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69-550: Gliwice is the westernmost city of the Metropolis GZM , a conurbation of 2.0 million people, and is the third-largest city of this area, with 175,102 permanent residents as of 2021. It also lies within the larger Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area which has a population of about 5.3 million people and spans across most of eastern Upper Silesia, western Lesser Poland and the Moravian-Silesian Region in

138-546: A Methodist parish, 9 Jehovah Witnesses halls (including one offering English-language services), several evangelical churches, a Buddhist temple and a Jewish prayer house. Gliwice's Jewish population reached its height in 1929 at approximately 2,200 people, but started to decline in the late 1930s, as the Nazi Party gained power in Germany , of which Gliwice was then a part. In 1933, there were 1,803 Jews living in

207-399: A gasworks , a furnace factory, a beer bottling company , and a plant for asphalt and paste. Economically, Gleiwitz opened several banks , Savings and loan associations , and bond centers. Its tram system was completed in 1892, while its theater was opened in 1899; until World War II , Gleiwitz' theatre featured actors from throughout Europe and was one of the most famous theatres in

276-432: A hospital , two orphanages , and a barracks . Gleiwitz was the center of the mining industry of Upper Silesia . It possessed a royal foundry , with which were connected machine factories and boiler works. Other industrialized areas of the city had other foundries, meal mills, and factories producing wire, gas pipes, cement, and paper. After the end of World War I , clashes between Poles and Germans occurred during

345-799: A congregation point for Jews who had survived The Holocaust , with the Jewish population standing at around a 1,000 people in 1945. Since then, the number of Jews in Gliwice has declined as survivors moved to larger cities or emigrated to Israel , the United States , and other western counties. Currently, Gliwice's Jewish community is estimated at around 25 people and is part of the Katowice Jewish Religious Community. Gliwice has one Jewish prayer house , where religious services are held every Sabbath and on holidays. It

414-575: A contribution is established for the municipalities included in its composition. In 2017, the budget of the Metropolis amounted to PLN 12,306,418. In 2018, the budget amounted to PLN 361,053,107. The Metropolis is inhabited by over 2.2 million people. The population of the cities and gminas comprising the metropolis, as well as the entire voivodeship, has been steadily decreasing since 1989, mainly due to natural decrease and negative migration balance. In 2020 Katowice's gross metropolitan product

483-579: A decrease of 1,236 over the previous year. Gliwice faces a continuous population decline since 1988, which is credited to very low birth rates (exceeded by death rates) and suburbanisation. Historically, Gliwice was ethnically diverse, initially inhabited by Poles , later it had a German majority as a result of German colonization , with a significant autochthonous Polish minority. In the Upper Silesian Plebiscite in 1921, 78.9 percent of voters opted for Germany (however 15.1 percent of

552-455: A regulation of Poland's Council of Ministers which expanded the earlier existing Upper Silesia Metropolitan Union ( Polish : Górnośląski Związek Metropolitalny ). That original union was formed ten year earlier in Świętochłowice by 14 core cities. The purpose of the metropolis is to maintain a strong urban and industrially developed area with internationally competitive profile and unified management of all infrastructure. For these tasks,

621-781: A religion. The majority – 82.73 percent – belongs to the Catholic Church. This is significantly lower than the Polish average, which is 89.6 and 88.3 percent, respectively. According to the Catholic Church in Poland , weekly mass attendance in the Diocese of Gliwice is at 36.7 percent of obliged, on par with Polish average. Other larger denominations include Jehovah's Witnesses (0.56 percent or 1,044 adherents) and Protestants (0.37 percent or 701 adherents). Gliwice

690-415: A short period immediately after Reformation , Gliwice has always had a Catholic majority, with sizeable Protestant and Jewish minorities. According to the population estimate in 1861, 7,476 people (68.4 percent) were Catholic , 1,555 (14.2 percent) Protestant , and 1,892 Jewish (17.3 percent, highest share in city history). Currently, as of 2011 census, 84.7 percent of inhabitants claim they belong to

