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69-565: General Staff Academy may refer to: General Staff Academy (Russia) (formerly the Soviet General Staff Academy) General Staff Academy (Imperial Russia) , or Nicholas General Staff Academy Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title General Staff Academy . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

138-475: A general rule. Officers selected for this academy would have first attended the appropriate service or branch academy (see Military academies in Russia ). Graduates who were not already generals or admirals usually were promoted to this rank a short time after completing the course. Length of the academy was only two years, in contrast to the three years for the branch and service academies. Faculty and students of

207-474: A major source of revenue for the city's inhabitants is the import of Japanese cars. Besides salesmen, the industry employs repairmen, fitters, import clerks as well as shipping and railway companies. The Vladivostok dealers sell 250,000 cars a year, with 200,000 going to other parts of Russia. Every third worker in the Primorsky Krai has some relation to the automobile import business. In recent years,

276-592: A minority of Koreans and Chinese in Vladivostok, accounting for roughly 1 percent of the population, as well as more recent immigrants from Central Asia , mainly from Uzbekistan . Historical German , French , Estonian , American , and Central Asian diasporas at the start of the 21st century have been little studied. According to the Russian census of 2010, Vladivostok's residents include representatives of over seventy nationalities and ethnic groups. Among them,

345-792: A second front by Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev when China was suppressing the Taiping Rebellion , the Aigun Treaty was concluded by Muraviev's forces, after which Russian exploration of the Amur region began, and later, as a result of the signing of the Treaty of Tientsin and the Convention of Peking , the territory of modern Vladivostok was annexed to Russia. The name Vladivostok appeared in

414-423: A single constituency, and 17 deputies from single-seat constituencies. Vladivostok is the administrative center of the krai . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with five rural localities , incorporated as Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction ; an administrative unit equal to that of the districts in status. As a municipal division , Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction

483-459: A stronghold in the Far East ; this role was played in turn by the settlements of Okhotsk , Ayan , Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky , and Nikolaevsk-on-Amur . By the middle of the 19th-century, the search for the outpost had reached a dead end. None of the ports met the necessary requirement: to have a convenient and protected harbor next to important trade routes. After China was threatened with war on

552-489: A yearly mean temperature of around 5 °C (41 °F), Vladivostok has a cold climate for its mid-latitude coastal setting. This is due to winds from the vast Eurasian landmass in winter and the cooling ocean temperatures. Vladivostok means 'Lord of the East' or 'Ruler of the East'. The name derives from Slavic владь ( vlad , 'to rule' ) and Russian восток ( vostok , 'east'); Colloquial Russian speech may use

621-886: Is included in the project for the development of the Far East tourism "Eastern Ring". Within the framework of the project, the Primorsky Stage of the Mariinsky Theater was opened, and there are plans to open branches of the Hermitage Museum , the Russian Museum , the Tretyakov Gallery and the State Museum of Oriental Art . Vladivostok entered the top ten Russian cities for recreation and tourism according to Forbes, and also took

690-431: Is incorporated as Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug. Vladivostok is divided into five administrative districts: The city charter approved the following structure of local government bodies: Vladivostok City Duma's history dates from November 21, 1875, when 30 "vowels" were elected. Great changes took place after the 1917 Revolution, when the first general elections were held and women were allowed to vote. The last meeting of

759-694: Is located in Moscow, on 14 Kholzunova Lane. It was founded in 1936 as a Soviet institution, based on higher command courses that had been established at the M. V. Frunze Military Academy , itself founded in 1918. An earlier General Staff Academy had existed during the Imperial period , since 1832. Students were, and probably still are, admitted to the Academy in the ranks of lieutenant colonel, colonel , and General-Major (one star). Most were colonels or newly promoted generals. Officers enter in their late 30s, as

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828-520: Is now officially known by the transliteration Chinese : 符拉迪沃斯托克 ; pinyin : Fúlādíwòsītuōkè ), although the historical Chinese name 海參崴 ( Hǎishēnwǎi ) is still used in common parlance and outside Mainland China to refer to the city. According to the provisions of the Chinese government, all maps published in China must bracket the city's Chinese name. The modern-day Japanese name of

