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48-600: DESY , short for Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (English: German Electron Synchrotron ), is a national research centre for fundamental science located in Hamburg and Zeuthen near Berlin in Germany . It operates particle accelerators used to investigate the structure, dynamics and function of matter , and conducts a broad spectrum of interdisciplinary scientific research in four main areas: particle and high energy physics ; photon science; astroparticle physics ; and

96-461: A circumference of 289 m. Until 1992, it collided electrons with positrons for particle physics experiments (including the ARGUS experiment). From 1980 on, the synchrotron radiation generated by DORIS was used for photon science experiments; from 1993 to 2012, the storage ring served exclusively as a synchrotron radiation source . The particle physics experiment OLYMPUS then ran in 2012 before DORIS

144-404: A possible alternative to conventional accelerator technologies, with the aim of enabling compact accelerators for photon science, particle physics as well as medical and industrial applications. DESY is headed by a Directorate consisting of the directors of the four divisions (Accelerators, Photon Science, Particle Physics and Astroparticle Physics) and the administration as well as the delegate of

192-462: A synchrotron radiation source with two test experimental stations. Since 2009, the facility has been delivering hard X-ray beams of very high brilliance to over 40 experimental stations under the name PETRA III . The HERA storage ring (short for Hadron–Electron Ring Accelerator) operated from 1992 to 2007. It has a circumference of 6,336 m. It was DESY's largest ring accelerator and Germany's largest research instrument to date. Until 2007, HERA

240-403: Is 300 m. It was used until 1978 for particle physics experiments and first measurements with synchrotron radiation. Since then, rebuilt and upgraded several times, it has served as a pre-accelerator and as a test beam facility delivering high-energy particle beams for testing detector systems. The DORIS storage ring (short for Double Ring Storage Facility) operated from 1974 to 2013. It had

288-760: Is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena. In contrast, applied research uses scientific theories to develop technology or techniques, which can be used to intervene and alter natural or other phenomena. Though often driven simply by curiosity , basic research often fuels the technological innovations of applied science . The two aims are often practiced simultaneously in coordinated research and development . In addition to innovations, basic research serves to provide insights and public support of nature, possibly improving conservation efforts. Technological innovations may influence engineering concepts, such as

336-533: Is also used for research into laser-driven plasma acceleration, the FLASHForward experiment at FLASH for electron-beam-driven plasma acceleration. The relativistic electron beam source REGAE generates ultrashort electron pulses for time-resolved diffraction experiments. The tunnel of the former HERA storage ring now houses the ALPS ;II experiment, which uses converted superconducting dipole magnets of

384-696: Is involved in the gamma telescopes MAGIC , H.E.S.S. and VERITAS as well as the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope , and it contributes to the planned Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). It is the second largest partner in the IceCube observatory at the South Pole. DESY was founded on 18 December 1959 in Hamburg. According to its statutes, DESY's mission is "the promotion of basic scientific research [...] in particular through

432-657: Is located in the quarter Bahrenfeld , in the west of the city in the district of Altona . Its main accelerators are located here. Following German reunification , DESY expanded to a second site in Zeuthen near Berlin. In 1939, the German Postal Ministry founded a nuclear physics laboratory there. After World War II, the laboratory was first named "Institute X", to become the Institute for High Energy Physics ( German : Institut für Hochenergiephysik IfH ),

480-442: Is operated by the non-profit company European XFEL GmbH . The core of the facility is a 1.7 km superconducting linear accelerator. With an electron energy of 17.5 GeV, it is the most powerful superconducting linear accelerator in the world to date. DESY operates the accelerator on behalf of European XFEL GmbH. Since 2010, DESY has been developing plasma-based accelerator technology (both laser- and electron-beam-driven) as

528-521: Is the most common. Basic research generates new ideas, principles, and theories, which may not be immediately utilized but nonetheless form the basis of progress and development in different fields. Today's computers, for example, could not exist without research in pure mathematics conducted over a century ago, for which there was no known practical application at the time. Basic research rarely helps practitioners directly with their everyday concerns; nevertheless, it stimulates new ways of thinking that have

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576-464: Is used by other experiments such as Belle II or IceCube . Research at DESY is organised into four divisions: Accelerators, Photon Science, Particle Physics and Astroparticle Physics. The Accelerator division develops fundamental technologies for the accelerator facilities that DESY and its partners use in their scientific mission. In addition to the operation and further development of existing facilities (PETRA IV and FLASH2020+ projects, expansion of

