter, Amália Lucy (later a university professor), and a son, Orlando, from whose 1957 death in
156-607: A train accident Geisel never completely recovered. His widow died in an automobile accident in March 2000. Geisel along with his brother Orlando (1905–1979, who would be Minister of Army in Emílio Garrastazu Médici 's government), entered the army in 1921 and in 1925 was the first of his class when he graduated from the Military High School of Porto Alegre . He acquired higher military education at
182-581: The 1964 military coup d'état that overthrew the leftist president João Goulart . Geisel was an important figure during the coup and became Chief of the Military Staff of President Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco from 1964 until 1967. In 1964 he was promoted to Lieutenant-General and in 1966 to the highest 4-star General de exército rank. In 1969 he was made president of the state-owned oil company Petrobras . In 1973, President Emílio Garrastazu Médici selected Geisel to be his successor as
208-737: The Military School of Realengo , and graduated it in 1928 as the first in his class and joined artillery unit as an Aspirante . Promoted to lieutenant in 1930. Geisel witnessed and participated in the most prominent events of Brazilian history in the 20th century, such as the Revolution of 1930, the Getúlio Vargas dictatorship of Estado Novo and its overthrow in 1945. Geisel was military attache in Uruguay (1946–47). Promoted to brigadier-general in 1960, Geisel participated in
234-515: The summary executions of over 100 "subversives" which were personally authorized by Ernesto Geisel himself. In his 5 years of government, Geisel adopted a more pragmatic foreign policy . Despite being a conservative and deeply anti-communist , Geisel made significant overtures towards the communist bloc. Brazil established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and socialist-led governments of Angola and Mozambique , signaling
260-501: The Brazilian economy had grown at a rate of more than 10% per year, the fastest in the world. But due to the oil shock crisis in 1974, development fell to 5–6% per year. Because much of the country's oil had to be imported, Brazil's foreign debt began to rise. This strategy was effective in promoting growth, but it also raised Brazil's import requirements markedly, increasing the already large current-account deficit. The current account
286-529: The first labor strikes since 1964 and electoral victories of the opposition MDB. In late December 1978 he announced the end of the authoritarian Institutional Act 5 , allowed exiled citizens to return, restored habeas corpus and full political rights , repealed the extraordinary powers of the president, and planned the indirect election of General João Figueiredo as his successor. In 2018, an unearthed CIA memorandum from 11 April 1974 sent by William Colby to U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger details
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#1732787331369312-462: The first time since the early 1950s. Geisel adopted a more moderate stance with regards to political opposition. Together with his Chief of Staff , Minister Golbery do Couto e Silva Geisel devised a plan of gradual, slow democratization that would eventually succeed despite all the threats and opposition from hard-liners. He replaced several regional commanders with trusted officers and labeled his political program abertura and distensão , meaning
338-508: The highhandedness and lack of understanding of the Carter administration , Geisel renounced the military alliance with the United States in April 1977. Lower middle class In developed nations around the world, the lower middle class is a subdivision of the greater middle class . Universally, the term refers to the group of middle class households or individuals who have not attained
364-613: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geisel&oldid=1016145166 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ernesto Geisel Ernesto Beckmann Geisel ( Portuguese pronunciation: [eʁˈnɛstu ˈbɛkmɐ̃ ˈɡajzew] , German pronunciation: [ɛʁˈnɛsto ˈbɛkman ˈɡaɪzl̩] ; 3 August 1907 – 12 September 1996)
390-467: The middle class to be one cohesive socio-economic demographic, including the demographics otherwise referred to as lower, simply middle or upper middle class in one group comprising about 45% of households. The lower-middle class is frequently portrayed in television and film. Notable examples include the television shows The Simpsons , The Addams Family , The Flintstones , The Jetsons , Arthur (TV series) , All In The Family , Malcolm in
416-636: The military command and then approved by the Congress to keep up the appearance of democracy. However, since the pro-military party, the National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA), had an overwhelming majority in Congress, the military's chosen candidate could not possibly be defeated. For the first time during the era of military rule, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) actually put up a candidate in
442-482: The person of longtime deputy Ulysses Guimarães . When Guimarães accepted the nomination, he decided to run an "anticandidacy" for president, knowing that Geisel's victory was a foregone conclusion. As expected, Geisel was elected by a vast majority (400-76, with 21 blank votes and six abstentions) and was inaugurated on March 15, 1974 for a five-year mandate. During the Brazilian Miracle from 1968 to 1973,
468-460: The president. There had been intense behind-the-scenes maneuvering by the hard-liners against him and by the more moderate supporters of Castelo Branco for him. Fortunately for Geisel, his older brother, Orlando Geisel was the Minister of Army, and his close ally General João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo the chief of Médici's military staff. At that time the president of Brazil was chosen by
494-625: The status of the middle or upper middle class associated with the higher realms of the middle class, hence the name. In American society, the middle class may be divided into two or three sub-groups. When divided into two parts, the lower middle class, also sometimes simply referred to as "middle class", consists of roughly one third of households, roughly twice as large as the upper middle or managerial class . Common occupation fields are semi-professionals, such as lower-level managers, small business owners and skilled craftsmen . These individuals commonly have some college education or perhaps
520-576: The strict and rigorous education that his German parents imposed compared to the freedom and more relaxed way of life of his Italian friends had that he admired. Geisel was raised in a Lutheran family, they belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil , and his grandfather was a priest. He claimed to come from a relatively poor family of lower middle class . At home, Geisel spoke German as well as Portuguese because his father, who spoke Portuguese so well that he became
546-531: The valley of the river Geisel Geisel Library , the main library building at the University of California San Diego, named after Dr. Seuss See also [ edit ] Geisei, Kōchi , a village in Japan Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Geisel . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
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#1732787331369572-584: Was 80% dependent on imported oil , Geisel shifted the country from a critical support of Israel to a more neutral stance on Middle Eastern affairs. Brazil moved closer to Latin America, Europe and Japan. The 1975 agreement with West Germany to build nuclear reactors produced confrontation with the Carter administration, which also scolded the Geisel government for abusing human rights. Frustrated with what he saw as
598-579: Was a Brazilian Army officer and politician, who served as the 29th president of Brazil from 1974 to 1979, during the Brazilian military dictatorship . Ernesto Geisel was born in Bento Gonçalves , Rio Grande do Sul province. His father was Guilherme Augusto Geisel (born Wilhelm August Geisel), a German teacher from Herborn who immigrated to the Empire of Brazil in 1883 at age 16. His mother
624-635: Was financed by running up the foreign debt. The expectation was that the combined effects of import substitution industrialization and export expansion eventually would bring about growing trade surpluses, allowing the service and repayment of the foreign debt. President Geisel sought to maintain high economic growth rates, while dealing with the effects of the 1973 oil crisis . He maintained massive investments in infrastructure – highways, telecommunications, hydroelectric dams, mineral extraction, factories, and atomic energy. Fending off nationalist objections, he opened Brazil to oil prospecting by foreign firms for
650-407: Was only a "relative democracy," Geisel attempted in April 1977 to restrain the growing strength of the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) party by allowing other opposition parties to run, thereby splitting the opposition vote. In October, he dismissed far-right Minister of Army, General Sylvio Couto Coelho da Frota, who had tried to become a candidate. In 1978 Geisel had to deal with
676-524: Was the homemaker Lydia Beckmann, born in Brazil in Teutônia , to German parents from Osnabrück . In Bento Gonçalves , where Ernesto was raised, there were only two families of German origin (Geisels and Drehers), and most of the population was composed of Italian immigrants . Remembering the contact with the local Italian immigrants during his childhood Geisel described the cultural contrasts between
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