759-574: Is twinned with: Metropolis GZM The Metropolis GZM ( Polish : Metropolia GZM , formally in Polish Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolia ) is a metropolitan association composed of 41 contiguous municipalities in the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland . The seat of the metropolitan council is Katowice , the largest member city and the voivodeship capital. With a population of over 2 million,

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828-509: Is also known for its Radio Tower , where Gleiwitz incident happened shortly before the outbreak of World War II and which is thought to be the world's tallest wooden construction, as well as Weichmann Textile House, one of the first buildings designed by world-renowned architect Erich Mendelsohn . Gliwice hosted the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 which took place on 24 November 2019. In Slavic languages ,

897-619: Is also within close (60 km) proximity of Kraków Airport , which is the second-busiest airport in Poland (6.8 million passengers in 2018 ). Original union included 14 city counties that form the urban core of the metropolitan area: ( Bytom , Chorzów , Dąbrowa Górnicza , Gliwice , Jaworzno , Katowice , Mysłowice , Piekary Śląskie , Ruda Śląska , Siemianowice Śląskie , Sosnowiec , Świętochłowice , Tychy , and Zabrze . The original union could not accept more members for legal reasons because under Polish law at that time only city counties could form such union. This changed in 2017 when

966-485: Is connected to the agglomeration through National Road no. 1 , commonly known as Gierkówka (after Edward Gierek ). The agglomeration is also connected to the Beskid Mountains in the south through two extensions of Gierkówka —National Road no. 1 and National Road no. 81 . Drogowa Trasa Średnicowa , an inter-urban, limited-access expressway, connects Gliwice and Katowice city centers. The GZM observes some of

1035-534: Is located approx. 30 km (19 mi) north of downtown Katowice. Katowice Airport is the fourth-busiest airport in Poland in terms of passenger traffic, handling 4.8 million passengers in 2018. It is also second-busiest cargo airport in the country, serving 18,543 tonnes in 2018. It is a base for Wizz Air , Ryanair Sun , Blue Panorama Airlines , Enter Air , Smartwings , and Smartwings Poland . LOT Polish Airlines base some of their aircraft in Katowice during

1104-547: Is located in the house that the Jewish Religious Community elected in 1905. Notable members of the Jewish community in Gliwice include: Gliwice is a major applied science hub for the Metropolis GZM . Gliwice is a seat of: The Polish north–south A1 and east–west A4 motorways, which are parts of the European routes E75 and E40 , respectively, run through Gliwice, and their junction is located in

1173-586: Is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gliwice , which has 23 parish churches in the city. Gliwice is also the seat of one of the three Armenian Church parishes in Poland (the other being in Warsaw and Gdańsk ), which is subject to the Holy See directly. Other denominations present in the city include a Greek Catholic Church parish, an Evangelical Church of Augsburg Confession parish,

1242-423: Is the second-busiest station in the metropolis, with 10,300 passengers per day. Regional and metropolitan trains are operated by Koleje Śląskie . Most national and international trains are operated by Polish State Railways . Gliwice and Katowice are connected to Warsaw by a fast Express Intercity Premium train (commonly called Pendolino , after the train model that operates this line). Other major cities to which

1311-622: The 2011 Polish Census , 93.7 percent of people in Gliwice claimed Polish nationality, with the biggest minorities being Silesians (or both Poles and Silesians at the same time) at 9.7 percent (18,169 people) and Germans at 1.3 percent (2,525). 0.3 percent declared another nationality, and the nationality of 2.1 percent of people could not be established. These numbers do not sum up to 100 percent as responders were allowed to choose up to two nationalities. Most-common languages used at home were: Polish (97.7 percent), Silesian (2.3 percent), German (0.7 percent) and English (0.4 percent). Except for

1380-733: The Austrian Habsburgs in 1526. According to 14th-century writers, the town seemed defensive in character, when under rule of Siemowit of Bytom . In the Middle Ages the city prospered mainly due to trade and crafts, especially brewing . On 17 April 1433, Gliwice was captured by the Duke Bolko V , who joined the Hussites after they captured Prudnik . After the dissolution of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz in 1532, it