897-561: Is planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010. Vladivostok is a link between the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Pacific Sea routes, making it an important cargo and passenger port. It processes both cabotage and export-import general cargo of a wide range. 20 stevedoring companies operate in the port. The cargo turnover of the Vladivostok port, including the total turnover of all stevedoring companies, at

966-678: Is the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District, and is the home to the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy . Due to its geographical position in Asia combined with its Russian architecture , the city has been referred to as "Europe in the Far East". Many foreign consulates and businesses have offices in Vladivostok, and the city hosts the annual Eastern Economic Forum . With

1035-644: The China–Russia border and 134 kilometers (83 mi) from the North Korea–Russia border . Shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Aigun between Qing China and the Russian Empire and affirmed by the Convention of Peking – from which it is also known as the Amur Annexation – the city was founded as a Russian military outpost on July 2, 1860. In 1872, the main Russian naval base on

1104-733: The Far Eastern Republic , a Soviet-backed buffer state between Soviet Russia and Japan, was proclaimed on April 6, 1920. The Soviet government officially recognized the new republic in May, but in Primorye a riot occurred, where significant forces of the White Movement were located, leading to the creation of the Provisional Priamurye Government , with Vladivostok as its capital. In October 1922,

1173-518: The Manchu Haišenwai ( Manchu : ᡥᠠᡳᡧᡝᠨᠸᡝᡳ ,  Möllendorff : Haišenwai ,  Abkai : Haixenwai ) or small seaside fishing village . However, according to National Chung Cheng University 's research department for Manchu studies, the Manchu name comes from Chinese, specifically Mandarin Chinese , that was named for its historical abundance of sea cucumbers. In China, Vladivostok

1242-850: The October Revolution in 1917, during which the Bolsheviks came to power, the Decree on Peace was announced, and as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk concluded between the Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers , led to the end of Soviet Russia 's participation in World War I. On October 30, the sailors of the Siberian Military Flotilla decided to "rally around the united power of

1311-806: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the city became a part of the Russian Federation . Today, Vladivostok remains the largest Russian port on the Pacific Ocean , and the chief cultural, economic, scientific, and tourism hub of the Russian Far East. As the terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway , the city was visited by over three million tourists in 2017. The city

1380-577: The Russky Island Bridge from the mainland to Russky Island (the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world). The new campus of Far Eastern Federal University was completed on Russky Island in 2012. In December 2018, the seat of the Far Eastern Federal District , established in May 2000, was moved from Khabarovsk to Vladivostok. In November 2020, the city and region had experienced a rare weather phenomenon in

1449-641: The 20th-century was characterized by a protracted crisis caused by the political situation: the government's attention was shifted to Lüshunkou and the Port of Dalian (Talien). As well as the Boxer uprising in North China in 1900–1901, the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, and finally the first Russian revolution led to stagnation in the economic activity of Vladivostok. Since 1907, a new stage in

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1518-530: The General Staff Academy were involved in debates over Soviet military restructuring in the last years of the USSR. They became associated with the military reform efforts of Major Vladimir Lopatin and made specific suggestions for deep force reductions. As of 22 November 2017, Colonel General Vladimir Zarudnitsky has been the chief of the academy. The existence of a general staff academy for

1587-795: The Higher Military Academic Courses, which from 1931 became one-year-long courses as part of the academy's Faculty of Operations. These courses became the basis of the creation of a new General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces  [ ru ] , and in 1936 a new staff college was created, split from the M. V. Frunze Military Academy , as the Military Academy of the Red Army had been known since 1925. The academy trained large numbers of senior commanders and staff officers prior to, and during,

1656-901: The Imperial Nikolaev Military Academy in 1910, and back to the Nikolaev Military Academy in 1917. Following the Russian Revolutions , the Nikolaev Military Academy functioned in support of the White Army , being evacuated to territory held by Admiral Alexander Kolchak . With the defeat of the White cause in the Russian Civil War , the academy ceased to exist in 1921, with its final graduation held in Vladivostok at

