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72-489: In all three films, Ricou Browning portrays the Gill-man when he is swimming underwater. In the scenes when the Gill-man is walking on dry land, Ben Chapman performed the Gill-man in the first film, followed by Tom Hennesy in the second, and Don Megowan in the third. The Gill-man also appears in the 1967 stop-motion animated film Mad Monster Party? , but is referred to as simply "The Creature". It also appears in

144-844: A backbone, make up a huge portion of all life in the sea. Invertebrate sea life includes Cnidaria such as jellyfish and sea anemones ; Ctenophora ; sea worms including the phyla Platyhelminthes , Nemertea , Annelida , Sipuncula , Echiura , Chaetognatha , and Phoronida ; Mollusca including shellfish , squid , octopus ; Arthropoda including Chelicerata and Crustacea ; Porifera ; Bryozoa ; Echinodermata including starfish ; and Urochordata including sea squirts or tunicates . Over 10,000 species of fungi are known from marine environments. These are parasitic on marine algae or animals, or are saprobes on algae, corals, protozoan cysts, sea grasses, wood and other substrata, and can also be found in sea foam . Spores of many species have special appendages which facilitate attachment to

216-446: A career in water shows, moving on to produce shows. Browning worked at Wakulla Springs in the 1940s and learned to perform in underwater newsreels conceived by Newt Perry , who later took Browning along when he opened Weeki Wachee Springs . While working at Wakulla Springs in 1953, Browning was asked to show around a film crew scouting for shooting locations. According to Browning, "Their cameraman asked if I could swim in front of

288-552: A huge community of life, including the corals themselves, their symbiotic zooxanthellae , tropical fish and many other organisms. Much attention in marine biology is focused on coral reefs and the El Niño weather phenomenon. In 1998, coral reefs experienced the most severe mass bleaching events on record, when vast expanses of reefs across the world died because sea surface temperatures rose well above normal. Some reefs are recovering, but scientists say that between 50% and 70% of

360-525: A part of Universal Pictures' Dark Universe . The series would have brought Universal's monsters into a modern-day setting, beginning with The Mummy (2017). The Creature from the Black Lagoon had a story written by Jeff Pinkner and a script written by Will Beall . The Mummy alludes to the existence of the Gill-man when Nick Morton meets Dr. Henry Jekyll at Prodigium's base in London and one of

432-555: A race of amphibious humanoids which flourished during the Devonian age, the Gill-man (as christened by Dr. Thompson) dwelled in a lagoon located in a largely unexplored area of the Amazon rainforest . The creature was apparently known to the natives, as the captain of the boat Rita mentioned local legends of a "man-fish". After having found the fossilized remains of another Gill-man, a marine biology institute funds an expedition to

504-429: A short while in a Florida river, the Gill-man is found again, and after a vicious struggle is accidentally immolated . The Gill-man's injuries are so severe that his scales and gills have been burned away, forcing his captors to perform surgery on him to prevent suffocation. X-rays on the creature show that he has begun developing a land animal's lung structure, so a tracheotomy is performed, opening an air passage to

576-548: A time. Browning reprised his role as the underwater Gill-man in two sequels, Revenge of the Creature (1955) and The Creature Walks Among Us (1956). Browning continued in movie production and joined Ivan Tors ' studios in Florida, where he co-wrote and co-produced the 1963 film Flipper (about an intelligent bottlenose dolphin ) together with Jack Cowden; Browning also directed the second unit underwater scenes for

648-409: A transition zone between freshwater river environments and saltwater maritime environments. They are subject both to marine influences—such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water—and to riverine influences—such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The shifting flows of both sea water and fresh water provide high levels of nutrients both in the water column and in sediment, making estuaries among

720-541: Is a complex three-dimensional world, covering approximately 71% of the Earth's surface. The habitats studied in marine biology include everything from the tiny layers of surface water in which organisms and abiotic items may be trapped in surface tension between the ocean and atmosphere, to the depths of the oceanic trenches , sometimes 10,000 meters or more beneath the surface of the ocean. Specific habitats include estuaries , coral reefs , kelp forests , seagrass meadows ,

792-452: Is also becoming understood that the well-being of marine organisms and other organisms are linked in fundamental ways. The human body of knowledge regarding the relationship between life in the sea and important cycles is rapidly growing, with new discoveries being made nearly every day. These cycles include those of matter (such as the carbon cycle ) and of air (such as Earth's respiration , and movement of energy through ecosystems including