1449-576: The Czech Republic . Gliwice is bordered by three other cities and towns of the metropolitan area: Zabrze , Knurów and Pyskowice . It is one of the major college towns in Poland, thanks to the Silesian University of Technology , which was founded in 1945 by academics of Lwów University of Technology . Over 20,000 people study in Gliwice. Gliwice is an important industrial center of Poland. Following an economic transformation in

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1518-632: The League of Nations . The New Synagogue was destroyed in 1938 during the Nazi November pogroms known as Kristallnacht . During the Holocaust , Jews from Gliwice were transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1942 and 1943. Only 25 Jews from Gliwice's pre-war Jewish population survived World War II in the city, all of them being in mixed marriages with gentiles. Immediately after the War, Gliwice became

1587-522: The Mongol invasion in 1241. Upon Władysław's death in 1281, his four sons again divided the duchy among themselves. In 1282 both the Duchies of Opole and Racibórz were recreated, with Opole assigned to Bolko , and Racibórz to Przemysław . Those entities which were further split in 1284 and 1290 created the Duchy of Bytom (assigned to Casimir ) and Duchy of Cieszyn (assigned to Mieszko ). In 1521

1656-499: The Polish government created a new law designed specifically for this area's needs. Currently, 41 municipalities form the metropolis. Jaworzno , which was the founding member of the original union, decided to leave the new body, citing an unwillingness to merge its public transportation subsidiary company with the metropolitan one. Upper Silesia Dąbrowa Basin The official name of

1725-770: The Polish insurrections in Silesia. Some ethnically Polish inhabitants of Upper Silesia wanted to incorporate the city into the Second Polish Republic , which just regained independence. On 1 May 1919, a Polish rally was held in Gliwice. Seeking a peaceful solution to the conflict, the League of Nations held a plebiscite on 20 March 1921 to determine which country the city should belong to. In Gleiwitz, 32,029 votes (78.7% of given votes) were for remaining in Germany, Poland received 8,558 (21.0%) votes, and 113 (0.3%) votes were declared invalid. The total voter turnout

1794-598: The Province of Silesia in 1816. The city was incorporated with Prussia into the German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany . In 1897 Gleiwitz became its own Stadtkreis, or urban district. The first coke-fired blast furnace on the European continent was constructed in Gleiwitz in 1796 under the direction of John Baildon . Gleiwitz began to develop into a major city through industrialization during

1863-732: The Upper Silesian duchies of Opole and the Racibórz , in a rare exception to the continuing feudal fragmentation of the original Duchy of Silesia . In 1281 it was split again. In 1521 it was recreated by the last Silesian Piast, Duke Jan II the Good . After his heirless death the duchy fell to the Kingdom of Bohemia . It was briefly part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century; eventually like most of

1932-499: The Vistula and Oder rivers. It is located roughly 72 km West of Kraków and 260 km South-West of Warsaw . Other major population centers in relative proximity to the metropolis include: Ostrava (70 km), Vienna (290 km), Prague (320 km) and Bratislava (270 km). The Metropolis GZM has extensive road network, including national highways A4 and A1 , as well as S1 and S86 expressways . Warsaw

2001-507: The castellany of Opole . Mieszko's son Casimir I of Opole , Duke from 1211, invited German settlers immigrating to his duchy in the course of the Ostsiedlung , and granted German town law to settlements like Leśnica , Ujazd , Gościęcin , Biała and Olesno . As Casimir's successor Duke Mieszko II the Fat was still a minor upon his father's death in 1230, the regency over his duchy

2070-605: The 17th and 18th century, the city's economy switched from trading and brewing beer to clothmaking, which collapsed after the 18th-century Silesian Wars . During the mid 18th century Silesian Wars , Gleiwitz was taken from the Habsburg monarchy by the Kingdom of Prussia along with the majority of Silesia. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars , Gleiwitz was administered in the Prussian district of Tost-Gleiwitz within