1725-671: The Korean population in the city stood at around 10,000. Sinhanch'on became a hub of the Korean independence movement and hosted the first Korean provisional government, the Korean Independence Army Government . On the orders of Joseph Stalin , both Millionka and Sinhanch'on were liquidated, and their residents deported between 1936 and 1938. Today, the city is much more homogeneous, with more than 90 percent declaring Russian ethnicity. However, there still exists

1794-511: The Pacific Ocean was transferred to the city, stimulating its growth. In 1914 the city experienced rapid growth economically and ethnically diverse with population exceeding over 100,000 inhabitants with slightly less than half of the population being Russians. During this time, large Asian communities developed in the city. The public life of the city flourished; many public associations were created, from charities to hobby groups. After

1863-555: The Russian Federal Statistics Bureau. The city's age distribution includes a large segment of older adults. Overall, the population includes 12.7% who are younger than able-bodied; 66.3% who are able-bodied; and 21% who are older than able-bodied. Vladivostok's population, like that of Russia as a whole, includes a significantly greater number of women than men. The demographic makeup of the city went through significant changes since its foundation, and

1932-441: The Russian government has made attempts to improve the country's own car industry . This has included raising tariffs for imported cars, which has put the car import business in Vladivostok in difficulties. To compensate, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin ordered the car manufacturing company Sollers to move one of its factories from Moscow to Vladivostok. The move was completed in 2009, and the factory now employs about 700 locals. It

2001-705: The Russian military dates back to the Imperial period , with the founding of the Imperial Military Academy in Saint Petersburg in 1832, and its official opening on 8 December [ O.S. 26 November] 1832. In 1855 the academy was renamed the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff, commemorating Emperor Nicholas I , who had died that year. Further renamings followed, to the Nikolaev Military Academy in 1909,

2070-595: The Second World War. From 1941 it became the K. E. Voroshilov Military Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army, and in April 1942 it was named the K. Е. Voroshilov Higher Military Academy, and in 1958 the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. It became the K. E. Voroshilov Military Academy of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces in 1969. With the dissolution of

2139-510: The Soviet Union in 1991, the academy became part of the Russian Armed Forces , and since 1992 has been the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia. Vladivostok Vladivostok ( / ˌ v l æ d ɪ ˈ v ɒ s t ɒ k / VLAD -iv- OST -ok ; Russian : Владивосток , IPA: [vlədʲɪvɐˈstok] ) is the largest city and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai and

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2208-655: The Soviets", and the power of Vladivostok, as well as all of the Trans-Siberian Railway passed to the Bolsheviks. During the Russian Civil War , from May 1918, they lost control of the city to the White Army -allied Czechoslovak Legion , who declared the city to be an Allied protectorate. Vladivostok became the staging point for the Allies' Siberian intervention , a multi-national force including Japan,

2277-643: The United States and China; China sent forces to protect the local Chinese community after appeals from Chinese merchants. The intervention ended in the wake of the collapse of the White Army and regime in 1919; all Allied forces except the Japanese withdrew by the end of 1920. Throughout 1919 the region was engulfed in a partisan war. To avoid a war with Japan, with the filing of the Soviet leadership,

2346-597: The Vladivostok City Duma took place on October 19, 1922, and on October 27 it was officially abolished. In Soviet times, its functions were performed by the City Council. In 1993, by a presidential decree, the Soviets were dissolved and, until 2001, all attempts to elect a new Duma were unsuccessful. The Duma of the city of Vladivostok of the fifth (current) convocation began work in the fall of 2017, consisting of 35 deputies. The head of Vladivostok, on

2415-559: The accelerated development of the city, which was formalized by the decree of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union on January 18, 1960. During the 1960s, a new tram line was built, a trolleybus was launched, the city became a huge construction site: residential neighborhoods were being erected on the outskirts, and new buildings for public and civil purposes were erected in the center. In 1974, Gerald Ford paid an official visit to Vladivostok, to meet with Leonid Brezhnev , becoming