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864-471: Is closely linked to oceanography , especially biological oceanography , and may be regarded as a sub-field of marine science . It also encompasses many ideas from ecology . Fisheries science and marine conservation can be considered partial offshoots of marine biology (as well as environmental studies ). Marine chemistry , physical oceanography and atmospheric sciences are also closely related to this field. An active research topic in marine biology

936-461: Is extreme and there is no sunlight, but some life still exists. A white flatfish , a shrimp and a jellyfish were seen by the American crew of the bathyscaphe Trieste when it dove to the bottom in 1960. In general, the deep sea is considered to start at the aphotic zone , the point where sunlight loses its power of transference through the water. Many life forms that live at these depths have

1008-424: Is flamboyantly displayed in the second and third films. As shown in the third film, the Gill-man has a dormant set of lungs , should its gills be irreparably damaged. As shown in the first film, it is vulnerable to rotenone . The Gill-man is slightly photophobic , due to its murky water habitat. 35% of the Gill-man's blood is composed of white corpuscles , lacking a nucleus. The last known surviving member of

1080-426: Is still much more to learn about the deeper parts of the ocean . In biology, many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land. Marine biology classifies species based on their environment rather than their taxonomy. For this reason, marine biology encompasses not only organisms that live only in a marine environment, but also other organisms whose lives revolve around

1152-797: Is to discover and map the life cycles of various species and where they spend their time. Technologies that aid in this discovery include pop-up satellite archival tags , acoustic tags , and a variety of other data loggers . Marine biologists study how the ocean currents , tides and many other oceanic factors affect ocean life forms, including their growth, distribution and well-being. This has only recently become technically feasible with advances in GPS and newer underwater visual devices. Most ocean life breeds in specific places, nests in others, spends time as juveniles in still others, and in maturity in yet others. Scientists know little about where many species spend different parts of their life cycles especially in

1224-426: Is widespread and very diverse under the ocean. Microscopic photosynthetic algae contribute a larger proportion of the world's photosynthetic output than all the terrestrial forests combined. Most of the niche occupied by sub plants on land is actually occupied by macroscopic algae in the ocean, such as Sargassum and kelp , which are commonly known as seaweeds that create kelp forests . Plants that survive in

1296-816: The James Bond films Thunderball (1965) and Never Say Never Again (1983), Around the World Under the Sea (1966), Island of the Lost (1967), Hello Down There (1969), and Caddyshack (1980). A Florida native, Browning was inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame in 2012. In 2019, he was inducted into the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards ' Monster Kid Hall of Fame. Prior to his death, Browning

1368-539: The Universal Horror Library offers a completely different origin for the Gill-man, who in this version of the story is a hermaphroditic giant, almost as big as the Rita itself, weighing in at 30 tons. This Gill-man is both cold-blooded and warm-blooded and also has a long whip-like tail. The gigantic creature is dubbed "AA", for "Advanced Amphibian", by the expedition team members. After slaying most of

1440-655: The epipelagic , mesopelagic , bathypelagic , abyssopelagic , and hadopelagic zones. Zones which vary by the amount of light they receive include the photic and aphotic zones . Much of the aphotic zone's energy is supplied by the open ocean in the form of detritus . The deepest recorded oceanic trench measured to date is the Mariana Trench , near the Philippines , in the Pacific Ocean at 10,924 m (35,840 ft). At such depths, water pressure

1512-405: The marine environment are often called seabirds . Examples include albatross , penguins , gannets , and auks . Although they spend most of their lives in the ocean, species such as gulls can often be found thousands of miles inland. There are five main types of marine mammals: cetaceans ( toothed whales and baleen whales ); sirenians such as manatees ; pinnipeds including seals and

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1584-456: The microorganisms within the ocean; looking at how they are affected by their environment and how that affects larger marine creatures and their ecosystem. Biological oceanography is similar to marine biology, but it studies ocean life from a different perspective. Biological oceanography takes a bottom up approach in terms of the food web, while marine biology studies the ocean from a top down perspective. Biological oceanography mainly focuses on

1656-588: The saltwater crocodile . Most extant marine reptiles, except for some sea snakes, are oviparous and need to return to land to lay their eggs. Thus most species, excluding sea turtles, spend most of their lives on or near land rather than in the ocean. Despite their marine adaptations, most sea snakes prefer shallow waters nearby land, around islands, especially waters that are somewhat sheltered, as well as near estuaries. Some extinct marine reptiles, such as ichthyosaurs , evolved to be viviparous and had no requirement to return to land. Birds adapted to living in