2139-536: The 1990s, Gliwice shifted from steelworks and coal mining to automotive and machine industry . Founded in the 13th century, Gliwice is one of the oldest settlements in Upper Silesia , with a preserved Old Town core. Gliwice's most historical structures include St Bartholomew's Church (15th century), Gliwice Castle and city walls (14th century), Armenian Church (originally a hospital, 15th century) and All Saints Old Town Church (15th century). Gliwice

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2208-403: The 19th century. The town's ironworks fostered the growth of other industrial fields in the area. The city's population in 1875 was 14,156. However, during the late 19th century Gleiwitz had: 14 distilleries , 2 breweries , 5 mills , 7 brick factories , 3 sawmills , a shingle factory, 8 chalk factories and 2 glassworks . Other features of the 19th century industrialized Gleiwitz were

2277-725: The Duchy was recreated due to actions of the last Silesian Piast , Jan II the Good . Jan however died without issue in 1532 and the Opole line of the Piasts became extinct, whereafter Opole and Racibórz as reverted fiefs were fully under the sovereignty of the Bohemian Crown . It would then fall to Margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach from the House of Hohenzollern , who had signed an inheritance treaty with Jan in 1522 and finally reached

2346-696: The Hungarian insurgents (see also Hungary–Poland relations ). The earliest population estimate of Gliwice from 1880, gives 1,159 people in 1750. The same source cites population to have been 2,990 in 1810, 6,415 in 1838, and 10,923 in 1861. A census from 1858 reported the following ethnic makeup: 7,060 - German , 3,566 - Polish , 11 - Moravian , 1 - Czech . Since the Industrial Revolution , Gliwice saw rapid economic growth which fuelled fast population increase. In 1890, Gliwice had 19,667 inhabitants, and this number has increased over twofold over

2415-510: The Polish throne, nevertheless he could seize large Lesser Polish territories. He helped to free the young Silesian Duke Henry IV Probus from custody, whom his daughter ( Constance ?) married in 1280. Władysław further encouraged the Ostsiedlung establishing numerous towns like Bytom , Lędziny , Cieszyn , Pszów , Żory , Gliwice and Wodzisław , named after him. He also had to rebuild his residence Opole that had been devastated during

2484-603: The Reformed Franciscans came from Kraków , and then their monastery and Holy Cross Church were built. The city was besieged or captured by various armies during the Thirty Years' War . In 1645 along with the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz it returned to Poland under the House of Vasa , and in 1666 it fell to Austria again. In 1683 Polish King John III Sobieski stopped in the city before the Battle of Vienna . In

2553-609: The Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference , Gliwice fell inside Poland's new borders after Germany's defeat in the war. It was incorporated into Poland's Silesian Voivodeship on 18 March 1945, after almost 300 years of being outside of Polish rule. In 1956, Gliwice was the site of a manifestation of solidarity with the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , and local Poles raised funds and donated blood for

2622-512: The Tall , leaving the younger dissatisfied. After Bolesław had died in 1201, Mieszko occupied the Duchy of Opole, that had been created for his deceased nephew Jarosław , forming the united duchy of Opole and Racibórz. Bolesław's heir, Duke Henry I the Bearded , had to renounce his claims, whereby the centuries-long division of Upper and Lower Silesia was fixed. The dukes took their residence at

2691-558: The border with Poland – the nearby Knurów was already in Poland. During the interbellum the city witnessed not only anti-Polish , but also anti-French incidents and violence by the Germans. In 1920, local Polish doctor and city councillor Wincenty Styczyński  [ pl ] , protested against the German refusal to treat French soldiers stationed in the city. In January 1922, he himself treated French soldiers shot in

2760-662: The city in the interbellum, including a local branch of the Union of Poles in Germany , Polish banks and a scout troop . On 9 June 1933, Gliwice was the site of the first conference of the Nazi anti-Polish organization Bund Deutscher Osten in Upper Silesia. In a secret Sicherheitsdienst report from 1934, Gliwice was named one of the main centers of the Polish movement in western Upper Silesia. Polish activists were increasingly persecuted starting in 1937. The Gleiwitz incident