624-492: The ARGUS experiment at DORIS was the first to observe a large mixing of B mesons and thus a process in which matter and antimatter behave differently. The most important discovery of the experiments TASSO , JADE , MARK-J and PLUTO at PETRA was the detection of the gluon , the messenger particle of the strong force , in 1979. From 1990, PETRA served as a pre-accelerator for the even larger storage ring HERA with its four experiments H1 , ZEUS , HERMES and HERA-B . HERA

672-687: The Belle II experiment at the electron–positron collider SuperKEKB at the research centre KEK in Tsukuba , Japan, as well as in developments for possible future electron–positron linear colliders. It is also active in theoretical particle physics. The Astroparticle Physics division investigates high-energy processes in the universe. Detectors and telescopes are used to analyse neutrinos and gamma rays from space, which can provide information about cosmic phenomena: black holes , exploding stars and radiation bursts of extreme intensity. To this end, DESY

720-893: The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser in Germany, the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland, the Belle II experiment in Japan, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole and the worldwide Cherenkov Telescope Array . DESY operates in two locations. The primary location is in the Bahrenfeld quarter of Hamburg . In 1992, DESY expanded to a second site in Zeuthen near Berlin . The DESY Hamburg site

768-546: The FLASH facility produces ultrashort light pulses in the soft X-ray range for seven experimental stations. Since 2020, it has been expanded to further optimise the properties of the radiation (FLASH2020+ project). From 2009 to 2016, an international consortium led by DESY developed the European X-ray free-electron laser European XFEL . The international research facility, which involves 12 European shareholder countries,

816-453: The TESLA project and has served as a user facility for experiments with the generated FEL radiation since 2005. FLASH provides ultrashort light pulses in the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray range for seven experimental stations and is also used as a test facility for the development of accelerator and FEL technologies. DESY operates the 1.7 km superconducting linear accelerator of

864-555: The DESY light sources PETRA III and FLASH . Every year, more than 3,000 researchers – most of them from universities, but also from non-university research institutions and industry – from over 40 countries conduct experiments at the light sources and in the laboratories at DESY. The research spectrum ranges from basic research to applied research and industrial collaborations in physics , chemistry , biology , medicine , life sciences , earth sciences , materials research as well as

912-654: The Directorate for innovation. Chairpersons of the Directorate so far have been: The DESY campus in Hamburg is the location of several national and international centres in which DESY participates. These are: DESY aims to promote start-ups and bring know-how from fundamental research into application. It offers commercial companies support for industrial issues, e.g. through special industry access to photon sources and laboratories, develops ideas, applications and products based on fundamental research, and supports its employees in founding start-ups based on DESY technologies in

960-619: The European XFEL X-ray free-electron laser, an international research facility that delivers ultrashort light pulses in the high-energy X-ray range. Since 2001, the DESY site in Zeuthen has been home to the photoinjector test facility PITZ, a linear accelerator used to study, optimise and prepare the electron sources for FLASH and (since 2015) for the European XFEL. The building of the former DORIS storage ring now houses

1008-546: The European XFEL), essential activities include research into new accelerator concepts, in particular plasma wakefield acceleration , and the improvement of superconducting radio frequency accelerator technology. In the Photon Science division, photons are being used to study the structure, dynamics and function of matter. To this end, the division develops, builds and operates beamlines and experiments at

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1056-587: The German federal budget plan, excluding expenditure for investments and special financing expenses). In addition, it had a third-party funding income of about 18 million euros. 90% of the annual budget is provided by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( German : Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung ) and 10% respectively by the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg and

1104-561: The German federal state of Brandenburg . DESY's accelerators were not all built at once, but were rather added one by one to meet the growing demand of the scientists for higher and higher energies to gain more insight into particle structures. In the course of the construction of new accelerators, the older ones were converted to pre-accelerators or to sources for synchrotron radiation for laboratories with new research tasks. The DESY synchrotron (short for "Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron") has been in operation since 1964. Its circumference

1152-598: The HERA proton ring to study extremely light particles. DESY provides extensive storage and computing capacity for research in all its divisions. As part of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG), DESY also operates a Tier-2 computer centre that offers computing and storage systems for the ATLAS , CMS and LHCb experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In addition, the DESY grid infrastructure

