81-549: Govan ( / ˈ ɡ ʌ v ə n / GUV -ən ; Cumbric : Gwovan ; Scots : Gouan ; Scottish Gaelic : Baile a' Ghobhainn ) is a district, parish, and former burgh now part of southwest Glasgow , Scotland. It is situated 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (4 kilometres) west of Glasgow city centre , on the south bank of the River Clyde , opposite the mouth of the River Kelvin and the district of Partick . Historically it
162-472: A continuum . The whole question is made more complex because there is no consensus as to whether any principled distinction can be made between languages and dialects . Below, some of the proposed differences between Cumbric and Old Welsh are discussed. In Welsh, Cornish, and Breton, the Common Brittonic cluster *rk was spirantized to /rx/ (Welsh rch , Cornish rgh , Breton rc'h ) but
243-568: A vigesimal counting system, i.e. numbering up to twenty, with intermediate numbers for ten and fifteen. Therefore, after numbering one to ten, numbers follow the format one-and-ten, two-and-ten etc. to fifteen, then one-and-fifteen, two-and-fifteen to twenty. The dialect words for the numbers themselves show much variation across the region. (see chart) A number of words occurring in the Scots language and Northern English dialects have been proposed as being of possible Brittonic origin. Ascertaining
324-544: A Pictish king seemingly killed by Vikings in 876/7 - the style of carving indicates an origin in the late 9th or early 10th century. Govan's earliest recorded name may be found in the Historia regum Anglorum attributed to Symeon of Durham . This is a 12th-century Latin source, but one believed to be based on much earlier materials; it records a place near Dumbarton Rock named Ouania . Based on this, Govan's Cumbric language name has been reconstructed as * (G)uovan . Govan
405-640: A feature of Cumbric. Further evidence is wanting, however. James mentions that devoicing appears to be a feature of many Cumbric place names. Devoicing of word final consonants is a feature of modern Breton and, to an extent, Cornish. Watson notes initial devoicing in Tinnis Castle (in Drumelzier ) (compare Welsh dinas 'fortress, city') as an example of this, which can also be seen in the Cornish Tintagel , din 'fort'. Also notable are
486-507: A naval shipbuilding joint venture between BAE Systems and VT Group , which became BAE Systems Surface Ships in 2009. Alexander Stephen and Sons also established a shipyard in nearby Linthouse in 1870. The yard eventually closed in the wake of the collapse of the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders consortium in 1971. A list of almost 3000 ships built at Govan has been collected in the "Clydebuilt Database". Ships built by
567-543: A number of place names appear to show Cumbric retained the stop in this position. Lanark and Lanercost are thought to contain the equivalent of Welsh llannerch 'clearing'. There is evidence to the contrary, however, including the place names Powmaughan and Maughanby (containing Welsh Meirchion ) and the word kelchyn (related to Welsh cylch ). Jackson concludes that the change of Common Brittonic *rk > /rx/ " may have been somewhat later in Cumbric". There
648-431: A separate language, or a dialect of Old Welsh. Koch calls it a dialect but goes on to say that some of the place names in the Cumbric region "clearly reflect a developed medieval language, much like Welsh, Cornish or Breton". Jackson also calls it a dialect but points out that "to call it Pr[imitive] W[elsh] would be inaccurate", so clearly views it as distinct in some meaningful respect. It has been suggested that Cumbric
729-597: A small industrial estate and a number of shops lining Paisley Road West. Craigton Cemetery is immediately to the west of Craigton and was opened in 1873. The cemetery grounds contain a crematorium, which opened in 1957. To the east is Helen Street police station (a modern replacement for Govan's previous offices in Orkney Street) built on the site of the White City Stadium , used for greyhound racing and motorcycle speedway ; Ibrox railway station
810-593: A special purpose or significance. In the Cumbric region, the word "Man" frequently occurs in geographical names associated with standing stones (most notably the Old Man of Coniston ) and it is possible, albeit "hard to say" according to Alan G. James, if the Cumbric reflex *main had any influence on these. Among the evidence that Cumbric might have influenced local English dialects are a group of counting systems, or scores, recorded in various parts of northern England. Around 100 of these systems have been collected since