2484-617: The capital of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia. It is located around the Golden Horn Bay on the Sea of Japan , covering an area of 331.16 square kilometers (127.86 square miles), with a population of 603,519 residents as of 2021. Vladivostok is the second-largest city in the Far Eastern Federal District , as well as the Russian Far East , after Khabarovsk . It is located approximately 45 kilometers (28 mi) from

2553-422: The city is transliterated as Urajiosutoku ( ウラジオストク ) . Historically, the city's name was transliterated with Kanji as 浦鹽斯德 and shortened to Urajio ( ウラジオ , 浦鹽 ). The city was the site of a Chinese settlement around 600 AD, where it was known as Yongmingcheng (永明城 [ Yǒngmíngchéng ], "city of eternal light") during the Yuan dynasty . For a long time, the Russian government looked for

2622-500: The city of Vladikavkaz ("Ruler of the Caucasus" or "Rule the Caucasus"), now in North Ossetia–Alania , which was founded and named by the Russian Empire in 1784. Chinese maps from the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) referred to Vladivostok as Yongmingcheng ( 永明城 ; Yǒngmíngchéng ). Since the Qing dynasty , the city has also been known as Haishenwai / Haishenwei / Hai-shen-wei ( 海參崴 ; Hǎishēnwǎi, Hǎishēnwēi ; 'sea cucumber bay ') from Mandarin Chinese, ultimately from

2691-441: The city. Life was paralyzed; there was no money in the banks, and the equipment of enterprise was plundered. Due to mass migration and repression, the city's population decreased to 106,000 inhabitants. Between 1923 and 1925, the government adopted a "three-year restoration" plan, during which operations at the commercial port were resumed, and it became the most profitable in the country (from 1924 to 1925). The "restoration" period

2760-401: The coast of Vladivostok. With the summit on Russky Island, the government and private businesses inaugurated resorts , dinner and entertainment facilities, in addition to the renovation and upgrading of Vladivostok International Airport . Two giant cable-stayed bridges were built in preparation for the summit, the Zolotoy Rog bridge over the Zolotoy Rog Bay in the center of the city, and

2829-421: The completion of the construction of the Ussuriyskaya branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Chinese-Eastern Railway . According to the first census of the population of Russia on February 9, 1897, roughly 29,000 inhabitants lived in Vladivostok, and 10 years later the city's population had tripled. Korean haenyeo divers from Jeju Island and vicinities were active in Vladivostok. The first decade of

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2898-467: The decree of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union "Issues of the Fifth Navy" dated August 11, 1951, a special regime was introduced in Vladivostok (it began to operate on January 1, 1952); the city was closed to foreigners. It was planned to remove from Vladivostok not only foreign consulates, but also the merchant and fish fleet and transfer all regional authorities to Voroshilov (now Ussuriysk ). However, these plans were not implemented. During

2967-442: The development of the city began: the losses of Lüshunkou and Dalian (Talien) again made Vladivostok the main port of Russia on the Pacific Ocean . A free port regime was introduced, and until 1914 the city experienced rapid growth, becoming an important economic hub in the Asia-Pacific , as well as an ethnically diverse city with a population exceeding over 100,000 inhabitants: during the time ethnic Russians made up less than half of

3036-427: The end of 2018 amounted to 21.2 million tons. In 2015, the total volume of external trade seaport amounted to more than 11.8 billion dollars. Foreign economic activity was carried out with 104 countries. Vladivostok is located in the extreme southeast of the Russian Far East, and is the closest city to the countries of the Asia-Pacific with an exotic European culture, which makes it attractive to tourists. The city

3105-399: The end of that year. In the meantime a new academy had been established by the Red Army , in light of its early experiences during the first stages of the Civil War, which had demonstrated the inadvisability of entrusting battlefield commands to former workers and soldiers who had little experience of tactics or of leading men. On 7 October 1918 the Revolutionary Military Council ordered

3174-399: The face of freezing rain caused by collision of warm and cold air masses. The result was wires and trees encrusted in ice up to 1.2 cm thick. More than 1,500 homes were left without electricity, 900 without heating, 870 without heat water, 500 without cold water. 60 % to 70 % of Vladivostok's forests were damaged. The structure of the city administration has the City Council at

