94-1091: Greater Belo Horizonte , Brazil, is the name usually used to describe the Belo Horizonte metropolitan region , which is composed of 34 municipalities. As of 2013, it is the third largest metropolitan area of Brazil with more than Six million inhabitants; the largest city by population is Belo Horizonte . In total, 34 municipalities are part of the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan area: Baldim , Belo Horizonte , Betim , Brumadinho , Caeté , Capim Branco , Confins , Contagem , Esmeraldas , Florestal , Ibirité , Igarapé , Itaguara , Itatiaiuçu , Jaboticatubas , Nova União , Juatuba , Lagoa Santa , Mário Campos , Mateus Leme , Matozinhos , Nova Lima , Pedro Leopoldo , Raposos , Ribeirão das Neves , Rio Acima , Rio Manso , Sabará , Santa Luzia , São Joaquim de Bicas , São José da Lapa , Sarzedo , Taquaraçu de Minas , Vespasiano . The metropolitan belt ( Portuguese : Colar Metropolitano ) of
188-548: A consequence of the conflicts. With the majority of them being hosted in developing nations, the number of displaced individuals between 2010 and 2018 increased by 70% between 2010 and 2018 to reach 70.8 million. Recent editions of the SOFI report ( The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World) present evidence that the decades-long decline in hunger in the world, as measured by the number of undernourished (NoU), has ended. In
282-581: A gold rush expedition. He then established a farm called "Curral d'el Rey," archaic Portuguese for the "King's Corral". The farm's wealth and success encouraged people from surrounding places to move into the region, and Curral del Rey became a village surrounded by farms. Another important factor contributing to the growth of the village was people immigrating from the São Francisco River region, who had to pass through Curral d'el Rey to reach southern parts of Brazil. Travelers usually visited
376-489: A high degree of vulnerability to hunger and famine. Chronic hunger and malnutrition in childhood can lead to stunted growth of children. Once stunting has occurred, improved nutritional intake after the age of about two years is unable to reverse the damage. Severe malnutrition in early childhood often leads to defects in cognitive development . Food security, as defined by the World Food Summit in 1996,
470-563: A higher quality of life for the local farmers partnering with the city and that this may be having positive effects on biodiversity in the Atlantic rainforest around the city. The city's development of these policies garnered the first "Future Policy Award" in 2009, awarded by the World Future Council , a group of 50 activists (including Frances Moore Lappé , Vandana Shiva , Wes Jackson , and Youssou N'Dour ) concerned with
564-438: A household purchases food produced elsewhere. Location can affect access to food and which type of access a family will rely on. The assets of a household, including income, land, products of labor, inheritances, and gifts can determine a household's access to food. However, the ability to access sufficient food may not lead to the purchase of food over other materials and services. Demographics and education levels of members of
658-635: A level of around 9.9 percent. This is the mid-point of an estimate of 720 to 811 million people facing hunger in 2020 – as many as 161 million more than in 2019. The number had jumped by some 446 million in Africa , 57 million in Asia , and about 14 million in Latin America and the Caribbean . At the global level, the prevalence of food insecurity at a moderate or severe level, and severe level only,
752-401: A modern and prosperous Minas Gerais, had to be established. In 1893 due to the climatic and topographic conditions, Curral Del Rey was selected by Minas Gerais governor Afonso Pena among other cities as the location for the new economic and cultural center of the state, under the new name of Cidade de Minas , or City of Minas. Aarão Reis [ pt ] , an urbanist from Pará ,
846-415: A notable Italian influence ; around 30% of the city's population have some Italian origin . The Italian culture is present in the cuisine, dance, and language. People of German , Spanish , French , and Syrian-Lebanese ancestries also make up sizeable groups. Source: IBGE 2010. In 1993, under mayor Patrus Ananias de Souza, the city started a series of innovations based on its citizens having
940-572: A population of around 2.3 million, and the third largest metropolitan area, containing a population of 6 million. It is the 13th-largest city in South America and the 18th-largest in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area , ranked as the third most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and the 17th most populous in the Americas. Belo Horizonte
1034-493: A small wooden chapel, where they prayed for a safe trip, so the chapel was named Capela da Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem, which means "Chapel of Our Lady of the Good Journey." After the construction of Belo Horizonte, the old baroque chapel was replaced by a neo-Gothic church that became the city's cathedral. The previous capital of Minas Gerais, Ouro Preto (meaning "black gold," due to dark rocks with gold inside found on
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#17327733895751128-604: A third. The 2021 edition of the SOFI report estimated the hunger excess linked to the COVID-19 pandemic at 30 million people by the end of the decade – FAO had earlier warned that even without the pandemic, the world was off track to achieve Zero Hunger or Goal 2 of the Sustainable Development Goals – it further found that already in the first year of the pandemic, the prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) had increased 1.5 percentage points, reaching
