Industrial district (ID) is a place where workers and firms, specialised in a main industry and auxiliary industries, live and work. The concept was initially used by Alfred Marshall to describe some aspects of the industrial organisation of nations. At the end of the 1990s the industrial districts in developed or developing countries had gained a recognised attention in international debates on industrialisation and policies of regional development.
17-762: The Glasgow Garden Festival was the third of the five national garden festivals , and the only one to take place in Scotland. It was held in Glasgow between 28 April and 26 September 1988. It was the first event of its type to be held in the city in 50 years, since the Empire Exhibition of 1938, and also marked the centenary of Glasgow's first International Exhibition , the International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry of 1888. It attracted 4.3 million visitors over 152 days, by far
34-562: A clear site the Scottish Development Agency and Glasgow City Council identified suitable off-set sites within the city which Laing Homes then purchased and promptly developed, relinquishing their ownership of the dockland site. The Festival was designed and built by the Scottish Development Agency after the necessary industrial dismantling and site-clearing. The Agency also led the creation of
51-480: A locally developing division of labour . Competences and knowledge are shared in informal way with processes of learning by doing and learning by using, and this promotes innovation over time. Local firms, families and civic organisations are connected by way of both market mechanisms and non-market mechanisms, like trust within bilateral or team exchanges, and collective action supporting the availability of local industrial, social and environmental infrastructure. Also,
68-771: The Scottish Exhibition Centre on the north bank of the Clyde, upon the site of the Queen's Dock. Glasgow Garden Festival 1988 Ltd., a subsidiary of the Scottish Development Agency , managed the public operation of the Festival. Features included the 240 feet (73 m) high Clydesdale Bank 150th Anniversary Tower , the Coca-Cola Roller roller coaster , a miniature railway and five former Glasgow Corporation Tramways vintage trams running again in
85-574: The 1980s, the dynamic industrial development in NEC (North, East and Centre) of Italy , where after the Second World War geographical concentration of specialised small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) raised up, led to an increasing attention to the Marshall' seminal works. A growing literature with an accompanying cloud of definitions of what is meant as an industrial district characterised
102-751: The City Council, Glasgow University and others, was built and close by the media campus and digital centres, which include new headquarters for BBC Scotland and Scottish Television , opening in 2007. The Clydesdale Bank tower was dismantled and re-erected in Rhyl in North Wales ; however, its spiritual successor came in the form of the Glasgow Millennium Tower as part of the Science Centre complex, which stands on approximately
119-514: The ID are consistent with gradual change supported by processes of innovation from below, or decentralized industrial creativity. However, the globalisation processes asked non-gradual changes to the historical IDs and technical and organisational difficulties could hit them. In the Industry 4.0 era, the specialised capabilities of these areas seem to have the possibility to encourage the emergence of
136-749: The UK during the 1980s and early 1990s to promote the cultural regeneration of large areas of derelict land in industrial districts . Five were held in total – one every two years, each in a different town or city – after the idea was pushed by the Conservative environment secretary Michael Heseltine in 1980. National Garden Festivals were based on the German Bundesgartenschau concept, introduced post-war to reclaim large derelict industrial plots. The Festivals cost from £25 million to £70 million each, and
153-778: The city along the riverside. A new swing bridge , Bell's Bridge , sponsored by the Distillers Company , had been constructed across the river to link the Garden Festival to the SECC , which held the Grand International Show in its Hall 4 in conjunction with the festival. The official opening ceremony took place on 29 April and was conducted by Prince Charles and Princess Diana . The event had significant media coverage, including daily BBC TV magazine shows, The Beechgrove Garden and radio features,
170-465: The festival was also used as a backdrop for the Taggart episode "Root of Evil" and an episode of the comedy show City Lights. After the end of the festival, the site was expected to be developed for commerce and leisure, with a small Festival Park retained. After a decade and more new developments started on the site, renamed Pacific Quay . The Glasgow Science Centre , substantially led by SDA with
187-485: The international dabate, e.g. Cluster . Industrial districts in Italy have a coherent location and a narrow specialisation profile, e.g. Prato in woollen fabric, Sassuolo in ceramic tiles or Brenta in ladies' footwear . The success of SME-based Italian districts in the last century and the alternate fortunes of the current ones led to investigate more thoroughly some related aspects. The general characteristics of
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#1732772989863204-581: The land they reclaimed included the contaminated former sites of steelworks and other heavy industry . Andrew C. Theokas, Grounds for Review: The Garden Festival in Urban Planning and Design , Liverpool 2004. Industrial district The term was used the first time by Alfred Marshall in The Principles of Economics (1890, 1922) and in his Industry and Trade Marshall talks of a.... "thickly peopled industrial district" . The term
221-641: The most successful of the five National Garden Festivals. Its significance in the rebirth of the city was underlined by the 1990 European City of Culture title bestowed on Glasgow in September 1986. The two events together did much to restore Glasgow to national and international prominence. The festival site covered 120 acres (0.49 km), including 17 of water, on the south bank of the River Clyde at Plantation Quay in Govan , and also on land reclaimed from
238-474: The notion that firms located in geographical proximity benefit from agglomeration effects in having a common or collective infrastructure is frequently mentioned as one of the main bases in the industrial district literature. Within the study of economics , the term has evolved. Giacomo Becattini rediscovered the concept to describe the Italian industrial configuration of the middle of the 20th century. Since
255-523: The partial filling-in of the Prince's Dock basin. Once the largest dock on the River Clyde when opened in 1900, it had been closed to navigation in the early 1970s with the advent of Containerization . Continuing businesses including Smith & McLean Galvanisers were now resited elsewhere in the city. Most of the docklands required had already been sold by Clydeport Authority to Laing Homes . To ensure
272-451: The same spot. Office premises and hotels have completed the development. In 2018 a number of events were held across Glasgow to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the festival. These included exhibitions at The Mitchell Library, Kelvingrove Art Gallery and a summer festival, The Glasgow Garden Wildlife Festival, led by RSPB Scotland and Glasgow City Council. National garden festival The National Garden Festivals were events held in
289-580: Was also used in political struggle. The 1917 handbook of the Industrial Workers of the World states:- The term also appears in English literature. For instance, in a short story of 1920 by D. H. Lawrence , You Touched Me (aka 'Hadrian'):- The strong specialisation of the workers and an appropriate support of public goods and institutions are supported by an "Industrial Atmosphere" related to
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