891-505: A usage of the word penn "head" (attached to the names of several animals hunted by the protagonist), that is unique in medieval Welsh literature and may, according to Koch, reflect Cumbric influence ("[r]eferring to a single animal in this way is otherwise found only in Breton, and we have no evidence that the construction ever had any currency in the present-day Wales"). The relevant lines are: Translated as: The form derwennydd however,
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#1732773121774972-577: Is Baile a' Ghobhainn (the smith's town) in Scottish Gaelic . Bishop Leslie in his Scotia Descriptio of 1578 says it got its name from the excellence of its ale (God-win) , whereas Chalmers in his Caledonia says it is derived from Scottish Gaelic , Gamhan (a ditch). The earliest references to Govan are found in connection with the Christian church. In 1136, when Glasgow Cathedral was formally consecrated, King David I (1124–53) gave to
1053-697: Is a village near Carlisle called Cumwhitton (earlier Cumquinton). This appears to contain the Norman name Quinton, affixed to a cognate of the Welsh cwm , meaning valley. There were no Normans in this area until 1069 at the earliest. In the Battle of the Standard in 1138, the Cumbrians are noted as a separate ethnic group. Given that their material culture was very similar to their Gaelic and Anglian neighbours, it
1134-716: Is an extinct Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup spoken during the Early Middle Ages in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North", in Northern England and the southern Scottish Lowlands . It was closely related to Old Welsh and the other Brittonic languages . Place-name evidence suggests Cumbric may also have been spoken as far south as Pendle and the Yorkshire Dales . The prevailing view
1215-460: Is arguable that what set them apart was still their language. Also the castle at Castle Carrock – Castell Caerog – dates from around 1160–1170. Barmulloch , earlier Badermonoc (Cumbric "monk's dwelling" ), was given to the church by Malcolm IV of Scotland between 1153 and 1165. A more controversial point is the surname Wallace. It means "Welshman". It is possible that all the Wallaces in
1296-486: Is at odds with the absence of the ending -ydd noted below. It is to be noted, however, that such semantics are probably archaisms, and rather than being features diagnostic of linguistic distinctiveness, are more likely to be legacies of features once common to all Brittonic speech. The modern Brittonic languages have different forms of the definite article : Welsh yr, -'r, y , Cornish an , and Breton an, ar, al . These are all taken to derive from an unstressed form of
1377-488: Is defined according to geographical rather than linguistic criteria: that is, it refers to the variety of Brittonic spoken within a particular region of North Britain and implies nothing about that variety except that it was geographically distinct from other varieties. This has led to a discussion about the nature of Cumbric and its relationship with other Brittonic languages, in particular with Old Welsh . Linguists appear undecided as to whether Cumbric should be considered
1458-434: Is difficult to prove. Many Brittonic place-names remain in these regions which should not be described as Cumbric, such as Leeds , Manchester , Wigan and York , because they were coined in a period before Brittonic split into Cumbric and its sister dialects. Some of the principal towns and cities of the region have names of Cumbric origin, including: Several supposed Cumbric elements occur repeatedly in place names of
1539-482: Is evidence to suggest that the consonant cluster mb remained distinct in Cumbric later than the time it was assimilated to mm in Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The cluster remains in: Jackson notes that only in the north does the cluster appear in place names borrowed after circa 600AD and concludes that it may have been a later dialectal survival here. Jackson notes the legal term galnys , equivalent to Welsh galanas , may show syncope of internal syllables to be
1620-531: Is known about any medieval village that may have surrounded the church until 1454 when it is recorded that whole houses, barns and mills in the village were brought down by a great flood.In 1756 the Govan Weavers Society was formed to assist members and their families and this organisation continues as a charity in Govan holding annual events and supporting local causes. See www.govanweavers.com . By