1222-569: Is "when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life". Food insecurity , on the other hand, as defined by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), is a situation of "limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways." At
1316-483: Is a greater barrier to achieving food security. Food access refers to the affordability and allocation of food, as well as the preferences of individuals and households. The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights noted that the causes of hunger and malnutrition are often not a scarcity of food but an inability to access available food, usually due to poverty . Poverty can limit access to food, and can also increase how vulnerable an individual or household
1410-569: Is a major feedstock for the production of ammonia , via the Haber process , for use in fertilizer production. The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global population growth — it has been estimated that almost half the people on Earth are currently fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use. Diseases affecting livestock or crops can have devastating effects on food availability especially if there are no contingency plans in place. For example, Ug99 ,
1504-528: Is a result of food insecurity. According to estimates, girls and women make up 60% of the world's chronically hungry and little progress has been made in ensuring the equal right to food for women enshrined in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women . At the global level, the gender gap in the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity grew even larger in
1598-443: Is also an East-West Express Way, which goes from the city to the nearby industrial centres of Contagem and Betim (together having a population of ca. 900,000), and Anel Rodoviário, a kind of "beltway" – indeed it is not circumferential, but connects many highways, such as the federal (BR-ones) so it is not necessary for a large number of cars and trucks to pass through the city centre. Many of these roads are in poor condition, but in
1692-441: Is cooled considerably by the relatively high elevation, which suppresses high maximum air temperatures experienced in nearby cities at lower altitudes. Belo Horizonte's climate is mild throughout the year. Temperatures vary between 11 and 31 °C (52 and 88 °F), the average being 22 °C (72 °F). Winter is dry and mostly sunny, and summer is rainy. According to the 2022 census , there were 2,315,560 people residing in
1786-418: Is food utilization, which refers to the metabolism of food by individuals. Once the food is obtained by a household, a variety of factors affect the quantity and quality of food that reaches members of the household. To achieve food security, the food ingested must be safe and must be enough to meet the physiological requirements of each individual. Food safety affects food utilization, and can be affected by
1880-672: Is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur. The 20th century has examples of governments, such as Collectivization in the Soviet Union or the Great Leap Forward in the People's Republic of China undermining the food security of their nations. Mass starvation is frequently a weapon of war, as in the blockade of Germany in World War I and World War II ,
1974-526: Is higher among women than men, magnified in rural areas. In 2023, the Global Report on Food Crises revealed that acute hunger affected approximately 282 million people across 59 countries, an increase of 24 million from the previous year. This rise in food insecurity was primarily driven by conflicts, economic shocks, and extreme weather . Regions like the Gaza Strip and South Sudan were among
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#17327733895752068-572: Is home to 16% of the country's biotechnology companies, with annual sales of over R$ 550 million. Projects in these fields are likely to expand because of integration between universities, the oil company Petrobras and the Brazilian Government . One of the largest events that ever took place in the city, the Inter-American Development Bank meeting, occurred in 2005 and attracted people from all over
2162-437: Is located about 500 kilometres (310 mi) from the sea. Even though inter-seasonal differences are not as pronounced as they are in temperate places, there is a contrast between spring and summer, and between fall and winter. The coldest month is generally July, with a lowest recorded temperature of 3.1 °C (38 °F). The hottest month is usually January. With an elevation of 852 m (2,795 ft), Belo Horizonte
2256-508: Is not required for a country to achieve food security. Nations do not have to have the natural resources required to produce crops to achieve food security, as seen in the examples of Japan and Singapore. Because food consumers outnumber producers in every country, food must be distributed to different regions or nations. Food distribution involves the storage, processing, transport, packaging, and marketing of food. Food-chain infrastructure and storage technologies on farms can also affect