1728-410: The sea . Given that in biology many phyla , families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy . A large proportion of all life on Earth lives in the ocean. The exact size of this "large proportion" is unknown, since many ocean species are still to be discovered. The ocean

1800-441: The walrus ; sea otters ; and the polar bear . All are air-breathing, meaning that while some such as the sperm whale can dive for prolonged periods, all must return to the surface to breathe. The marine ecosystem is large, and thus there are many sub-fields of marine biology. Most involve studying specializations of particular animal groups, such as phycology , invertebrate zoology and ichthyology . Other subfields study

1872-405: The 1972 traditional animated film Mad Mad Mad Monsters , again referred to as simply "The Creature". The Gill-man's popularity as an iconic monster of cinema has led to numerous cameo appearances , including an episode of The Munsters (1965), the motion picture The Monster Squad (1987), a stage show (2009), and a reimagining in 2017's The Shape of Water . Despite this popularity,

1944-458: The Amazon in order to find more remains. Though the Gill-man reacts violently to the intrusion, he develops a soft spot for the team's only female member, Kay, and repeatedly tries to abduct her, going as far as building a makeshift dam to prevent their boat from escaping. After having killed numerous members of the expedition, the Gill-man takes Kay to his underwater lair, where he is tracked down by

2016-423: The Amazon while filming a documentary on a rumored population of fish-people. Alland then wrote story notes titled "The Sea Monster" 10 years later. There were various designs for the Gill-man. William Alland envisioned the Gill-man as a "sad, beautiful monster" and the sculpture of it was much like that of an aquatic development of a human. Alland said: "It would still frighten you, but because how human it was, not

2088-562: The Gill-man appeared in the fewest movies of all the Universal Monsters . Producer William Alland was attending a dinner party during the filming of Orson Welles ' Citizen Kane (in which Alland played the reporter Thompson) in 1941 when Mexican cinematographer Gabriel Figueroa told him about the myth of a race of half-fish, half-human creatures in the Amazon River. Figueroa spoke of a friend of his who disappeared in

2160-422: The Gill-man are hampered by his attraction to his student. The Gill-man breaks free from his tank and escapes into the ocean. It is not long before he begins stalking the ichthyology student and kidnaps her at a boat party. The Gill-man is soon tracked down by police and again is shot multiple times, forcing him to flee into the ocean. He again tries to swim away and supposedly dies from his wounds. After living for

2232-466: The Gill-man's conception. The Gill-man suit was made from airtight molded sponge rubber and cost $ 15,000. The underwater sequences were filmed at Wakulla Springs in northern Florida (today a state park), as were many of the rear projection images. Part of the film was shot in Jacksonville, Florida on the south side of the river near the foot of the old Acosta Bridge . In the underwater scenes, air

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2304-462: The Gill-man's origin would be reinvented, with him being the result of a pharmaceutical corporation polluting the Amazon. In 2009, however, the proposed director, Breck Eisner , dropped out of the project. As of 2024, the proposed remake has not been made nor greenlit. Creature from the Black Lagoon was one of many films featuring the Universal monsters that would have received a reboot as

2376-604: The United States by Dreamhaven Books ( ISBN   1-892-05812-X ). A "kids-friendly" adaptation by Ian Thorne of the screenplay and of the screenplays of the two sequels was published in 1961 by MCA Publishing ( ISBN   0-89686-190-2 ). The 1977 novelization of Creature from the Black Lagoon by Walter Harris (writing under the pen-names "Carl Dreadstone" [United States, Berkley Publishing Group, ISBN   0-425-03464-X ] and "E.K. Leyton" [United Kingdom, Star Books, ISBN   0-352-30548-7 ]) as part of

2448-445: The ability to communicate telepathically among themselves and among the human characters. Alphas such as "Fleshmolders", "Mudshapers", and "Fishcallers" are highly telepathic individuals in their tribal communities, who each choose a successor from among their respective tribes' children to take their place and title when they die. The Gill-man itself is a degenerate member of this race, descended from an individual who explored deep in

2520-446: The ability to create their own light known as bio-luminescence . Marine life also flourishes around seamounts that rise from the depths, where fish and other sea life congregate to spawn and feed. Hydrothermal vents along the mid-ocean ridge spreading centers act as oases , as do their opposites, cold seeps . Such places support unique biomes and many new microbes and other lifeforms have been discovered at these locations.There

