Misplaced Pages

#649350

55-550: According to the Git User's Survey, Gitorious was the second most popular hosting service for Git in 2011, with 11.7% of respondents indicating they used it, behind 87.5% using GitHub . On 3 March 2015, Gitorious was acquired by GitLab , who announced service through gitorious.org would be discontinued on 1 June 2015 and encouraged Gitorious users to make use of its import tools to migrate projects to GitLab . In addition to source code hosting, Gitorious provided projects with wikis,

110-509: A static web hosting service for blogs , project documentation, and books. All GitHub Pages content is stored in a Git repository as files served to visitors verbatim or in Markdown format. GitHub is integrated with Jekyll static website and blog generator and GitHub continuous integration pipelines. Each time the content source is updated, Jekyll regenerates the website and automatically serves it via GitHub Pages infrastructure. Like

165-409: A Campus Expert, applicants must complete an online training course with multiple modules to develop community leadership skills. GitHub also provides some software as a service (SaaS) integrations for adding extra features to projects. Those services include: GitHub Sponsors allows users to make monthly money donations to projects hosted on GitHub. The public beta was announced on May 23, 2019, and

220-406: A cloud provider and has been available as of November 2011 . In November 2020, source code for GitHub Enterprise Server was leaked online in an apparent protest against DMCA takedown of youtube-dl . According to GitHub, the source code came from GitHub accidentally sharing the code with Enterprise customers themselves, not from an attack on GitHub servers. In 2008, GitHub introduced GitHub Pages,

275-559: A community, platform and business. Under Microsoft, the service was led by Xamarin 's Nat Friedman , reporting to Scott Guthrie , executive vice president of Microsoft Cloud and AI. Nat Friedman resigned November 3, 2021; he was replaced by Thomas Dohmke. There have been concerns from developers Kyle Simpson, JavaScript trainer and author, and Rafael Laguna, CEO at Open-Xchange over Microsoft's purchase, citing uneasiness over Microsoft's handling of previous acquisitions, such as Nokia's mobile business and Skype . This acquisition

330-538: A company more united. The primary responsibility of a middle manager is to implement a strategy, created by the executive level, in the most efficient way possible. In order to reach the target goals, a manager may adjust and interpret the initial plan. Other functions can be divided into three main categories: Middle managers are responsible for facilitating any necessary changes within an organization and creating an effective working environment. They oversee daily routines, monitor performance, and ensure that everything

385-555: A later time. In addition, GitHub supports the following formats and features: GitHub's Terms of Service do not require public software projects hosted on GitHub to meet the Open Source Definition . The terms of service state, "By setting your repositories to be viewed publicly, you agree to allow others to view and fork your repositories." GitHub Enterprise is a self-managed version of GitHub with similar functionality. It can be run on an organization's hardware or

440-577: A registered user account, users can have discussions, manage repositories, submit contributions to others' repositories, and review changes to code . GitHub began offering limited private repositories at no cost in January 2019 (limited to three contributors per project). Previously, only public repositories were free. On April 14, 2020, GitHub made "all of the core GitHub features" free for everyone, including "private repositories with unlimited collaborators." The fundamental software that underpins GitHub

495-416: A search engine are available for issue tracking. For version control, Git (and, by extension, GitHub) allows pull requests to propose changes to the source code. Users who can review the proposed changes can see a diff between the requested changes and approve them. In Git terminology, this action is called "committing" and one instance of it is a "commit." A history of all commits is kept and can be viewed at

550-510: A significant user of GitHub, using it to host open-source projects and development tools such as .NET Core , Chakra Core , MSBuild , PowerShell , PowerToys , Visual Studio Code , Windows Calculator , Windows Terminal and the bulk of its product documentation (now to be found on Microsoft Docs ). On June 4, 2018, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire GitHub for US$ 7.5 billion (~$ 8.96 billion in 2023). The deal closed on October 26, 2018. GitHub continued to operate independently as