3243-404: The first President of the United States to visit the city. On September 20, 1991, Boris Yeltsin signed decree No. 123 "On the opening of Vladivostok for visiting by foreign citizens", which entered into force on January 1, 1992, ending Vladivostok's status as a closed city. In 2012, Vladivostok hosted the 24th APEC summit . Leaders from the APEC member countries met at Russky Island , off

3312-414: The first civilian settler, a merchant, Yakov Lazarevich Semyonov, arrived in Vladivostok with his family. On March 15, 1862, the first act of his purchase of land was registered, and in 1870 Semyonov was elected the first head of the post, and a local self-government emerged. By this time, a special commission decided to designate Vladivostok as the main port of the Russian Empire in the Far East. In 1871,

3381-465: The foundation of the General Staff Academy of the Red Army , based in Moscow. The first intake of students, who joined on 25 November that year, numbered 183, with the official opening of the academy taking place on 8 December 1918. In August 1921 this became the Military Academy of the Red Army, with the focus on training personnel in tactical warfare. Additional nine-month courses were established to provide operational-strategic command training, termed

3450-446: The fourteenth place in the National Tourism Rating. In addition to being a cultural hub, the city also is a tourism hub in the Peter the Great Gulf . The city's resort area is located on the coast of Amur Bay , which includes over 11 sanatoriums. Vladivostok also has a bustling gambling zone, which has over 11 casinos planned to open by 2023. Tigre de Cristal, the city's first casino, was visited by over 80,000 tourists, in less than

3519-480: The largest ethnic groups (over 1,000 people) are: ethnic Russians (475,200); Ukrainians (10,474); Uzbeks (7,109); Koreans (4,192); Chinese (2,446); Tatars (2,446); Belarusians (1,642); Armenians (1,635); and Azerbaijanis (1,252). The city's main industries are shipping , commercial fishing , and the naval base . Fishing accounts for almost four-fifths of Vladivostok's commercial production. Other food production totals 11%. A very important employer and

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3588-405: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Staff_Academy&oldid=1211115125 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages General Staff Academy (Russia) The academy

3657-414: The main naval base of the Siberian Military Flotilla, the headquarters of the military governor and other naval departments were transferred from Nikolaevsk-on-Amur to Vladivostok. In the 1870s, the government encouraged resettlement to the South Ussuri region, which contributed to an increase in the population of the post: according to the first census of 1878, there were 4,163 inhabitants. The city status

3726-415: The middle of 1859, was used in newspaper articles and denoted a bay. On June 20 (or July 2 of the Gregorian calendar ), 1860 the transport of the Siberian Military Flotilla "Mandzhur" under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Alexei Karlovich Shefner delivered a military unit to the Golden Horn Bay to establish a military post, which has now officially received the name of Vladivostok. On October 31, 1861,

3795-410: The outbreak of the Russian Revolution in 1917, Vladivostok was occupied in 1918 by White Russian and Allied forces , the last of whom, from the Japanese Empire , were not withdrawn until 1922 as part of its wider intervention in Siberia ; by that time the antirevolutionary White Army forces had collapsed. That same year, the Red Army occupied the city, absorbing the Far Eastern Republic into

3864-513: The periods of the Russian Civil War and the demographic crisis after dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s. In the 1970s, the population exceeded over 500,000, and in 1992 reached a historical high of over 648,000. The average population density is about 1,832 people/km . The population has risen by 30,000. Since 2013, natural growth dynamics added 727 individuals to this figure by 2015's end. By 2020, Vladivostok's population reached over 600,000, as reported by

3933-470: The population, and large Asian communities developed in the city. The public life of the city flourished; many public associations were created, from charities to hobby groups. During World War I , no active hostilities took place in the city. However, Vladivostok was an important staging post for the import of military-technical equipment for troops from allied and neutral countries, as well as raw materials and equipment for industry. Immediately after

4002-449: The principles of one-man management, manages the city's administration, which he forms in accordance with federal laws, laws of the Primorsky Territory and the city charter. The city's administrative structure is approved by the City Duma on the proposal of the head, and may include sectoral (functional) and territorial bodies of the administration of Vladivostok. Igor Pushkaryov was the city's mayor from May 2008 to June 2016; previously he