2350-408: Is the 3rd most populous of Brazil , after only Greater São Paulo (with 19,672,582 people, first in Brazil and 5th in the world ) and Greater Rio de Janeiro (with 14,387,000 people). The city is the 6th most populous of the country . During the 18th century, Minas Gerais received many Portuguese immigrants, mainly from Northern Portugal as well as many enslaved Africans. Belo Horizonte has
2444-465: Is the capital of the state of Minas Gerais , Brazil's second-most populous state . It is the first planned modern city in Brazil. The region was first settled in the early 18th century, but the city as it is known today was planned and constructed in the 1890s to replace Ouro Preto as the capital of Minas Gerais. The city features a mixture of contemporary and classical buildings and is home to several modern Brazilian architectural icons, most notably
2538-653: Is the distribution and processing centre of a rich agricultural and mining region and the nucleus of a burgeoning industrial complex. Production is centred on steel, steel products, automobiles , and textiles. Gold, manganese , and gemstones mined in the surrounding region are processed in the city. The main industrial district of the city was set during the 1940s in Contagem , a part of greater Belo Horizonte. Multinational companies like FIAT (which opened its plant in Betim in 1974), Arcelor , and Toshiba have subsidiaries in
2632-449: Is the opposite of food security: a state where there is only limited or uncertain availability of suitable food. The concept of food security has evolved over time. The four pillars of food security include availability, access, utilization, and stability. In addition, there are two more dimensions that are important: agency and sustainability . These six dimensions of food security are reinforced in conceptual and legal understandings of
2726-516: Is to capture some or all of the main components of food security in terms of food availability, accessibility, and utilization/adequacy. While availability (production and supply) and utilization/adequacy (nutritional status/ anthropometric measurement) are easier to estimate and therefore more popular, accessibility (the ability to acquire a sufficient quantity and quality of food) remains largely elusive. The factors influencing household food accessibility are often context-specific. FAO has developed
2820-476: Is to food price spikes. Access depends on whether the household has enough income to purchase food at prevailing prices or has sufficient land and other resources to grow its food. Households with enough resources can overcome unstable harvests and local food shortages and maintain their access to food. There are two distinct types of access to food: direct access, in which a household produces food using human and material resources, and economic access, in which
2914-604: The Battle of the Atlantic , and the blockade of Japan during World War I and World War II and in the Hunger Plan enacted by Nazi Germany . The WHO states that three pillars that determine food security: food availability, food access, and food use and misuse. The FAO added a fourth pillar: the stability of the first three dimensions of food security over time. In 2009, the World Summit on Food Security stated that
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3008-626: The Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) as a universally applicable experience-based food security measurement scale derived from the scale used in the United States. Thanks to the establishment of a global reference scale and the procedure needed to calibrate measures obtained in different countries, it is possible to use the FIES to produce cross-country comparable estimates of the prevalence of food insecurity in
3102-486: The NYSE -listed electrical company CEMIG . Leading steel product makers Sumitomo Metals of Japan and Vallourec of France also have plans to construct an integrated steel works on the outskirts of the city. There are also a large number of small enterprises in the technology sector with regional to nationwide success, particularly in the fields of computing and biotechnology. Because of both governmental and private funding in
3196-578: The Pampulha Complex . In planning the city, Aarão Reis and Francisco Bicalho sought inspiration in the urban planning of Washington, D.C. The city has employed notable programs in urban revitalization and food security , for which it has been awarded international accolades. The city is built on several hills, and is completely surrounded by mountains. There are several large parks in the surroundings of Belo Horizonte. The Mangabeiras Park (Parque das Mangabeiras), 6 km (4 mi) southeast of
3290-577: The Serra do Curral (Corral Ridge), the southern boundary of the municipality. Its soil comprises a succession of layers of rocks of varied composition, represented by itabirite , dolomite , quartzite , phyllites and schists different from the general direction northwest–southeast and dip to the southeast. The hills of Belo Horizonte are part of the Espinhaço Mountains and belong to the larger Itacolomi mountain chain. The highest point in
3384-625: The U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2009. A 2012 study in the Journal of Applied Research on Children found that rates of food security varied significantly by race, class and education. In both kindergarten and third grade, 8% of the children were classified as food insecure, but only 5% of white children were food insecure, while 12% and 15% of black and Hispanic children were food insecure, respectively. In third grade, 13% of black and 11% of Hispanic children were food insecure compared to 5% of white children. Gender inequality both leads to and