605-401: A statement denying Horvath's allegations. However, following an internal investigation, GitHub confirmed the claims. GitHub's CEO Chris Wanstrath wrote on the company blog, "The investigation found Tom Preston-Werner in his capacity as GitHub's CEO acted inappropriately, including confrontational conduct, disregard of workplace complaints, insensitivity to the impact of his spouse's presence in

SECTION 10

#1732793888650

660-496: A subsidiary of Microsoft since 2018. It is commonly used to host open source software development projects. As of January 2023 , GitHub reported having over 100 million developers and more than 420 million repositories , including at least 28 million public repositories. It is the world's largest source code host as of June 2023 . Over five billion developer contributions were made to more than 500 million open source projects in 2024. The development of

715-403: A total of 135,000 repositories. In 2010, GitHub was hosting 1 million repositories. A year later, this number doubled. ReadWriteWeb reported that GitHub had surpassed SourceForge and Google Code in total number of commits for the period of January to May 2011. On January 16, 2013, GitHub passed the 3 million users mark and was then hosting more than 5 million repositories. By the end of

770-428: A web interface for merge requests and code reviews , and activity timelines for projects and developers. According to the terms of service, if bandwidth usage for an account, project or repository exceeded 500 MB/month, or significantly exceeds the average bandwidth usage of other Gitorious.org users or customers, Gitorious.org reserved the right to immediately disable or throttle the account, project or repository until

825-491: A website that enables designers to market royalty-free digital images . The illustration GitHub chose was a character that Oxley had named Octopuss. Since GitHub wanted Octopuss for their logo (a use that the iStock license disallows), they negotiated with Oxley to buy exclusive rights to the image. GitHub renamed Octopuss to Octocat, and trademarked the character along with the new name. Later, GitHub hired illustrator Cameron McEfee to adapt Octocat for different purposes on

880-469: Is Git itself, written by Linus Torvalds , creator of Linux. The additional software that provides the GitHub user interface was written using Ruby on Rails and Erlang by GitHub, Inc. developers Wanstrath, Hyett, and Preston-Werner. The primary purpose of GitHub is to facilitate the version control and issue tracking aspects of software development. Labels, milestones, responsibility assignment, and

935-437: Is done in compliance with the organization's needs. One of the most important functions of a middle manager is motivating, leading and inspiring their subordinates. This also includes building a team and supporting any team member when necessary. Strategic functions involve analyzing a subordinate group in terms of productivity and financial effectiveness, creating a strategy of improving the current situation and reporting to

990-510: Is indicated on the gist page. GitHub launched a new program called the GitHub Student Developer Pack to give students free access to more than a dozen popular development tools and services. GitHub partnered with Bitnami , Crowdflower , DigitalOcean , DNSimple, HackHands , Namecheap , Orchestrate, Screenhero, SendGrid , Stripe , Travis CI , and Unreal Engine to launch the program. In 2016, GitHub announced

1045-433: Is indirectly (through line management) responsible for junior staff performance and productivity. Unlike line management , middle management is considered to be a senior (or semi-executive ) position as middle managers are authorised to speak and act on behalf of the organisation to line managers, junior staff and customers. Included in this level of management are division, plant and department managers. A 2023 study in

1100-445: Is questioned. They are said to be too costly, non-effective and constantly under-performing employees. It has been stated that middle managers do not carry out their main duties of linking the organization and reporting effectively, which leads to a block of communication between different levels of staff. Thus, as rapid growth of globalization put pressures on businesses in terms of cost effectiveness and speed of information flow within

1155-424: Is required by law. This includes keeping public repositories services, including those for open source projects, available and accessible to support personal communications involving developers in sanctioned regions. Developers who feel that they should not have restrictions can appeal for the removal of said restrictions, including those who only travel to, and do not reside in, those countries. GitHub has forbidden

SECTION 20

#1732793888650

1210-505: Is usually used for larger projects. Tom Preston-Werner débuted the feature at a Ruby conference in 2008. Gist builds on the traditional simple concept of a pastebin by adding version control for code snippets, easy forking, and TLS encryption for private pastes. Because each "gist" is its own Git repository, multiple code snippets can be contained in a single page, and they can be pushed and pulled using Git. Unregistered users could upload Gists until March 19, 2018, when uploading Gists