1701-401: Is reminiscent of Gaelic names such as Maol Choluim "Malcolm" and Gille Crìosd "Gilchrist", which have Scottish Gaelic maol (Old Irish máel 'bald, tonsured; servant') and gille ('servant, lad', < Old Irish gilla 'a youth'). The most well-known example of this Cumbric naming practice is Gospatric , which occurs as the name of several notable Anglo-Scottish noblemen in
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#17327731217741782-557: Is served by Govan Subway Station , Ibrox Subway Station and Cessnock Subway Station on the Glasgow subway system. Govan railway station opened on 2 December 1868. It closed permanently to regular passenger services on 9 May 1921. Regular bus services, mainly operated by McGill's Bus Services and First Glasgow , offer frequent routes to Glasgow City Centre, as well as to numerous locations in Renfrewshire . Govan borders
1863-550: Is that it became extinct in the 12th century, after the incorporation of the semi-independent Kingdom of Strathclyde into the Kingdom of Scotland . Dauvit Broun sets out the problems with the various terms used to describe the Cumbric language and its speakers. The people seem to have called themselves * Cumbri the same way that the Welsh called themselves Cymry (most likely from reconstructed Brittonic * kom-brogī meaning "fellow countrymen"). The Welsh and
1944-680: Is within the Drumoyne neighbourhood. Historically the Craigton Road area was occupied by Craigton Farm, while the estate of Craigton House was acquired to build the Craigton neighbourhood (developed for housing between the World Wars, as were Drumoyne and other nearby developments like the contrasting Moorepark and Mosspark projects). The area has an eponymous primary school opened in 1910 (once attended by artist George Wyllie ),
2025-521: The Humber , although a few more southerly place-names in Cheshire and, to a lesser extent, Derbyshire and Staffordshire were also included. The evidence from Cumbric comes almost entirely through secondary sources, since no known contemporary written records of the language survive. The majority of evidence comes from place names of the north of England and the south of Scotland. Other sources include
2106-482: The Life of St Kentigern ( c. 1200) by Jocelyn of Furness has the following passage: When King Rederech ( Rhydderch Hael ) and his people had heard that Kentigern had arrived from Wallia [i.e. Wales] into Cambria [i.e. Cumbria], from exile into his own country, with great joy and peace both king and people went out to meet him. John T. Koch defined the specifically Cumbric region as "the area approximately between
2187-487: The Medieval Latin genitive case ), Cærleoil 1130) and Derwent ( Deorwentan stream c890 (Old English), Derewent ) suggest derivations from Br * Luguvaljon and *Derwentjō . But the Welsh forms Caerliwelydd and Derwennydd are derived from alternative forms *Luguvalijon, *Derwentijō which gave the -ydd ending. This appears to show a divergence between Cumbric and Welsh at a relatively early date. If this
2268-470: The city centre , it is bordered by Bellahouston Park to the south and Halfway to the west, with Cardonald beyond. The area was historically farming land for Govan , which is nearby to the north across the M8 motorway and Inverclyde Line railway tracks. A pedestrian underpass, previously a road on which city trams and buses operated, leads north from Craigton under the motorway onto Craigton Road, which
2349-482: The terraces and tenements situated around Govan Road. These were not cleared until well into the 1970s. However, there is the potential for tourism development, for example, the planned development of the Govan Old site, which hosts the historically significant stone carvings, has led to the development of the surrounding townscape and new infrastructure. Such developments benefit the aesthetic and connective appeal of
2430-619: The 11th and 12th centuries. Other examples, standardised from original sources, include Gosmungo ( Saint Mungo ), Gososwald ( Oswald of Northumbria ) and Goscuthbert ( Cuthbert ). It is impossible to give an exact date of the extinction of Cumbric. However, there are some pointers which may give a reasonably accurate estimate. In the mid-11th century, some landowners still bore what appear to be Cumbric names. Examples of such landowners are Dunegal (Dyfnwal), lord of Strathnith or Nithsdale ; Moryn (Morien), lord of Cardew and Cumdivock near Carlisle; and Eilifr (Eliffer), lord of Penrith. There