2592-417: The area that extends from the shoreline to the edge of the continental shelf . Most marine life is found in coastal habitats, even though the shelf area occupies only seven percent of the total ocean area. Open ocean habitats are found in the deep ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf. Alternatively, marine habitats can be divided into pelagic and demersal habitats. Pelagic habitats are found near

2664-400: The areas that are close to the shore, are constantly being exposed and covered by the ocean's tides . A huge array of life can be found within this zone. Shore habitats span from the upper intertidal zones to the area where land vegetation takes prominence. It can be underwater anywhere from daily to very infrequently. Many species here are scavengers, living off of sea life that is washed up on

2736-468: The cameras so they could get the perspective of the size of a human being against the fish and the grass. So I did." Days later, the crew offered Browning the role of the titular Gill-man in the film Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954). Browning accepted, and played the Gill-man in the film's underwater scenes, while actor Ben Chapman played the monster on land. During filming, Browning reportedly held his breath underwater for up to four minutes at

2808-418: The development of marine protected areas . This data is important to both scientists and fishermen because they are discovering that, by restricting commercial fishing in one small area, they can have a large impact in maintaining a healthy fish population in a much larger area. The study of marine biology dates to Aristotle (384–322 BC), who made many observations of life in the sea around Lesbos , laying

2880-607: The distinction between plants and animals often breaks down in very small organisms. Other zooplankton include cnidarians , ctenophores , chaetognaths , molluscs , arthropods , urochordates , and annelids such as polychaetes . Many larger animals begin their life as zooplankton before they become large enough to take their familiar forms. Two examples are fish larvae and sea stars (also called starfish ). Microscopic algae and plants provide important habitats for life, sometimes acting as hiding places for larval forms of larger fish and foraging places for invertebrates. Algal life

2952-500: The ecosystem of the ocean with an emphasis on plankton : their diversity (morphology, nutritional sources, motility, and metabolism); their productivity and how that plays a role in the global carbon cycle; and their distribution (predation and life cycle). Biological oceanography also investigates the role of microbes in food webs, and how humans impact the ecosystems in the oceans. Marine habitats can be divided into coastal and open ocean habitats. Coastal habitats are found in

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3024-596: The environment. Marine life is a vast resource, providing food, medicine, and raw materials, in addition to helping to support recreation and tourism all over the world. At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine organisms contribute significantly to the oxygen cycle , and are involved in the regulation of the Earth's climate . Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land. Many species are economically important to humans, including both finfish and shellfish. It

3096-405: The film. Browning continued writing and directing for the subsequent Flipper television series that debuted in 1964. He made his feature film directorial debut with Salty (1973), which he also co-wrote with Cowden, and directed the cult film Mr. No Legs (1978). He worked as second unit director, stunt coordinator and underwater sequence director on a number of features, including

3168-484: The foundation for many future discoveries. In 1768, Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1744–1774) published the Historia Fucorum , the first work dedicated to marine algae and the first book on marine biology to use the new binomial nomenclature of Linnaeus . It included elaborate illustrations of seaweed and marine algae on folded leaves. The British naturalist Edward Forbes (1815–1854) is generally regarded as

3240-513: The founder of the science of marine biology. The pace of oceanographic and marine biology studies quickly accelerated during the course of the 19th century. The observations made in the first studies of marine biology fueled the Age of Discovery and exploration that followed. During this time, a vast amount of knowledge was gained about the life that exists in the oceans of the world. Many voyages contributed significantly to this pool of knowledge. Among

3312-423: The home to many exotic biological materials that may inspire biomimetic materials . Through constant monitoring of the ocean, there have been discoveries of marine life which could be used to create remedies for certain diseases such as cancer and leukemia. In addition, Ziconotide, an approved drug used to treat pain, was created from a snail which resides in the ocean. Marine biology is a branch of biology . It

3384-411: The infant and juvenile years. For example, it is still largely unknown where juvenile sea turtles and some sharks in the first year of their life travel. Recent advances in underwater tracking devices are illuminating what we know about marine organisms that live at great ocean depths. The information that pop-up satellite archival tags gives aids in fishing closures for certain times of the year and

3456-584: The lungs, transforming the Gill-man into an air-breathing, nearly human animal. Dressing him in a suit made of sail cloth, the Gill-man is taken to a California estate, where he is imprisoned within an electric fence. Though they initially try to integrate the Gill-man into human society, one of its captors frames it for a murder. The Gill-man escapes, kills the real murderer (although severely wounded by gun shots), and ultimately returns to an ocean he can no longer exist in. Producer Gary Ross said in March 2007 that