1265-466: The American Journal of Sociology found that middle management has increased over time and that the role of middle management increasingly revolves around the task of collaboration rather than supervision. A middle manager is a link between the senior management and the lower (junior) levels of the organization. Due to involvement into day-to-day running of a business, middle managers have

1320-570: The Svalbard Global Seed Vault . The archive contained the code of all active public repositories, as well as that of dormant but significant public repositories. The 21 TB of data was stored on piqlFilm archival film reels as matrix (2D) barcode ( Boxing barcode ), and is expected to last 500–1,000 years. The GitHub Archive Program is also working with partners on Project Silica, in an attempt to store all public repositories for 10,000 years. It aims to write archives into

1375-541: The GitHub platform began on October 19, 2007. The site was launched in April 2008 by Tom Preston-Werner , Chris Wanstrath , P. J. Hyett and Scott Chacon after it had been available for a few months as a beta release . Its name was chosen as a compound of Git and hub . GitHub, Inc. was originally a flat organization with no middle managers, instead relying on self-management . Employees could choose to work on projects that interested them ( open allocation ), but

1430-794: The Gitorious repositories for historical reference. As of mid-2016, as a result of efforts by GitLab, ex-Gitorious staff, and Archive Team , Gitorious.org existed as a read-only mirror of its former self, containing some 120,000 repositories comprising 5TB of data. GitHub GitHub ( / ˈ ɡ ɪ t h ʌ b / ) is a developer platform that allows developers to create, store, manage and share their code. It uses Git software, which provides distributed version control of access control , bug tracking , software feature requests, task management , continuous integration , and wikis for every project. Headquartered in California , it has been

1485-600: The account owner can reduce the bandwidth consumption. Gitorious AS released the Gitorious software under the AGPLv3 as free software . In August 2013, Gitorious AS was acquired by Powow AS, a Norwegian-Polish consulting company. Gitorious was then acquired by GitLab as of 3 March 2015. GitLab kept gitorious.org online through May 2015 and added an automatic migration function for project to move to GitLab.com which offers both paid and free hosting services and maintains an open source "community" edition for self-hosting. At

1540-446: The block was lifted three days later. On October 8, 2016, Turkey blocked GitHub to prevent email leakage of a hacked account belonging to the country's energy minister. Middle management Middle management is the intermediate management level of a hierarchical organization that is subordinate to the executive management and responsible for "team leading" line managers and/or "specialist" line managers. Middle management

1595-411: The boardroom makes it easy for the manager to promote their own interests, by "synthesizing" the information and presenting data from a certain strategic perspective. The same level of influence can be exploited by a middle manager towards the lower staff. Middle managers' reluctance to lose control in their teams and satisfaction with a settled situation could lead to their resistance in any changes in

1650-463: The chief executive set salaries. In 2014, the company added a layer of middle management in response to serious harassment allegations against its senior leadership. As a result of the scandal, Tom Preston-Werner resigned from his position as CEO. GitHub was a bootstrapped start-up business , which in its first years provided enough revenue to be funded solely by its three founders and start taking on employees. In July 2012, four years after

1705-444: The company was founded, Andreessen Horowitz invested $ 100 million in venture capital with a $ 750 million valuation. In July 2015 GitHub raised another $ 250 million (~$ 314 million in 2023) of venture capital in a series B round . The lead investor was Sequoia Capital , and other investors were Andreessen Horowitz , Thrive Capital , IVP (Institutional Venture Partners) and other venture capital funds. The company

Gitorious - Misplaced Pages Continue

1760-464: The executive management in the form of attending a boardroom meeting or a discussion. A number of competencies are critical to become an effective middle manager. A middle management position is often mistakenly described as a similar to the line management one. However, there are some differences: The role of middle management is subject to a number of criticisms. This position is often seen as unnecessary, and middle managers are blamed for holding

1815-420: The first year of being online, GitHub had accumulated over 46,000 public repositories, 17,000 of which were formed in the previous month. At that time, about 6,200 repositories had been forked at least once, and 4,600 had been merged. That same year, the site was used by over 100,000 users, according to GitHub, and had grown to host 90,000 unique public repositories, 12,000 having been forked at least once, for