2511-459: The 16th century, extensive coal mine workings had been developed around Craigton and Drumoyne . There is an oddity whereby part of eighteenth-century parish of Govan (which was in Lanarkshire ) is counted as being within Renfrewshire . There existed a hospital in the area, and as quasi-religious foundations were not taxed, it had never been assigned to a sheriffdom. Thus, when Renfrewshire
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2592-627: The 1860s, the village needed a higher order of administration and it was made a burgh in 1864, under the General Police (Scotland) Act 1862 . At the time, it was the fifth largest burgh in Scotland and contained within its boundaries the areas of Plantation , Cessnock , Ibrox , Craigton , and Drumoyne . in 1901 the Burgh boundaries increased further west to include Linthouse and West Drumoyne . With Morris Pollok as its first Provost ,
2673-411: The 18th century; the scholarly consensus is that these derive from a Brittonic language closely related to Welsh. Though they are often referred to as "sheep-counting numerals", most recorded scores were not used to count sheep, but in knitting or for children's games or nursery rhymes . These scores are often suggested to represent a survival from medieval Cumbric, a theory first popularized in
2754-419: The 19th century. However, later scholars came to reject this idea, suggesting instead that the scores were later imports from either Wales or Scotland , but in light of the dearth of evidence one way or another, Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Heli Paulasto posit that it remains plausible that the counting systems are indeed of Cumbric origin. Cumbric, in common with other Brythonic languages, used
2835-655: The Brythonic speech of the Hen Ogledd; Jackson suggested the name "Primitive Cumbric" for the dialect spoken at the time. However, scholars date the poem to between the 7th and the early 11th centuries, and the earliest surviving manuscript of it dates to the 13th, written in Old Welsh and Middle Welsh . Cumbric place-names occur in Scotland south of the firths of Forth and Clyde. Brittonic names north of this line are Pictish . Cumbric names are also found commonly in
2916-399: The Burgh and its Commissioners ensured that during the next 48 years Govan became a well-equipped, modern town. During the late 19th century, the population of Govan increased more than tenfold: from 9,000 in 1864 to 95,000 by 1907. In 1901 Govan was the 7th largest town in Scotland. In 1912, Glasgow annexed Govan after a series of annexation battles. A prominent feature of the Govan landscape
2997-535: The Clyde area were medieval immigrants from Wales, but given that the term was also used for local Cumbric-speaking Strathclyde Welsh, it seems equally, if not more, likely that the surname refers to people who were seen as being "Welsh" due to their Cumbric language. Craigton, Glasgow Craigton ( Scottish Gaelic : Baile Chreig ) is a residential suburb in the southwest of the city of Glasgow , Scotland. Located approximately three miles (five kilometres) from
3078-624: The Common Brittonic demonstrative *sindos , altered by assimilation (compare the Gaelic articles ). Throughout Old Welsh the article is ir (or -r after a vowel), but there is evidence in Cumbric for an article in -n alongside one in -r . Note the following: Of all the names of possible Cumbric derivation, few are more certain than Carlisle and Derwent which can be directly traced back to their Romano-British recorded forms Luguvalium and Derventio . The modern and medieval forms of Carlisle ( Luel c1050, Cardeol 1092, Karlioli c1100 (in
3159-473: The Conservative government led by Edward Heath refused to give them a £6,000,000 loan. Rather than go on strike, which was the traditional form of industrial action, the union leadership of the yards decided to have a work-in and complete the orders that the shipyards had in place. In this way they dispelled the idea of the workers being "work-shy" and also wanted to illustrate the long-term viability of
3240-554: The Cumbric-speaking people of what are now southern Scotland and northern England probably felt they were actually one ethnic group. Old Irish speakers called them "Britons", Bretnach , or Bretain . The Norse called them Brettar . In Latin, the terms Cymry and Cumbri were Latinised as Cambria and Cumbria respectively. In Medieval Latin, the English term Welsh became Wallenses ("of Wales"), while