2829-595: The city of Lwów (Lviv), Volhynia , Polesie , the Wilno region (Vilnius region) and the Grodno region. In addition, Poles from other regions of Poland, including the vicinity of Kielce , Rzeszów , Łódź or Poznań , as well as Poles from other countries, settled in Gliwice. Many of these new inhabitants were academics from the Lwów Polytechnic who created the Silesian University of Technology . According to

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2898-522: The city, both commemorated with monuments. During the final stages of the war, 124 inhabitants committed suicide fearing the advancing Red Army . On 24 January 1945, Gliwice was occupied by the Red Army. Soviet troops then murdered over 1,000 civilians, mostly women, children and elders. In February 1945, the Soviets carried out deportations of local men to Soviet mines. Under borders changes dictated by

2967-632: The city. In addition the Polish National roads 78 and 88 also run through the city. The Gliwice Canal ( Kanał Gliwicki ) links the harbour to the Oder River and thus to the waterway network across much of Germany and to the Baltic Sea . There is also an older Kłodnica Canal ( Kanał Kłodnicki ) which is no longer operational. Other notable clubs: The city's President (i.e. Mayor) is Adam Neumann. He succeeded Zygmunt Frankiewicz who

3036-417: The city. On 9 April 1922, 17 Frenchmen died in an explosion during the liquidation of a German militia weapons warehouse in the present-day Sośnica district. Styczyński, who defended the rights of local Poles and protested against German acts of violence against Poles, was himself murdered by a German radical/militant on 18 April 1922. Nevertheless, various Polish organizations and enterprises still operated in

3105-571: The city; this number had dropped by half (to 902) by 1939 due to emigration. Between 1933 and 1937, Jews living in Upper Silesia enjoyed somewhat less legal persecution compared to Jews in other parts of Germany, thanks to the Polish-German Treaty of Protection of Minorities' Rights in Upper Silesia. This regional exception was granted thanks to the Bernheim petition that Gliwice citizen Franz Bernheim filed against Nazi Germany with

3174-546: The claims raised by Henry's heir, High Duke Henry II the Pious . The Greater Polish territories were finally lost to Duke Przemysł I until 1249. In 1246 Mieszko II was succeeded by his brother Władysław, who began to interfere in European politics: at first he supported King Béla IV of Hungary in his conflict with King Ottokar II of Bohemia around the possession of the Imperial Duchy of Austria , not least to attack

3243-653: The core of the Metropolis GZM is one of the largest urban areas in the European Union . The area of the metropolis largely coincides with the metropolitan area of the Katowice urban area , which is a part of the wider cross-border Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area , the latter with a population of 5–5.3 million people. Metropolis GZM was created in June 2017 act of Parliament, with its boundaries defined by

3312-499: The highest traffic in Poland, with S86 between Katowice and Sosnowiec hosting 112,212 vehicles per day and A4 highway in Katowice seeing 100,983 vehicles per day. The agglomeration boasts the highest density of railway lines in Poland. Katowice Train Station is the 8th busiest passenger station in the country, handling 11.9 million passengers in 2017 (up from 10.6 million in 2014), which corresponds to 32,800 passengers per day. Gliwice

3381-652: The invasion of Poland, the assets of local Polish banks were confiscated by Germany. The Germans formed a Kampfgruppe unit in the city. It was also the cremation site of many of around 750 Poles murdered in Katowice in September 1939. In early 1940, the advanced shaped charge explosive developed for the attack on Fort Ében-Émael as part of the Blitzkreig attack on the Maginot Line on May 10, 1940 were tested at places in Gleiwitz to ensure secrecy. During

3450-537: The metropolis is "Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolia" (Upper Silesian-Dąbrowa Basin Metropolis"). This name was used on the official petition to create a metropolis, and later was used by the Polish Ministry of Interior in the final legal act published on 30 June 2017. Previous name proposals included: Pursuant to the law, the Metropolis receives 5% of the PIT from persons residing in its territory. In addition,