3528-516: The most productive natural habitats in the world. Reefs comprise some of the densest and most diverse habitats in the world. The best-known types of reefs are tropical coral reefs which exist in most tropical waters; however, reefs can also exist in cold water. Reefs are built up by corals and other calcium -depositing animals, usually on top of a rocky outcrop on the ocean floor. Reefs can also grow on other surfaces, which has made it possible to create artificial reefs . Coral reefs also support

3600-422: The most significant were the voyages of HMS  Beagle where Charles Darwin came up with his theories of evolution and on the formation of coral reefs . Another important expedition was undertaken by HMS Challenger , where findings were made of unexpectedly high species diversity among fauna stimulating much theorizing by population ecologists on how such varieties of life could be maintained in what

3672-659: The objects has the Gill-man's hand in it. However, Universal scrapped the Dark Universe to focus on individual films instead with The Invisible Man . It's unknown whether the reboot is going forward. Pulp fiction writer John Russell Fearn wrote a novelization of the Creature from the Black Lagoon screenplay under the pen name "Vargo Statten", which was originally published in the United Kingdom in 1954 by Dragon Publications Limited and then re-printed in 2011 in

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3744-502: The ocean and became exposed to archaeobacteria , becoming deformed and insane, driven to infect others with the disease. Eventually, there were no healthy Gill-People left, and the race's numbers dwindled over the epochs to one individual in the 1950s, which is the one that appears in the original films. The Gill-man was the star of Creature from the Black Lagoon: The Musical , a live performance show that once

3816-440: The ocean). Large areas beneath the ocean surface still remain effectively unexplored. Marine biology can be contrasted with biological oceanography . Marine life is a field of study both in marine biology and in biological oceanography . Biological oceanography is the study of how organisms affect and are affected by the physics , chemistry , and geology of the oceanographic system . Biological oceanography mostly focuses on

3888-403: The other way around". Originally, the Gill-man's design was meant to incorporate a sleek, feminine eel -like figure, which did not have as many bumps and gills as the final version. The designer of the approved Gill-man was former Disney illustrator Milicent Patrick , though her role was deliberately downplayed by makeup artist Bud Westmore , who for half a century would receive sole credit for

3960-531: The physical effects of continual immersion in sea water and the ocean in general, adaptation to a salty environment, and the effects of changing various oceanic properties on marine life. A subfield of marine biology studies the relationships between oceans and ocean life, and global warming and environmental issues (such as carbon dioxide displacement). Recent marine biotechnology has focused largely on marine biomolecules , especially proteins , that may have uses in medicine or engineering. Marine environments are

4032-619: The remaining survivors and riddled with bullets. The Gill-man tries to escape by swimming deep into the lagoon, but dies from his injuries. A year after the events of the first film, the Gill-man is shown to have survived and is captured by different scientists. He is sent to the Ocean Harbor Oceanarium in Florida , and quickly becomes a huge tourist attraction. He is studied by an animal psychologist and his ichthyology student. The psychologist's attempts at communicating with

4104-808: The role of viruses in marine ecosystems is barely being explored even in the beginning of the 21st century. The role of phytoplankton is better understood due to their critical position as the most numerous primary producers on Earth. Phytoplankton are categorized into cyanobacteria (also called blue-green algae/bacteria), various types of algae (red, green, brown, and yellow-green), diatoms , dinoflagellates , euglenoids , coccolithophorids , cryptomonads , chrysophytes , chlorophytes , prasinophytes , and silicoflagellates . Zooplankton tend to be somewhat larger, and not all are microscopic. Many Protozoa are zooplankton, including dinoflagellates, zooflagellates , foraminiferans , and radiolarians . Some of these (such as dinoflagellates) are also phytoplankton;

4176-408: The sea are often found in shallow waters, such as the seagrasses (examples of which are eelgrass, Zostera , and turtle grass, Thalassia ). These plants have adapted to the high salinity of the ocean environment. The intertidal zone is also a good place to find plant life in the sea, where mangroves or cordgrass or beach grass might grow. As on land, invertebrates , or animals that lack

4248-407: The sea. As inhabitants of the largest environment on Earth, microbial marine systems drive changes in every global system. Microbes are responsible for virtually all photosynthesis that occurs in the ocean, as well as the cycling of carbon , nitrogen , phosphorus and other nutrients and trace elements. Microscopic life undersea is incredibly diverse and still poorly understood. For example,

4320-424: The shore. Many land animals also make much use of the shore and intertidal habitats. A subgroup of organisms in this habitat bores and grinds exposed rock through the process of bioerosion . Estuaries are also near shore and influenced by the tides . An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form