3321-588: The Galloway dialect word gossock 'short, dark haired inhabitant of Wigtownshire' (W. gwasog 'a servant' ) apparently show that the Cumbric equivalent of Welsh and Cornish gwas & B gwaz 'servant' was *gos . Jackson suggests that it may be a survival of the original Proto-Celtic form of the word in –o- (i.e. *uɸo-sto ). This idea is disputed by the Dictionary of the Scots Language ; and
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3402-696: The Govan area for future visitors. Govan was at one point the centre of the world-renowned Clydeside shipbuilding industry. In 1841, Robert Napier began iron shipbuilding in Govan, and in 1843 produced its first ship, the Vanguard . He also procured a contract with the Royal Navy to produce vessels, notably the Jackal , the Lizard , and the Bloodhound . He also allowed naval officers in training to visit
3483-530: The SNP was in the 2007 Scottish parliamentary elections, when Nicola Sturgeon became the MSP for the constituency. The area has had a reputation for deprivation and poverty, partly due to the construction of housing estates in the 1930s to relieve the overcrowded slum district of The Gorbals , Glasgow. The most famous of these housing estates is Moorepark , sometimes referred to jocularly as "The Wine Alley" - this area
3564-574: The See the lands of Partick and also of the church at Govan (on opposite sides of the River Clyde ), which became a prebend of Glasgow. Govan Old Parish Church was rebuilt in 1762, 1826, and again 1884-1888. Within it and its roughly circular churchyard is one of the finest collections of Early Christian stones in Britain, known as the Govan Stones, dating from the c.9th to 11th centuries. Not much
3645-467: The adjacent New Tinto Park. They share a rivalry with St Anthony's F.C. who originated from the Helen Street area of Govan, but are now based further west at Shieldhall . Linthouse and Parkgrove were 19th century senior sides, who fell into decline and are now defunct. There were two other sporting venues for local residents and workers located in the south of Govan (with no space available in
3726-409: The ancestor of Cornish and Breton. Kenneth Jackson concludes that the majority of changes that transformed British into Primitive Welsh belong to the period from the middle of the fifth to the end of the sixth century. This involved syncope and the loss of final syllables. If the poem ultimately dates to this time, it would have originally been written in an early form of Cumbric, the usual name for
3807-416: The character of a town with the development of new industries and factories, including Reid's Dye Works and Pollok's Silk Mill. Town officials arranged for the deepening of the Clyde in 1759, the reclamation of the channels between the islands (The Whyte Inch , The Black Inch, and The King's Inch), and the construction of quays and docks. This facilitated the development of shipbuilding as a major industry. By
3888-920: The different English names of two Welsh towns named Dinbych ('little fort'); Denbigh and Tenby . There is also a significant number of place names which do not support this theory. Devoke Water and Cumdivock (< Dyfoc , according to Ekwall) and Derwent (< Common Brittonic Derwentiō ) all have initial /d/ . The name Calder (< Brit. *Caletodubro- ) in fact appears to show a voiced Cumbric consonant where Welsh has Calettwr by provection , which Jackson believes reflects an earlier stage of pronunciation. Jackson also notes that Old English had no internal or final /ɡ/ , so would be borrowed with /k/ by sound substitution. This can be seen in names with c, k, ck (e.g. Cocker < Brittonic * kukro- , Eccles < Brittonic eglēsia ). The Cumbric personal names Gospatrick, Gososwald and Gosmungo meaning 'servant of St...' (Welsh, Cornish, Breton gwas 'servant, boy') and
3969-603: The district of Ibrox , home to the Scottish football club Rangers F.C. who traditionally incorporate the red and black civic colours in the socks of their kit; their Ibrox Stadium has a stand named for Govan (the closest to the heart of the burgh), although officially this was re-named after their former player Sandy Jardine in 2014. Govan is home to the Scottish Junior football team Benburb F.C. who until March 2014 played at Tinto Park ( Drumoyne ) then moved to
4050-400: The ending were absent. Of additional relevance is that Guto Rhys demonstrated "some robust proof" of the presence of the -ydd ending in the closely aligned Pictish language . One particularly distinctive element of Cumbric is the repeated use of the element Gos- or Cos- (W. gwas 'boy, lad; servant, attendant') in personal names, followed by the name of a saint. The practice