1870-525: The first year: it pledges to cover payment processing costs and match sponsorship payments up to $ 5,000 per developer. Furthermore, users can still use similar services like Patreon and Open Collective and link to their websites. In July 2020, GitHub stored a February archive of the site in an abandoned mountain mine in Svalbard , Norway, part of the Arctic World Archive and not far from

1925-536: The launch of the GitHub Campus Experts program to train and encourage students to grow technology communities at their universities. The Campus Experts program is open to university students 18 years and older worldwide. GitHub Campus Experts are one of the primary ways that GitHub funds student-oriented events and communities, Campus Experts are given access to training, funding, and additional resources to run events and grow their communities. To become

1980-433: The media through a spokesperson, saying: GitHub is subject to US trade control laws, and is committed to full compliance with applicable law. At the same time, GitHub's vision is to be the global platform for developer collaboration, no matter where developers reside. As a result, we take seriously our responsibility to examine government mandates thoroughly to be certain that users and customers are not impacted beyond what

2035-421: The molecular structure of quartz glass platters, using a high-precision petahertz pulse laser, i.e. one that pulses a quadrillion (1,000,000,000,000,000) times per second. In March 2014, GitHub programmer Julie Ann Horvath alleged that founder and CEO Tom Preston-Werner and his wife, Theresa, engaged in a pattern of harassment against her that led to her leaving the company. In April 2014, GitHub released

2090-489: The opportunity to report valuable information and suggestions from the inside of an organization. They are in charge of putting into practice guidelines established previously in the strategic plans by top level managers. Moreover, the middle manager is a channel of communication within the organization, as they pass on major decisions of executives and the main goals of an organization to lower levels of employees. This contributes to better coordination between workers and makes

2145-482: The organization back from achieving its full potential and using their influence for their own purposes. Middle management is often accused of possessing too much influence. Their central position in an organization allows them to influence strategy and actions in "both upward and downward direction". When supplying information to the executive level, middle managers interpret it subjectively and may insinuate it with their own opinion and evaluation. Further, proximity to

2200-493: The organization, middle management make companies less flexible and competitive. The development of information technology has enabled an increase in the span of control and reduced the need for middle management. Moreover, an increasing number of modern organizations are becoming flatter and downsized in pursuit of flexibility, higher competitiveness, and innovation. According to David Williams, flat organizations promote greater intercommunication and efficiency among workers. As

2255-409: The project accepts waitlist registrations. The Verge said that GitHub Sponsors "works exactly like Patreon " because "developers can offer various funding tiers that come with different perks, and they'll receive recurring payments from supporters who want to access them and encourage their work" except with "zero fees to use the program." Furthermore, GitHub offers incentives for early adopters during

Gitorious - Misplaced Pages Continue

2310-422: The rest of GitHub, it includes free and paid service tiers. Websites generated through this service are hosted either as subdomains of the github.io domain or can be connected to custom domains bought through a third-party domain name registrar . GitHub Pages supports HTTPS encryption. GitHub also operates a pastebin -style site called Gist , which is for code snippets , as opposed to GitHub proper, which

2365-503: The sale bolstered interest in competitors: Bitbucket (owned by Atlassian ), GitLab and SourceForge (owned by BIZX, LLC) reported that they had seen spikes in new users intending to migrate projects from GitHub to their respective services. In September 2019, GitHub acquired Semmle , a code analysis tool. In February 2020, GitHub launched in India under the name GitHub India Private Limited. In March 2020, GitHub announced that it

2420-411: The site provides social networking -like functions such as feeds, followers, wikis (using wiki software called Gollum ), and a social network graph to display how developers work on their versions (" forks ") of a repository and what fork (and branch within that fork) is newest. Anyone can browse and download public repositories, but only registered users can contribute content to repositories. With

2475-447: The strategy or direction of an organization. Usually, the resistance does not take an aggressive form such as refusal to carry out tasks or unconcealed confrontation, but result in a lack of support and eagerness to convey only those tasks, impact of which is clearly visible to the top management. This creates barriers to a growth of a company and lags the overall working process. The overall necessity of middle managers in an organization