4071-417: The region. In the 1930s and 1940s, Vladivostok served as a transit point on the route used to deliver prisoners and cargo for the Sevvostlag of the Soviet super-trust Dalstroy . The notorious Vladivostok transit camp was located in the city. In addition, in the late 1930s and early 1940s, the Vladivostok forced labour camp (Vladlag) was located in the area of the Vtoraya Rechka railway station. Vladivostok

4140-415: The short form Vladik ( Russian : Владик ) to refer to the city. The city, along with other features in the Peter the Great Gulf area, was first given its modern name in 1859 by Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky . The name initially applied to the bay, but following an expedition by Alexey Karlovich Shefner in 1860, it was later applied to the new settlement. The form of the name appears analogous to that of

4209-414: The top. The responsibilities of the administration of Vladivostok are: Legislative authority is vested in the City Council. The new City Council began operations in 2001 and in June that year, deputies of the Duma of the first convocation of Vladivostok began their work. On December 17, 2007, the Duma of the third convocation began. The deputies consist of 35 elected members, including 18 members chosen by

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4278-438: The troops of the Red Army of the Far Eastern Republic under the command of Ieronim Uborevich occupied Vladivostok, displacing the White Army formations from it. In November, the Far Eastern Republic liquidated and became a part of Soviet Russia. By the time of the establishment of Soviet power, Vladivostok was clearly in decline. The retreating forces of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) removed items of material value from

4347-400: The years of the Khrushchev Thaw , Vladivostok received special attention from state authorities. In 1954, Nikita Khrushchev visited the city for the first time to finally decide whether to secure the status of a closed naval base for him. It was noted that at that time the urban infrastructure was in a deplorable state. In 1959, Khrushchev visited the city again. The result was a decision on

4416-459: Was a Federation Council member of Primorsky Krai. On June 27, 2016, Konstantin Loboda, the first deputy mayor, was appointed as the Vladivostok's new acting mayor. On December 21, 2017, Vitaly Vasilyevich Verkeenko was appointed the head of the city. According to the Russian Census of 2021 , Vladivostok had a population of 603,519, with 634,835 residents in the greater urban area. Since the city's founding its population has actively grown, save for

4485-405: Was adopted and the city Duma was established, the post of the city head, the coat of arms was adopted, although Vladivostok was not officially recognized as a city. Due to the constant threat of attack from the Royal Navy , Vladivostok also actively developed as a naval base. In 1880, the post officially received the status of a city. The 1890s saw a demographic and economic boom associated with

4554-424: Was distinguished by a number of peculiarities: the Russian Far East did not adopt ' war communism ', but was, immediately, inducted to the New Economic Policy . In 1925, the government decided to accelerate the industrialization of the country. A number of subsequent "five-year plans" changed the face of Primorye, making it an industrial region, partly as a result of the creation of numerous concentration camps in

4623-423: Was heavily dependent on the services provided by the Chinese merchants and businessmen in the neighbourhood. Specifically, the retail services of the city were controlled by the Chinese, as they had more retail shops than Russians did. There also existed an ethnic enclave of Koreans called Sinhanch'on . Koreans moved to the area in significant quantities following the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910. By 1915,

4692-494: Was marked by several waves of immigration from both Europe and Asia. From the late 1890s to the early 1920s, half of the city's population was Asian, with the Chinese being the largest Asian group, followed by Koreans and Japanese . The old Chinese quarter of the city was called Millionka and in its peak accommodated up to 50,000 Chinese residents. The neighbourhood had its own small shops, theatres, opium dens, brothels, and hideouts for smugglers and thieves. The city's economy

4761-436: Was not a place of hostilities during the Great Patriotic War , although there was a constant threat of attack from Japan. In the city, a "Defense Fund" was created (the first in the country), to which the residents of Vladivostok contributed personal wealth. During the war years Vladivostok handled imported cargo ( lend-lease ) of a volume almost four times more than Murmansk and almost five times more than Arkhangelsk . By

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