4131-507: The fifth-largest burgh in Scotland. It was incorporated into the City of Glasgow in 1912. Recent studies of the archaeology of Govan Old have revealed the presence of an ancient Christian church. Two associated Christian burials are radiocarbon dated to the 5th or 6th centuries, making Govan the earliest known Christian site in the region. Govan is believed to have then been part of a kingdom ruled from Dumbarton Rock , known as Alt Clut ,
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#17327731217744212-434: The following companies: Robert Napier & Company, Randolph Elder & Company, Dobbie Hedderwick & Co., Dobie & Company, Mackie & Thomson, Smith & Rodgers, London & Glasgow Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Co. Ltd., William Beardmore & Company, John Elder & Company, Fairfield Shipbuilding & Eng. Co. Ltd. , Alexander Stephens & Sons, J & G Thomson, Harland & Wolff and more. Govan
4293-550: The hill may have been a 12th-century Norman motte . Traditionally viewed as a lower working-class area, Govan has typically supported the Labour Party , but the Scottish National Party (SNP) has also been strong there. In 1973 SNP won a by-election with Margo MacDonald as their candidate. The SNP won another by-election victory in 1988, this time with Jim Sillars as candidate. The latest victory for
4374-529: The historic county of Cumberland and in bordering areas of Northumberland. They are less common in Westmorland, east Northumberland, and Durham, with some in Lancashire and the adjoining areas of North and West Yorkshire. Approaching Cheshire, late Brittonic placenames are probably better characterised as Welsh rather than as Cumbric. As noted below, however, any clear distinction between Cumbric and Welsh
4455-502: The inconsistency in the records. When the railway was to be built in the late nineteenth century, however, the confusion over proper descriptions in the land titles made necessary legal transactions difficult and had to be reconciled. The county added to the description of these lands, the phrase: "but now by annexation in the County of Renfrew." By the early part of the 19th century, Govan was rapidly losing its rural appearance and assuming
4536-499: The industrial northern area at the Clyde): White City Stadium and Albion Greyhound Stadium , both now entirely demolished. Govan is served by community radio station Sunny Govan , broadcasting on 103.5FM to the city of Glasgow and surrounding districts, discussing local issues and providing advice, and with diverse musical output covering soul, hip-hop and reggae. Govan has had several local newspapers over
4617-725: The line of the River Mersey and the Forth-Clyde Isthmus", but went on to include evidence from the Wirral Peninsula in his discussion and did not define its easterly extent. Kenneth H. Jackson described Cumbric as "the Brittonic dialect of Cumberland , Westmorland , northern Lancashire , and south-west Scotland" and went on to define the region further as being bound in the north by the Firth of Clyde, in
4698-537: The occurrence in Gospatrick's Writ of the word wassenas 'dependants', thought to be from the same word gwas , is evidence against Jackson's theory. Koch notes that the alternation between gwa- and go- is common among the Brittonic languages and does not amount to a systematic sound change in any of them. Thomas Clancy opined that the royal feminine personal name in Life of Kentigern, Languoreth , demonstrates
4779-489: The personal names of Strathclyde Britons in Scottish, Irish, and Anglo-Saxon sources, and a few Cumbric words surviving into the High Middle Ages in southwest Scotland as legal terms. Although the language is long extinct, traces of its vocabulary arguably have persisted into the modern era in the form of " counting scores " and in a handful of dialectal words. From this scanty evidence, little can be deduced about
4860-591: The presence of /gw/ Cumbric. It is noteworthy that the toponym Brenkibeth in Cumberland (now Burntippet; possibly bryn , "hill" + gwyped , "gnats") may display this syllable anglicized as -k- . The name, however, may not be Brittonic at all, and instead be of Scandinavian origin. In the Book of Aneirin , a poem entitled " Peis Dinogat " (possibly set in the Lake District of Cumbria ), contains
4941-507: The real derivation of these words is far from simple, due in part to the similarities between some cognates in the Brittonic and Goidelic languages and the fact that borrowing took place in both directions between these languages. Another difficulty lies with other words which were taken into Old English , as in many cases it is impossible to tell whether the borrowing is directly from Brittonic or not (e.g. Brogat , Crag , below). The following are possibilities: The linguistic term Cumbric