2530-572: The time of the GitLab acquisition, there were four Powow employees behind Gitorious. GitLab CEO Sytse Sijbrandij, responding to comments about the acquisition on Hacker News , wrote that "[Powow] wanted to shut the company down without a bankruptcy". So, GitLab, as a way to bolster their user base, bought Gitorious even though they were not hiring the employees or using the Gitorious software. In addition to providing optional migration to GitLab.com, GitLab opened discussions with Archive.org about preserving

2585-569: The use of VPNs and IP proxies to access the site from sanctioned countries, as purchase history and IP addresses are how they flag users, among other sources. On December 4, 2014, Russia blacklisted GitHub.com because GitHub initially refused to take down user-posted suicide manuals. After a day, Russia withdrew its block, and GitHub began blocking specific content and pages in Russia. On December 31, 2014, India blocked GitHub.com along with 31 other websites over pro- ISIS content posted by users;

2640-454: The website and promotional materials; McEfee and various GitHub users have since created hundreds of variations of the character, which are available on The Octodex . Projects on GitHub can be accessed and managed using the standard Git command-line interface; all standard Git commands work with it. GitHub also allows users to browse public repositories on the site. Multiple desktop clients and Git plugins are also available. In addition,

2695-567: The workplace, and failure to enforce an agreement that his spouse should not work in the office." Preston-Werner subsequently resigned from the company. The firm then announced it would implement new initiatives and trainings "to make sure employee concerns and conflicts are taken seriously and dealt with appropriately." On July 25, 2019, a developer based in Iran wrote on Medium that GitHub had blocked his private repositories and prohibited access to GitHub pages. Soon after, GitHub confirmed that it

2750-557: The year, the number of repositories was twice as great, reaching 10 million repositories. In 2015, GitHub opened an office in Japan, its first outside of the U.S. On February 28, 2018, GitHub fell victim to the third-largest distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack in history, with incoming traffic reaching a peak of about 1.35 terabits per second. On June 19, 2018, GitHub expanded its GitHub Education by offering free education bundles to all schools. From 2012, Microsoft became

2805-497: Was acquiring npm , a JavaScript packaging vendor, for an undisclosed sum of money. The deal was closed on April 15, 2020. In early July 2020, the GitHub Archive Program was established to archive its open-source code in perpetuity. GitHub's mascot is an anthropomorphized "octocat" with five octopus-like arms . The character was created by graphic designer Simon Oxley as clip art to sell on iStock ,

SECTION 50

#1732793888650

2860-446: Was in line with Microsoft's business strategy under CEO Satya Nadella , which has seen a larger focus on cloud computing services, alongside the development of and contributions to open-source software. Harvard Business Review argued that Microsoft was intending to acquire GitHub to get access to its user base, so it can be used as a loss leader to encourage the use of its other development products and services. Concerns over

2915-452: Was now blocking developers in Iran , Crimea , Cuba , North Korea , and Syria from accessing private repositories. However, GitHub reopened access to GitHub Pages days later, for public repositories regardless of location. It was also revealed that using GitHub while visiting sanctioned countries could result in similar actions occurring on a user's account. GitHub responded to complaints and

2970-446: Was restricted to logged-in users, reportedly to mitigate spamming on the page of recent Gists. Gists' URLs use hexadecimal IDs, and edits to Gists are recorded in a revision history , which can show the text difference of thirty revisions per page with an option between a "split" and "unified" view. Like repositories, Gists can be forked, "starred", i.e., publicly bookmarked, and commented on. The count of revisions, stars, and forks

3025-533: Was then valued at approximately $ 2 billion. As of 2023, GitHub was estimated to generate $ 1 billion in revenue. The GitHub service was developed by Chris Wanstrath , P. J. Hyett , Tom Preston-Werner , and Scott Chacon using Ruby on Rails , and started in February 2008. The company, GitHub, Inc., was formed in 2007 and is located in San Francisco. On February 24, 2009, GitHub announced that within

#649350