3519-405: The metropolis is directly connected to by trains include Berlin , Prague , Vienna , Budapest and Bratislava . A large tram interurban network called the Silesian Interurbans still exists today connecting the urban areas of the Upper Silesia and Dąbrowa Basin . It is one of the largest interurban networks in Europe. Katowice Airport serves as the primary airport for the metropolis, and

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3588-415: The metropolis receives 5% of the income tax of its residents and participating municipalities. The Metropolis GZM spans urban and suburban communities in the historical regions of Upper Silesia (the South-Eastern part of Silesia ) as well as Lesser Poland 's Zagłębie Dąbrowskie in the modern Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland, within the northern portion of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin between

3657-410: The neighbouring Moravian lands of Troppau . Nevertheless, King Ottokar prevailed and Władysław switched sides, fighting with his Silesian cousin Duke Henry III the White against King Béla at the 1260 Battle of Kressenbrunn . He also conspired with local nobles in the Polish Seniorate Province of Kraków against High Duke Bolesław V the Chaste resulting in a 1273 rebellion. Władysław failed to gain

3726-407: The next 10 years to 52,362 in 1900. Gliwice gained its status of a large city ( Großstadt in German) in 1927, when population reached 102,452 people. In 1945, with the approaching Red Army, a significant number of residents were either evacuated or fled the city at their own discretion. Following the Yalta Conference , Gliwice, along most of Silesia , was incorporated into communist Poland , and

3795-413: The remaining German population was expelled . Ethnic Poles, some of them themselves expelled from the Polish Kresy (which were incorporated into Soviet Union ), started to settle down in Gliwice. Population estimates reached their pre-war levels in 1950, at 119,968 people. Gliwice's population peaked in 1988 at 223,403 inhabitants. As of December 31, 2016, Gliwice's population stood at 182,156 people,

3864-424: The root gliw or gliv suggests terrain characterized by loam or wetland . In South Slavic languages, glive or gljive refers to mushrooms, with gljivice meaning little mushrooms. Gliwice was first mentioned as a town in 1276, however, it was granted town rights earlier by Duke Władysław Opolski of the Piast dynasty . It was located on a trade route connecting Kraków and Wrocław and

3933-467: The summer season. The airport has daily feeder flights to Warsaw-Chopin (by LOT Polish Airlines, 4 flights), Frankfurt Airport (3 flights) and Munich Airport (1 flight, by Lufthansa ). Other major cities with connections to Katowice Airport include London , Dubai , Amsterdam , Milan , Dublin , Rome , Barcelona , Lisbon , Stockholm , Athens , Kyiv and Tel Aviv . In total, there are 61 regular and 44 charter destinations. The Metropolis GZM

4002-446: The then mainly German-speaking province of Silesia it was annexed by Prussia after the First Silesian War in 1742. [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1556]] The Duchy of Racibórz under Duke Mieszko Tanglefoot had been established in 1173 upon the partition of Silesia among the sons of Duke Władysław II the Exile . The bulk of the Silesian lands around Wrocław had passed to Mieszko's elder brother Duke Bolesław I

4071-416: The vote in Gliwice was cast by non-residents, who are believed to overwhelmingly vote for Germany across the region). After Germany's defeat in World War II, the Germans either fled or were displaced to Allied-occupied Germany in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . Polish inhabitants remained in Gliwice, and were joined by Poles displaced from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union , including

4140-418: The war, the Germans operated a Dulag transit camp for Polish prisoners of war, and a Nazi prison in the city, and established numerous forced labour camps, including a Polenlager camp solely for Poles, a camp solely for Jews , a penal "education" camp, a subcamp of the prison in Strzelce Opolskie , and six subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner of war camp . From July 1944 to January 1945, Gliwice

4209-407: The whole of Germany . Despite Germanisation policies, the Poles established various Polish organizations, including the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society , and published local Polish newspapers. According to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica , Gleiwitz's population in 1905 was 61,324. By 1911, it had two Protestant and four Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue , a mining school, a convent ,