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#17327731217745022-399: The region. The following table lists some of them according to the modern Welsh equivalent: Some Cumbric names have historically been replaced by Scottish Gaelic , Middle English , or Scots equivalents, and in some cases the different forms occur in the historical record. Derivatives of Common Brittonic *magno , such as Welsh maen and Cornish men , mean "stone", particularly one with
5103-555: The rock on the Clyde. During the Viking Age , following the sack of Dumbarton Rock in 870, Govan is believed to have been one of the major centres of the Kingdom of Strathclyde . In 1855, an elaborately carved sandstone sarcophagus was found during digging in the churchyard. It is now kept inside the church, as part of the Govan Stones museum collection. It may have been used to contain the body or relics of St. Constantine,
5184-525: The same act, was privatised in 1981. British Shipbuilders road to privatisation was not as swift, and the group was sold piece by piece throughout the course of the 1980s. Kværner of Norway, as part of a planned development of a large international shipbuilding group, took over Govan. British Shipbuilders' sale of Govan to the Norwegian firm was completed in 1988, and the yard was renamed Kvaerner Govan . In 1999, GEC 's Marconi Marine division purchased
5265-401: The sandstone sculptures known today as the Govan Stones . Govan was the site of a ford and later a ferry which linked the area with Partick for seasonal cattle drovers. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, textile mills and coal mining were important; in the early-nineteenth century, shipbuilding emerged as Govan's principal industry. In 1864, Govan gained burgh status , and was
5346-415: The shipyard to familiarise themselves with the new vessels. Napier's Shipyard in Govan was later acquired by William Beardmore and Company in 1876 and incorporated into William Beardmore and Company in around 1900. Govan's other major shipbuilding firm was founded in the 1860s as: Randolph, Elder and Company, later becoming John Elder and Company. In 1885, the yard moved further west to its present site and
5427-617: The singular characteristics of Cumbric, not even the name by which its speakers referred to it. However, linguists generally agree that Cumbric was a Western Brittonic language closely related to Welsh and, more distantly, to Cornish and Breton . Around the time of the battle described in the poem Y Gododdin , c. 600, Common Brittonic is believed to have been transitioning into its daughter languages: Cumbric in North Britain , Old Welsh in Wales , and Southwestern Brittonic ,
5508-687: The south by the River Ribble and in the east by the Southern Scottish Uplands and the Pennine Ridge. The study Brittonic Language in the Old North by Alan G. James, concerned with documenting place- and river-names as evidence for Cumbric and the pre-Cumbric Brittonic dialects of the region Yr Hen Ogledd , considered Loch Lomond the northernmost limit of the study with the southernmost limits being Liverpool Bay and
5589-566: The teinds of Govan were granted to the University of Glasgow, and the Principal of the University ex officio was appointed minister of the parish. This settlement was set aside on 20 December 1621, and only the patronage of Govan was left to the University. There was a chapel in the parish at Partick. Govan Church was rebuilt in 1762, and again in 1826. A later rebuilding was begun in 1884 and was opened 19 May 1888. Cumbric Cumbric
5670-580: The term Cumbrenses referred to Cumbrians ("of Cumbria"). However, in Scots, a Cumbric speaker seems to have been called Wallace – from the Scots Wallis/Wellis "Welsh". In Cumbria itaque: regione quadam inter Angliam et Scotiam sita – "And so in Cumbria: a region situated between England and Scotland". The Latinate term Cambria is often used for Wales; nevertheless,
5751-410: The yard when Kværner announced its departure from the shipbuilding industry. GEC's Marconi Marine division already owned YSL (purchased in 1985) and VSEL (purchased in 1995). Marconi Electronic Systems and its Marconi Marine unit were sold to British Aerospace in 1999 to form BAE Systems . The shipbuilding operations became BAE Systems Marine , which subsequently became part of BVT Surface Fleet ,