3478-652: The greatest famines in history were caused by economic policy . One economic policy example of famine was the Holodomor (Great Famine) induced by the Soviet Union 's communist economic policy resulting in 7–10 million deaths. In the late 20th century the Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it
3572-584: The right to food . The World Food Summit in 1996 declared that "food should not be used as an instrument for political and economic pressure." There are many causes of food insecurity. The most important ones are high food prices and disruptions in global food supplies for example due to war. There is also climate change , water scarcity , land degradation , agricultural diseases, pandemics and disease outbreaks that can all lead to food insecurity. The effects of food insecurity can include hunger and even famines . Chronic food insecurity translates into
3666-424: The " right to food ." These include, for example, creating farmers' markets in the town to enable direct sales and regularly surveying market prices and posting the results across the city. The city's process of participatory budgeting was linked with these innovations, as a result of which the infant mortality rate was reduced by 50% in a decade. There is some evidence that these programs have helped support
3760-1058: The "four pillars of food security are availability, access, utilization, and stability." Two additional pillars of food security were recommended in 2020 by the High-Level Panel of Experts for the Committee on World Food Security: agency and sustainability. Food availability relates to the supply of food through production, distribution, and exchange. Food production is determined by a variety of factors including land ownership and use; soil management ; crop selection, breeding , and management; livestock breeding and management; and harvesting . Crop production can be affected by changes in rainfall and temperatures. The use of land, water, and energy to grow food often compete with other uses, which can affect food production. Land used for agriculture can be used for urbanization or lost to desertification, salinization or soil erosion due to unsustainable agricultural practices. Crop production
3854-404: The 1974 World Food Conference , the term food security was defined with an emphasis on supply; it was defined as the "availability at all times of adequate, nourishing, diverse, balanced and moderate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset the fluctuations in production and prices." Later definitions added demand and access issues to
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3948-506: The 2020 report, FAO used newly accessible data from China to revise the global NoU downwards to nearly 690 million, or 8.9 percent of the world population – but having recalculated the historic hunger series accordingly, it confirmed that the number of hungry people in the world, albeit lower than previously thought, had been slowly increasing since 2014. On broader measures, the SOFI report found that far more people suffered some form of food insecurity, with 3 billion or more unable to afford even
4042-463: The 3,941 hectares (9,740 acres) Serra do Rola-Moça State Park , created in 1994. Belo Horizonte's has a latitude at 19'55" in the South tropical zone . Yearly temperatures average between 9 and 35 °C (48 and 95 °F). The Köppen climate classification of the region is tropical savanna climate ( Aw ), milder due to the elevation, with humid/warm summers and dry/mild winters. Belo Horizonte
4136-492: The Belo Horizonte metropolitan area is composed of 16 municipalities: Barão de Cocais , Belo Vale , Bom Jesus do Amparo , Bonfim , Fortuna de Minas , Funilândia , Inhaúma , Itabirito , Itaúna , Moeda , Pará de Minas , Prudente de Morais , Santa Bárbara , São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo , São José da Varginha and Sete Lagoas . Belo Horizonte Belo Horizonte is the sixth-largest city in Brazil, with
4230-447: The COVID-19 pandemic risk undermining the efforts of humanitarian and food security organizations to maintain food security. The International Food Policy Research Institute expressed concerns that the increased connections between markets and the complexity of food and economic systems could cause disruptions to food systems during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically affecting the poor. The Ebola outbreak in 2014 led to increases in
4324-614: The Paleoproterozoic is predominant. The area of Belo Horizonte complex includes the geomorphological unit called Depression of Belo Horizonte , which represents about 70% of the municipality area and has its greatest expression in the northern Ribeirão Arrudas pipeline. The metasedimentary rocks has its area of occurrence on the south of Ribeirão Arrudas pipeline, constituting about 30% of the area of Belo Horizonte. The characteristics of this area are lithological diversities and rugged topography, which has its maximum expression in
4418-601: The World , or SOFI report (known as The State of Food Insecurity in the World until 2015). The SOFI report measures chronic hunger (or undernourishment) using two main indicators, the Number of undernourished (NoU) and the Prevalence of undernourishment (PoU). Beginning in the early 2010s, FAO incorporated more complex metrics into its calculations, including estimates of food losses in retail distribution for each country and