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4278-431: Was a false-flag attack on a radio station in Gleiwitz on 31 August 1939, staged by the German secret police, which served as a pretext, devised by Reinhard Heydrich under orders from Hitler, for Nazi Germany to invade Poland , and which marked the start of the Second World War . Shortly after the outbreak of the war, on 4 September 1939, the Einsatzgruppe I entered the city to commit atrocities against Poles . After

4347-414: Was assumed by his uncle Henry I the Bearded, who thereby once again ruled over all Silesia. In 1233 Henry, then High Duke of Poland , granted Mieszko's younger brother Władysław the Greater Polish lands of Kalisz , which he had seized from Duke Władysław Odonic . However, Henry's plans to push off his nephews ultimately failed: when Mieszko II came of age he took over the rule of Opole-Racibórz, defying

4416-413: Was incorporated as Gleiwitz into the Habsburg monarchy . Because of the vast expenses incurred by the Habsburg monarchy during their 16th century wars against the Ottoman Empire , Gleiwitz was leased to Friedrich Zettritz for the amount of 14,000 thalers . Although the original lease was for a duration of 18 years, it was renewed in 1580 for 10 years and in 1589 for an additional 18 years. Around 1612,

4485-424: Was listed as 97.0%. This prompted another insurrection by Poles. The League of Nations determined that three Silesian cities: Gleiwitz (Gliwice), Hindenburg (Zabrze) and Beuthen (Bytom) would remain in Germany, and the eastern part of Upper Silesia with its main city of Katowice (Kattowitz) would join restored Poland. After delimiting the border in Upper Silesia in 1921, Gliwice found itself in Germany, but near

4554-871: Was mayor for 26 years (1993–2019) before being elected as a Polish Senator. Gliwice has 21 city districts, each of them with its own Rada Osiedlowa . They include, in alphabetical order: Bojków, Brzezinka, Czechowice, Kopernik, Ligota Zabrska, Łabędy, Obrońców Pokoju, Ostropa, Politechnika, Sikornik, Sośnica , Stare Gliwice, Szobiszowice , Śródmieście, Żwirki I Wigury, Trynek, Wilcze Gardło, Wojska Polskiego, Wójtowa Wieś, Zatorze, Żerniki. Members of Parliament ( Sejm ) elected from Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze constituency include: Brzeziński Jacek (PO), Chłopek Aleksander (PiS), Gałażewski Andrzej (PO), Głogowski Tomasz (PO), Kaźmierczak Jan (PO), Martyniuk Wacław (LiD), Religa Zbigniew (PiS), Sekuła Mirosław (PO), Szarama Wojciech (PiS), Szumilas Krystyna (PO). There are honorary consulates of Germany , Kyrgyzstan and Slovakia in Gliwice. Gliwice

4623-412: Was part of various Piast -ruled duchies of fragmented Poland : Opole until 1281, Bytom until 1322, from 1322 to 1342 Gliwice was a capital of an eponymous duchy, afterwards again part of the Duchy of Bytom until 1354, later it was also ruled by other regional Polish Piast dukes until 1532, although in 1335 it fell under the suzerainty of the Bohemian Crown , passing with that crown under suzerainty of

4692-438: Was the location of four subcamps of the Auschwitz concentration camp . In the largest subcamp, whose prisoners were mainly Poles, Jews and Russians , nearly 100 either died of hunger, mistreatment and exhaustion or were murdered. During the evacuation of another subcamp, the Germans burned alive or shot 55 prisoners who were unable to walk. There are two mass graves of the victims of the early 1945 death march from Auschwitz in

4761-406: Was €39 billion. This puts Katowice in 60th place among cities in European Union . Duchy of Opole and Racib%C3%B3rz The Duchy of Opole and Racibórz ( Polish : Księstwo opolsko-raciborskie , German : Herzogtum Oppeln und Ratibor ) was one of the numerous Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian branch of the royal Polish Piast dynasty . It was formed in 1202 from the union of

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