5832-581: The yards. Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company was renamed Govan Shipbuilders in 1973. In 1977, the Labour government of James Callaghan passed the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977 (c. 3) which nationalised Govan and grouped it with other major British shipyards as British Shipbuilders . In May 1979, Margaret Thatcher was elected Prime Minister and her ministry soon began its privatisation programme. British Aerospace, established by
5913-653: The years such as the Govan Chronicle and Govan Press published by the Cossar Family (1851-1983) and by John Maclean (2006–2014) which also served the communities of Kinning Park , Cardonald , Penilee and Hillington , and the Govan Post (1983–1988) published by Cook, Paton & Co. of Paisley, now part of Dunfermline Press. The church of Govan was a prebend of Glasgow. It was dedicated to St Constantine, who had been buried at Govan. On 13 July 1577,
5994-439: Was an early dialectal variation, it can't be applied as a universal sound law, as the equivalent of W mynydd 'mountain' occurs in a number of Cumbric names with the spirant intact: E.g. Mindrum ( Minethrum 1050) from 'mountain ridge' (Welsh mynydd trum ). It might also be noted that Medieval Welsh forms of Caerliwelydd and Derwennydd both occur in poems of supposed Cumbrian origin whose rhyme and metre would be disrupted if
6075-417: Was created out of a sheriffdom of Lanarkshire in the early fifteenth century, the lands associated with the hospital ( Polmadie ) were not technically in the newly created shire, as they were not part of the sheriffdom. They were, however, very much a part of the physical landscape that became Renfrewshire. A similar uncertainty existed regarding the nearby lands of Pollokshields and Westends. People lived with
6156-599: Was more closely aligned to the Pictish language than to Welsh, though there is considerable debate regarding the classification of that language. On the basis of place name evidence it has also been proposed that all three languages were very similar. In all probability, the "Cumbric" of Lothian more nearly resembled the "Pictish" of adjacent Fife than the Welsh dialects spoken over 300 miles away in Dyfed and accordingly, Alan G. James has argued that all 3 languages may have formed
6237-590: Was named by The Independent newspaper in April 1994 as one of the worst areas in Britain, with drug abuse being a widespread problem and unemployment standing at nearly 30% (up to three times the national average at the time). It was parodied by the BBC sitcom Rab C. Nesbitt . Although Govan was the stated setting for the show, episodes were seldom filmed there. Despite these developments, there were numerous older buildings around Govan until quite recently, most notably
6318-571: Was part of the County of Lanark . In the early medieval period, the site of the present Govan Old churchyard was established as a Christian centre for the Brittonic Kingdom of Alt Clut (Dumbarton Rock) and its successor realm, the Kingdom of Strathclyde . This latter kingdom, established in the aftermath of the Viking siege and capture of Alt Clut by Vikings from Dublin in 870, created
6399-563: Was reorganised as the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Ltd. This company continued until 1965, when it filed for bankruptcy. The following year in 1966, the yard was again reorganised as Fairfields and guaranteed by the government in response. The following year, Fairfields and the other major Clydeside yards (Stephens, Connels, Yarrows and John Browns) were merged to form Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS). In 1971, Upper Clyde Shipbuilders went into receivership and
6480-399: Was slightly further east, also within walking distance of Craigton until its closure in the late 1960s, about the same time as the stadium. The triangular parcel of land between Paisley Road West and Mosspark Boulevard and west of Bellahouston Park has been occupied by housing since the 1920s. It was originally fields belonging to a farm called Wearieston so was occasionally known as such in
6561-537: Was the Doomster or Moot Hill, which stood near the river, north of the present Govan Cross. It was removed in the early 19th century and Reid's Dyeworks was erected on the site. The origins of the Doomster Hill are a mystery. One hypothesis is that it was a prehistoric burial mound . In 1996, a team from Channel 4 's Time Team programme carried out an archeological excavation at the site. They suggested that
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