4512-609: The absence or scarcity of welfare provisions in the poorest of countries, is further undermining access to food. Nearly a tenth of the world population still lives on US$ 1.90 or less a day, with sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia the regions most affected. High import and export dependence ratios are meanwhile making many countries more vulnerable to external shocks. In many low-income economies, debt has swollen to levels far exceeding GDP, eroding growth prospects. Finally, there are increasing risks to institutional stability, persistent violence, and large-scale population relocation as
4606-610: The amount of food wasted in the distribution process. Poor transport infrastructure can increase the price of supplying water and fertilizer as well as the price of moving food to national and global markets. Around the world, few individuals or households are continuously self-reliant on food. This creates the need for a bartering, exchange, or cash economy to acquire food. The exchange of food requires efficient trading systems and market institutions, which can affect food security. Per capita world food supplies are more than adequate to provide food security to all, and thus food accessibility
4700-475: The body and decrease food utilization. Sanitation can also decrease the occurrence and spread of diseases that can affect food utilization. Education about nutrition and food preparation can affect food utilization and improve this pillar of food security. Food stability refers to the ability to obtain food over time. Food insecurity can be transitory, seasonal, or chronic. In transitory food insecurity, food may be unavailable during certain periods of time. At
4794-422: The bus lines. Keeping buses from traffic congestions, making the trips more viable for commuters. Food security Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food . The availability of food for people of any class and state, gender or religion is another element of food security. Similarly, household food security is considered to exist when all
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#17327733895754888-479: The capital into a national hub for this segment of the tourist industry . Several higher education institutions are located in Belo Horizonte, including: Belo Horizonte is served by two airports: The city is connected to the rest of Minas Gerais state and the country by a number of roadways. Minas Gerais has the country's largest federal highway network. The city is also served by other minor roads such as state highways MG-020, MG-050, MG-030, and MG-433. There
4982-416: The cheapest healthy diet. Nearly 2.37 billion people did not have access to adequate food in 2020 – an increase of 320 million people compared to 2019. FAO's 2021 edition of The State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) further estimates that an additional 1 billion people (mostly in lower- and upper-middle-income countries) are at risk of not affording a healthy diet if a shock were to reduce their income by
5076-518: The city centre in the hills of Curral Ridge (Serra do Curral), has a broad view of the city. It has an area of 2.35 km (580 acres), of which 0.9 km (220 acres) is covered by the native forest. The Jambreiro Woods (Mata do Jambreiro) nature reserve extends over 912 hectares (2,250 acres), with vegetation typical of the Atlantic Forest . More than 100 species of birds inhabit the reserve, as well as 10 species of mammals. Belo Horizonte
5170-477: The city of Belo Horizonte. The census revealed the following numbers: 1,008,878 White people (43.6%), 986,302 Pardo ( Multiracial ) people (42.6%), 312,920 Black people (13.5%), 4,881 Asian people (0.2%), 2,486 Amerindian people (0.1%). In 2010, the city had 428,893 opposite-sex couples and 1,090 same-sex couples . The population of Belo Horizonte was 53.1% female and 46.9% male. The Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte, called Greater Belo Horizonte ,
5264-524: The city. The service sector plays a very important role in the economy of Belo Horizonte, being responsible for 85% of the city's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with other industry making up most of the remaining 15%. Belo Horizonte has a developed industrial sector, being traditionally a hub of the Brazilian siderurgical and metallurgical industries, as the state of Minas Gerais has always been very rich in minerals , specifically iron ore. Belo Horizonte
5358-474: The definition. The first World Food Summit, held in 1996, stated that food security "exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life." Chronic (or permanent) food insecurity is defined as the long-term, persistent lack of adequate food. In this case, households are constantly at risk of being unable to acquire food to meet
5452-529: The development and recognition of policies to promote a just and sustainable future. The city has undertaken an internationally heralded project called Vila Viva ("Living Village" in Portuguese) that promises to "urbanize" the poorest areas ( favelas ), relocating families from areas with high risk of floods and landslides but keeping them in the same neighborhood, paving main avenues to allow public transportation, police and postal service to have access. All
5546-604: The diversification of its economy, the city has become an international reference in Information Technology and Biotechnology , and is also cited because of the advanced corporate and university research in Biodiesel fuel. The number of jobs in the Information sector has been growing at annual rates above 50%. The Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, composed of 33 cities under the capital's direct influence,