1200-619: The Hamburg and Brandenburg regions. DESY offers start-ups access to offices, laboratories and workshops in the DESY Innovation Village and the Start-up Labs Bahrenfeld, established together with the University of Hamburg and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg . Fundamental science Basic research , also called pure research , fundamental research , basic science , or pure science ,

1248-440: The Hamburg site, with about 270 at the Zeuthen site. These numbers include more than 130 trainees in various industrial-technical professions and about 500 PhD students and postdocs supervised by DESY. In addition, there are numerous master students from various universities. The research centre is a foundation under civil law financed by public funds. In 2020, DESY had an annual budget of about 232 million euros (according to

1296-527: The National Science Foundation. A worker in basic scientific research is motivated by a driving curiosity about the unknown. When his explorations yield new knowledge, he experiences the satisfaction of those who first attain the summit of a mountain or the upper reaches of a river flowing through unmapped territory. Discovery of truth and understanding of nature are his objectives. His professional standing among his fellows depends upon

1344-534: The PETRA IV 3D X-ray microscope. With the shutdown of DORIS in early 2013, the name HASYLAB was abandoned, and the use of DESY's light sources has since been carried out in its Photon Science division. In the early 1990s, DESY began to develop a new technology: radio frequency accelerator technology based on superconducting cavities made of niobium , which are cooled to approximately 2 K (−271 °C) with liquid helium . The first accelerator on this basis

1392-589: The SINBAD ("Short Innovative Bunches and Accelerators at DESY") accelerator complex with various infrastructures for accelerator R&D: the linear accelerator ARES for accelerator research with ultrashort electron pulses for medical purposes, the AXSIS facility for terahertz -driven acceleration to generate ultrashort X-ray pulses for materials science or medical imaging, and the high-power laser KALDERA for research into laser-driven plasma acceleration . The LUX facility

1440-422: The beak of a kingfisher influencing the design of a high-speed bullet train. Basic research advances fundamental knowledge about the world. It focuses on creating and refuting or supporting theories that explain observed phenomena. Pure research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of thinking about the world. It can be exploratory , descriptive , or explanatory; however, explanatory research

1488-580: The development, construction and operation of accelerators and their scientific use, in photon science and in the fields of particle and astroparticle physics, as well as through research and development work related thereto". From 1959 to 2007, the DESY accelerators were primarily used for particle physics , initially with the eponymous DESY electron synchrotron (1964–present), followed by DORIS (Double Ring Storage Facility, 1974–1992), PETRA (Positron–Electron Tandem Ring Facility, 1978–present) and HERA (Hadron–Electron Ring Accelerator, 1992–2007). In 1987,

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1536-763: The development, construction and operation of particle accelerators. Its name refers to its first project, an electron synchrotron . DESY is publicly financed by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Federal States of Hamburg and Brandenburg and is a member of the Helmholtz Association . DESY's function is to conduct fundamental research for solely civil and peaceful purposes. It specialises in particle accelerator development, construction and operation, particle physics , astroparticle physics and photon science research to explore

1584-478: The fundamental relationships between the structure, dynamics and function of matter. In cooperation with its partner organisations, its photon science research spans surface physics, material science , chemistry , molecular biology , geophysics and medicine through the use of synchrotron radiation and free-electron lasers . In addition to operating its own large accelerator facilities, DESY participates in many major international research projects, for example

1632-677: The high-energy physics laboratory of the German Democratic Republic belonging to the Academy of Sciences of the GDR . The institute was merged with DESY on 1 January 1992. It focuses on parallel computing for theoretical particle physics, the development and construction of electron sources for X-ray lasers as well as astroparticle physics with a focus on gamma-ray and neutrino astronomy. DESY employs about 3,000 staff members from more than 60 nations. Most staff work at

1680-468: The originality and soundness of his work. Creativeness in science is of a cloth with that of the poet or painter. It conducted a study in which it traced the relationship between basic scientific research efforts and the development of major innovations, such as oral contraceptives and videotape recorders. This study found that basic research played a key role in the development in all of the innovations. The number of basic science research that assisted in

1728-507: The peaceful use of nuclear energy. The ministry was renamed in 1962 to Federal Ministry of Scientific Research , with a broader scope; it was renamed again, to Federal Ministry of Education and Science , in 1969. A separate ministry, the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology , was established in 1972. The two Ministries merged in 1994 to form the Federal Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technology ; this title