4392-423: The substratum. A very diverse range of unusual secondary metabolites is produced by marine fungi. A reported 33,400 species of fish , including bony and cartilaginous fish , had been described by 2016, more than all other vertebrates combined. About 60% of fish species live in saltwater. Reptiles which inhabit or frequent the sea include sea turtles , sea snakes , terrapins , the marine iguana , and

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4464-426: The surface or in the open water column , away from the bottom of the ocean and affected by ocean currents , while demersal habitats are near or on the bottom. Marine habitats can be modified by their inhabitants. Some marine organisms, like corals, kelp and sea grasses, are ecosystem engineers which reshape the marine environment to the point where they create further habitat for other organisms. Intertidal zones ,

4536-448: The surrounds of seamounts and thermal vents , tidepools , muddy, sandy and rocky bottoms, and the open ocean ( pelagic ) zone, where solid objects are rare and the surface of the water is the only visible boundary. The organisms studied range from microscopic phytoplankton and zooplankton to huge cetaceans (whales) 25–32 meters (82–105 feet) in length. Marine ecology is the study of how marine organisms interact with each other and

4608-468: The team members, destroying a Sikorsky helicopter, and kidnapping Kay more than once, the Gill-man is killed by the crew of a United States Navy torpedo boat. Larry Mike Garmon's novel was published in 2002 ( ISBN   0-439-40228-X ) as part of Scholastic 's Universal Monsters series. The novel takes place in Southern Florida, where reports of shark attacks are suspected to in fact be

4680-407: The work of the Creature from the Black Lagoon. In Paul Di Filippo 's 2006 novel Time's Black Lagoon ( ISBN   1-59582-033-7 ), which takes place 60 years after the events of the films, the Gill-man is depicted as descending from a race of extraterrestrials who came to Earth during the Devonian period on a giant spaceship called The Mother , which crashed on Earth. The Gill-People have

4752-420: The world's coral reefs are now endangered and predict that global warming could exacerbate this trend. The open ocean is relatively unproductive because of a lack of nutrients, yet because it is so vast, in total it produces the most primary productivity. The open ocean is separated into different zones, and the different zones each have different ecologies. Zones which vary according to their depth include

4824-685: The world, Station biologique de Roscoff , was established in Concarneau, France founded by the College of France in 1859. In the United States, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography dates back to 1903, while the prominent Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute was founded in 1930. The development of technology such as sound navigation and ranging , scuba diving gear, submersibles and remotely operated vehicles allowed marine biologists to discover and explore life in deep oceans that

4896-592: Was added to the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park in Los Angeles , California . It debuted on July 1, 2009, and replaced Fear Factor Live . It closed down for good on March 9, 2010 and was replaced by Special Effects Stage , which opened three months later on June 26. Ricou Browning Ricou Ren Browning (February 16, 1930 – February 27, 2023) was an American stunt performer , filmmaker and actor. A skilled swimmer , he

4968-548: Was considered the last surviving original actor to portray any of the Universal Classic Monsters . Browning had two sons and two daughters. His wife, Fran, died in March 2020. Browning died at home in Southwest Ranches, Florida , on February 27, 2023, at age 93. Marine biology Marine biology is the scientific study of the biology of marine life , organisms that inhabit

5040-459: Was fed into the Gill-man suit with a rubber hose. The Gill-man is fully amphibious , capable of breathing both in and out of the water. It possesses large, webbed hands with sharp claws on the tip of each finger. The Gill-man's scaly skin is extremely tough, which combined with a fast-acting healing factor, allows it to survive wounds which would be fatal to humans, such as gunshots and full immolation . It also possesses superhuman strength, which

5112-640: Was known for his innovative underwater stunt work, notably in the 1954 film Creature from the Black Lagoon , in which he portrayed the titular Gill-man during the film's underwater scenes, and in the 1965 James Bond film Thunderball , for which he was the underwater sequences director. He was also the co-creator of the Flipper media franchise. Ricou Ren Browning was born in Fort Pierce, Florida , on February 16, 1930. He majored in physical education at Florida State University . Browning started

5184-465: Was thought to be such a hostile environment. This era was important for the history of marine biology but naturalists were still limited in their studies because they lacked technology that would allow them to adequately examine species that lived in deep parts of the oceans. The creation of marine laboratories was important because it allowed marine biologists to conduct research and process their specimens from expeditions. The oldest marine laboratory in

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