5640-453: The food and nutritional security of their households and communities and as "managers" of the stability of food supplies in times of economic hardship. The gender gap in accessing food increased from 2018 to 2019, particularly at moderate or severe levels. Famines have been frequent in world history. Some have killed millions and substantially diminished the population of a large area. The most common causes have been drought and war, but
5734-431: The food production level, natural disasters and drought result in crop failure and decreased food availability. Civil conflicts can also decrease access to food. Instability in markets resulting in food-price spikes can cause transitory food insecurity. Other factors that can temporarily cause food insecurity are loss of employment or productivity, which can be caused by illness. Seasonal food insecurity can result from
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#17327733895755828-492: The hardest hit, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions to address and mitigate global hunger effectively. Food insecurity in children can lead to developmental impairments and long term consequences such as weakened physical, intellectual and emotional development. By way of comparison, in one of the largest food producing countries in the world, the United States, approximately one out of six people are "food insecure," including 17 million children, according to
5922-767: The household as well as the gender of the household head determine the preferences of the household, which influences the type of food that is purchased. A household's access to adequate nutritious food may not assure adequate food intake for all household members, as intrahousehold food allocation may not sufficiently meet the requirements of each member of the household. The USDA adds that access to food must be available in socially acceptable ways, without, for example, resorting to emergency food supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other coping strategies. The monetary value of global food exports multiplied by 4.4 in nominal terms between 2000 and 2021, from US$ 380 billion in 2000 to US$ 1.66 trillion in 2021. The next pillar of food security
6016-486: The last 20 years of the 20th century. In the 1940s a young Oscar Niemeyer designed the Pampulha Neighbourhood to great acclaim, a commission he got thanks to then-mayor and soon-to-be-president Juscelino Kubitschek . These two men are largely responsible for the wide avenues , large lakes, parks, and jutting skylines that characterize the city today. A 1949 American government film favorably reviewed
6110-424: The last years many revitalization and rebuilding projects have been started. The bus system has a large number of bus lines going through all parts in the city, and is administered by BHTRANS . Among the upcoming projects are the expansion of the integration between bus lines and the metro , with integrated stations, many already in use. And the construction of bus corridors, with lanes and bus stops exclusively for
6204-680: The long-term ability of food systems to provide food security and nutrition in a way that does not compromise the economic, social, and environmental bases that generate food security and nutrition for future generations. During 2022 and 2023 there were food crises in several regions as indicated by rising food prices . In 2022, the world experienced significant food price inflation along with major food shortages in several regions. Sub-Saharan Africa , Iran , Sri Lanka , Sudan and Iraq were most affected. Prices of wheat , maize , oil seeds , bread, pasta, flour, cooking oil, sugar, egg, chickpea and meat increased. Many factors have contributed to
6298-430: The members of a family, at all times, have access to enough food for an active, healthy life. Individuals who are food-secure do not live in hunger or fear of starvation . Food security includes resilience to future disruptions of food supply. Such a disruption could occur due to various risk factors such as droughts and floods , shipping disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and wars. Food insecurity
6392-441: The metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte. The legally defined Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte consists of 34 municipalities in total, and a population of around six million inhabitants (as of 2021 , according to Brazil's National Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE )). The intense process of urbanization that is taking place in the metropolitan region has made some of the political boundaries between municipalities in
6486-611: The municipality is in the Serra do Curral , reaching 1,538 metres (5,046 ft). A centre for conservation and preservation of animals and plants it has also developed environmental education projects. The Zoo, which encompasses a total area of 1.4 million square meters, is located at the Foundation's headquarters and is regarded as one of the most complete in Latin America. It has a collection of close to 900 animals representing 200 species, from Brazil and other parts of
6580-426: The needs of all members. Chronic and transitory food insecurity are linked since the reoccurrence of transitory food security can make households more vulnerable to chronic food insecurity. As of 2015 , the concept of food security has mostly focused on food calories rather than the quality and nutrition of food. The concept of nutrition security or nutritional security evolved as a broader concept. In 1995, it