1776-648: The potential to revolutionize and dramatically improve how practitioners deal with a problem in the future. In the United States, basic research is funded mainly by the federal government and done mainly at universities and institutes. As government funding has diminished in the 2010s, however, private funding is increasingly important. Applied science focuses on the development of technology and techniques. In contrast, basic science develops scientific knowledge and predictions, principally in natural sciences but also in other empirical sciences, which are used as

1824-766: The production of a given innovation peaked between 20 and 30 years before the innovation itself. While most innovation takes the form of applied science and most innovation occurs in the private sector, basic research is a necessary precursor to almost all applied science and associated instances of innovation. Roughly 76% of basic research is conducted by universities. A distinction can be made between basic science and disciplines such as medicine and technology. They can be grouped as STM (science, technology, and medicine; not to be confused with STEM [science, technology, engineering, and mathematics]) or STS (science, technology, and society). These groups are interrelated and influence each other, although they may differ in

1872-695: The research centre CERN and for numerous developments in theoretical particle physics. In parallel, as early as the 1960s, research groups from DESY, various universities and the Max Planck Society developed the technology for using the synchrotron radiation produced by the accelerators. To meet the rapidly growing national and European demand, DESY founded its own large laboratory: the Hamburg Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory HASYLAB, which opened in 1980. It provided measuring stations at DORIS, and it

1920-457: The scientific foundation for applied science. Basic science develops and establishes information to predict phenomena and perhaps to understand nature, whereas applied science uses portions of basic science to develop interventions via technology or technique to alter events or outcomes. Applied and basic sciences can interface closely in research and development . The interface between basic research and applied research has been studied by

1968-537: The specifics such as methods and standards. The Nobel Prize mixes basic with applied sciences for its award in Physiology or Medicine . In contrast, the Royal Society of London awards distinguish natural science from applied science. Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) The Federal Ministry for Atomic Issues was established in 1955, concentrating on research in

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2016-462: The study of cultural heritage . The Particle Physics division is involved in the large-scale experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near Geneva. As part of the international collaborations that run the ATLAS and CMS experiments, DESY contributes to many developments at the LHC, from hardware design and data analysis to preparations for the planned upgrades. DESY also participates in

2064-555: Was a test facility for superconducting linear accelerators at DESY to test the principle of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) of X-ray laser light. The SASE theory was developed and refined at DESY and at institutes in Russia, Italy and the USA from 1980 onwards. In 2000 to 2001, the test facility at DESY was the first free-electron laser in the world to produce light flashes in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray range. Today,

2112-644: Was here that the Israeli biochemist Ada Yonath (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009) conducted experiments from 1986 to 2004 that led to her deciphering the ribosome . From 1995, both synchrotron radiation and particle physics experiments were conducted at PETRA. In 2009, the PETRA facility was upgraded for exclusive use as a synchrotron radiation source for hard X-rays (PETRA III). Today, PETRA III serves over 40 experimental stations, and there are plans to expand it into

2160-570: Was shortened to Federal Ministry for Education and Research in 1998. The BMBF currently has eight directorates-general (as at November 2020). These are in addition to the central directorate-general that is responsible for administrative tasks: Each directorate-general consists of one or two subdivisions and 10 to 15 units. The greater part of the subdivisions is located in Bonn, the smaller part in Berlin. The BMBF has around 1000 employees. The head of

2208-483: Was shut down at the beginning of 2013. The PETRA storage ring (short for Positron–Electron Tandem Ring Accelerator) has been in operation since 1978. It has a circumference of 2,304 m. Until 1986, electrons and positrons collided in PETRA for research in particle physics (experiments JADE , MARK-J, TASSO and PLUTO ). From 1990 on, PETRA served as a pre-accelerator for the HERA storage ring, and from 1995 on also as

2256-431: Was the only storage ring facility in the world in which protons collided with electrons or positrons . In these collisions, the point-like electron acted like a probe, scanning the inner structure of the proton and making it visible with high resolution. HERA's precise insights into the interior of the proton formed the basis for numerous other particle physics experiments, especially at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at

2304-523: Was the only storage ring facility in the world to enable collisions of electrons or positrons with protons for particle physics (experiments H1 , ZEUS , HERMES and HERA-B ) for studies of the inner structure of the proton. The free-electron laser (FEL) FLASH (short for Free-Electron Laser in Hamburg) has been in operation since 2000. It has a length of 315 m. It is based on a test facility for superconducting accelerator technology built in 1997 for

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