6674-575: The ongoing world food crisis. These include supply chain disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the 2021–2023 global energy crisis , the Russian invasion of Ukraine , and floods and heatwaves during 2021 (which destroyed key American and European crops). Droughts were also a factor; in early 2022, some areas of Spain and Portugal lost 60–80% of their crops due to widespread drought. The World Food Programme has stated that pandemics such as
6768-586: The pandemic's lasting effects persist, including shifts in consumer behavior and the ongoing necessity for health and safety measures. Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe, world grain production increased by 250%. The energy for the Green Revolution was provided by fossil fuels in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and hydrocarbon -fueled irrigation . Natural gas
6862-575: The planning and building of the city. Belo Horizonte is fast becoming a regional center of commerce. The Latin American research and development center of Google, situated in Belo Horizonte, was responsible for the management and operation of the former social networking website Orkut . It continues to be a trendsetter in the arts, particularly where music, literature, architecture, and the avant garde are concerned. The term "Grande BH" ("Greater Belo Horizonte") denotes any of various definitions for
6956-954: The population. Since 2015, the FIES has been adopted as the basis to compile one of the indicators included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) monitoring framework. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ), the World Food Programme ( WFP ), the International Fund for Agricultural Development ( IFAD ), the World Health Organization ( WHO ), and the United Nations Children's Fund ( UNICEF ) collaborate every year to produce The State of Food Security and Nutrition in
7050-463: The preparation, processing, and cooking of food in the community and household. Nutritional values of the household determine food choice , and whether food meets cultural preferences is important to utilization in terms of psychological and social well-being . Access to healthcare is another determinant of food utilization since the health of individuals controls how the food is metabolized. For example, intestinal parasites can take nutrients from
7144-462: The prices of staple foods in West Africa. Stringent lockdowns, travel restrictions, and disruptions to labor forces resulted in bottlenecks affecting the production and distribution of goods. Notably, the food supply chain experienced significant disruptions as the pandemic strained logistics, labor availability, and demand patterns. While progress in combating COVID-19 has provided some relief,
7238-412: The region obsolete. The city is now composed of a relatively contiguous urban area, centred on Belo Horizonte, which extends out into municipalities such as Contagem , Betim , Nova Lima , Raposos , Ribeirão das Neves , Ibirité , Santa Luzia and Sabará , among others. The municipality is bounded to the north by Vespasiano , to the north east by Santa Luzia, by Sabará to the east, by Nova Lima to
7332-561: The region), originally called "Vila Rica" ("wealthy village"), was a symbol of both the monarchic Brazilian Empire and the period when most of Brazilian income was from the mining industry. That never pleased the members of the Inconfidência Mineira , republican intellectuals who conspired against the Portuguese dominion of Brazil. In 1889 Brazil became a republic, and it was agreed that a new state capital, in tune with
7426-653: The region, along with textiles like Group Rachelle Textil, Ematex and Cedro Textil, cosmetic , food, chemicals , pharmaceuticals , furnishing and refractory companies. Among the companies headquartered in the city are steel producer Açominas (held by Gerdau , one of the largest multinationals originated in Brazil); Usiminas ; Belgo-Mineira (held by Arcelor ); Acesita (partially held by Arcelor); mobile communication Vivo ; and Telecom Italia Mobile , Dasein Executive Search, executive coaching company, as well as
7520-486: The regular pattern of growing seasons in food production. Agency refers to the capacity of individuals or groups to make their own decisions about what foods they eat, what foods they produce, how that food is produced, processed, and distributed within food systems , and their ability to engage in processes that shape food system policies and governance. This term shares similar values to those of another important concept, Food sovereignty . Sustainability refers to
7614-700: The southeast, Brumadinho to the south and Ribeirão das Neves, Contagem and Ibirité to the west. According to the current geographic classification by IBGE, the municipality belongs to the Immediate Geographic Region of Belo Horizonte , in the Intermediate Geographic Region of Belo Horizonte . Belo Horizonte lies on a region of contact between different geological series of the Proterozoic . The geology largely comprises crystalline rocks , which give rise to
7708-413: The spread of pests and diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic , triggering stubborn cycles of poverty and hunger. In 2019, the high cost of healthy diets together with persistently high levels of income inequality put healthy diets out of reach for around 3 billion people, especially the poor, in every region of the world. Inequality in the distributions of assets, resources and income, compounded by
7802-462: The urban area, which was defined by Avenida do Contorno (a long avenue that goes around the city's central areas). Reserved for government workers (hence the name of the trendy neighbourhood "Funcionários"), and bringing about an accelerated occupation outside the city's area well provided with infrastructure since its very beginning. Obviously, the city's original planners did not count on its ongoing population growth, which proved especially intense in
7896-536: The varied morphology of the landscape. It is located in a large geological unit known as the craton of São Francisco , referring to extensive crustal nucleus of central-eastern Brazil, tectonically stable at the end of the Paleoproterozoic and bordering areas that suffered the regeneration at the Neoproterozoic . The archean rocks members of Belo Horizonte complex and supracrustal sequences of
7990-484: The volatility in agri-food systems. Since 2014, it has also reported the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity based on the FIES. Several measurements have been developed to capture the access component of food security, with some notable examples developed by the USAID-funded Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) project. These include: Close to 12 percent of the global population
8084-481: The work is done with 80% of locals, reducing unemployment and increasing family income. Former mayor Fernando da Mata Pimentel was nominated for World Mayor in 2005 on the strength of these and other programs. Belo Horizonte receives large numbers of visitors, as it is in the Brazilian main economic axis, exerting influence even on other states. Multinational and Brazilian companies, such as Google, Deloitte , Thoughtworks , Localiza and Oi , maintain offices in
8178-597: The world, as well as the first public butterfly sanctuary in South America. Pampulha Ecological Park is administered by the Zoo-Botanical Foundation of Belo Horizonte and was inaugurated on May 21, 2004. It is 30 acres (12 ha) of green area that offers to the population and the tourists a permanent programming of environmental , cultural and patrimonial education. The city contains the 102 hectares (250 acres) Baleia State Park , created in 1988 but still not implemented as of 2014. It contains part of
8272-463: The world. For a long time it was marked by the predominance of its industrial sector , but from the 1990s there has been a constant expansion of the service sector economy, particularly in computer science , biotechnology , business tourism , fashion and the jewelry-making. The city is considered to be a strategic leader in the Brazilian economy . The move towards business tourism transformed
8366-454: The year of COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 SOFI report finds that in 2019 an estimated 29.9 percent of women aged between 15 and 49 years around the world were affected by anemia . The gap in food insecurity between men and women widened from 1.7 percentage points in 2019 to 4.3 percentage points in 2021. Women play key roles in maintaining all four pillars of food security: as food producers and agricultural entrepreneurs; as decision-makers for
8460-423: Was defined as "adequate nutritional status in terms of protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals for all household members at all times." It is also related to the concepts of nutrition education and nutritional deficiency . Food security can be measured by the number of calories to digest per person per day, available on a household budget. In general, the objective of food security indicators and measurements
8554-412: Was one of the host cities of the 1950 and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Additionally, the city shared as host of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and the football tournament during the 2016 Summer Olympics . The metropolis was once a small village, founded by João Leite da Silva Ortiz [ pt ] , a bandeirante explorer from São Paulo . The explorer settled in the region in 1701, leading
8648-459: Was severely food insecure in 2020, representing 928 million people -148 million more than in 2019. A variety of reasons lie behind the increase in hunger over the past few years. Slowdowns and downturns since the 2008–9 financial crisis have conspired to degrade social conditions, making undernourishment more prevalent. Structural imbalances and a lack of inclusive policies have combined with extreme weather events, altered environmental conditions, and
8742-425: Was the inclusion of a symmetrical array of perpendicular and diagonal streets named after Brazilian states and indigenous Brazilian indigenous tribes. In 1906 the name was changed to Belo Horizonte. At that time, the city was experiencing a considerable industrial expansion that increased its commercial and service sectors. From its very beginning, the city's original plan prohibited workers from living inside
8836-400: Was then chosen to design the second planned city of Brazil after Teresina . Cidade de Minas was inaugurated in 1897, with many unfinished buildings as the Brazilian government set a deadline for its completion. The local government encouraged growth through subsidies. It offered free lots and funding for building houses. An interesting feature of Reis' downtown street plan for Belo Horizonte
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