83-584: Greenway , also known as Greenway House , is an estate on the River Dart near Galmpton in Devon , England. Once the home of the author Agatha Christie , it is now owned by the National Trust . The estate is served by a steam railway service with trains from Paignton and Kingswear stopping at Greenway Halt station. Greenway is located on the eastern bank of the tidal River Dart , facing
166-496: A defensive chain across the estuary, which was raised at dusk to destroy enemy ships attempting to attack the harbour. The flooded ria that forms the lower reaches of the Dart, with its deep water and steeply sloping valley sides, is a considerable barrier to crossing traffic. There are no bridges below Totnes . At the mouth of the river, it separates the communities of Dartmouth and Kingswear . There have been proposals to bridge
249-639: A Tudor courtyard underneath. Remnants of the Tudor slipway from the boathouse, can be seen at low tide. In around 1700 the Gilberts made nearby Compton Castle their family seat and sold Greenway to Thomas Martyn, a resident of Totnes , also in Devon. Over the next 90 years the house passed down through the Roopes—the family of Martyn's wife—until it was bequeathed to a distant relation of the family, Roope Harris, on
332-493: A computer. In the UK and other Northern European countries a pane of horticultural glass referred to as "Dutch Light" was historically used as a standard unit of construction, having dimensions of 28¾″ x 56″ (approx. 730 mm x 1422 mm). This size gives a larger glazed area when compared with using smaller panes such as the 600 mm width typically used in modern domestic designs which then require more supporting framework for
415-413: A given overall greenhouse size. A style of greenhouse having sloped sides (resulting in a wider base than at eaves height) and using these panes uncut is also often referred to as "Dutch Light design", and a cold frame using a full- or half-pane as being of "Dutch" or "half-Dutch" size. Chinese solar greenhouses are designed to maximize solar energy, making them highly efficient in colder climates without
498-434: A greenhouse has its unique management requirements, compared with outdoor production. Pests and diseases , and extremes of temperature and humidity, have to be controlled, and irrigation is necessary to provide water. Most greenhouses use sprinklers or drip lines. Significant inputs of heat and light may be required, particularly with winter production of warm-weather vegetables. Greenhouses also have applications outside of
581-418: A greenhouse with screens of a high coefficient of reflection concluded that installation of such screens reduced heat demand by about 8%, and application of dyes to transparent surfaces was suggested. Composite less-reflective glass, or less effective but cheaper anti-reflective coated simple glass, also produced savings. Ventilation is one of the most important components in a successful greenhouse. If there
664-508: A new road from Galmpton to Greenway ferry, which changed the access to the estate. When he sold the estate in 1832, it was much changed. A large kitchen garden, swimming pool, boat house and redesigned gardens. The estate was purchased, although only briefly, by a Sir Thomas Dinsdale, but was soon sold for £18,000 to Colonel Edward Carlyon, whose family owned Tregrehan House , in Cornwall . The Carlyons did not make any significant alterations to
747-469: A number of Latinised names for the area, Devionisso Statio and Deventiasteno may represent corrupted doublets of a Statio (Station) on a river named Derventio . Although the name Derventio is otherwise unattested for the river, it is an established etymology throughout Britain, found at the River Darent , Derwentwater , and a number of rivers named Derwent . Anna Eliza Bray recorded that
830-551: A probability at least of running into errors. Shall I for this reason, ask the favor of you to give me a short description of the Green-house at Mrs. Carrolls? I am persuaded, now that I planned mine on too contracted a scale. My house is (of Brick) 40 feet by 24, in the outer dimensions … The French botanist Charles Lucien Bonaparte is often credited with building the first practical modern greenhouse in Leiden , Holland, during
913-418: A significant fraction by mitigating the total air-flow needed to supply adequate carbon for plant growth and thereby reducing the quantity of water lost to evaporation. Commercial greenhouses are now frequently located near appropriate industrial facilities for mutual benefit. For example, Cornerways Nursery in the UK is strategically placed near a major sugar refinery, consuming both waste heat and CO 2 from
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#1732772842567996-465: A stable environment for crops. Despite their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, Chinese solar greenhouses have some limitations, such as the need for proper orientation to maximize sunlight and challenges with the durability of plastic film coverings. Nevertheless, they remain a practical solution for year-round farming in regions with significant temperature variations, and are widely used across northern China. Greenhouses allow for greater control over
1079-437: A symbol of British Imperial power. A prominent design from the 19th century were glasshouses with sufficient height for sizeable trees, called palm houses . These were normally in public gardens or parks and exemplified the 19th-century development of glass and iron architecture. This technology was widely used in railway stations, markets, exhibition halls, and other large buildings that needed large, open internal area. One of
1162-474: A variety of materials, such as wood and polyethylene plastic. A glasshouse, on the other hand, is a traditional type of greenhouse made only of glass panes that allow light to enter. The term hothouse indicates that the greenhouse is artificially heated. However, both heated and unheated structures can generally be classified as greenhouses. Greenhouses can range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings and enormous glasshouses. The smallest example
1245-462: A version of the name, Darant was still in common usage as late as 1832. The river begins as two separate branches (the East Dart and West Dart ), which join at Dartmeet . The paths along these rivers offer very attractive walking, and there are several small waterfalls . The rivers are crossed by a number of clapper bridges , notably at the hamlet of Postbridge . After leaving the moor,
1328-417: A wealthy man from Churston , is one of three victims to have a copy of the A.B.C. Railway Guide left by his body. Churston is two miles from Greenway Estate and the station before Greenway Halt on the steam railway line. Within the plot, the 'C' of 'A.B.C.' refers to Churston as well as the character's name. The main house, the footpath leading from the main house to the battery overlooking the river Dart and
1411-418: Is Totnes, where the river is spanned by two road bridges, a railway bridge and a footbridge over. Totnes Bridge is the nearest bridge to the sea and is a road bridge built in 1826–1828 by Charles Fowler. Some 1,000 feet (300 m) upstream is Brutus Bridge, constructed in 1982 as part of a road traffic-relief scheme and carrying the concurrent A385 and A381 roads . A further 0.5 miles (0.80 km) upstream,
1494-539: Is a miniature greenhouse known as a cold frame , typically used at home, whereas large commercial greenhouses are high tech production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment including screening installations, heating, cooling, and lighting, and may be controlled by a computer to optimize conditions for plant growth. Different techniques are then used to manage growing conditions, including air temperature, relative humidity and vapour-pressure deficit , in order to provide
1577-430: Is a special structure that is designed to regulate the temperature and humidity of the environment inside. There are different types of greenhouses, but they all have large areas covered with transparent materials that let sunlight pass and block it as heat. The most common materials used in modern greenhouses for walls and roofs are rigid plastic made of polycarbonate, plastic film made of polyethylene, or glass panes. When
1660-475: Is described as the spot where the first victim is discovered, and the nearby ferry landing serves as the place where another murder victim is dragged into the water for death by drowning. Other places described are the greenhouse and the tennis court, where Mrs. Oliver placed real clues and red herrings for the "murder hunt". The lodge of Greenway Estate serves as the home of Amy Folliat, the former owner of Nasse House. Greenway's house and gardens are also used as
1743-468: Is navigable only to small craft such as kayaks and canoes . Several companies operate trips on the river, including Dart Pleasure Craft Limited , who also trade as River Link and operate the passenger ferry between Dartmouth and Kingswear . These include cruises from Dartmouth to Totnes, which can be combined with journeys on the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway and an open-top bus between
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#17327728425671826-475: Is no proper ventilation, greenhouses and their growing plants can become prone to problems. The main purposes of ventilation is to regulate the temperature and humidity to the optimal level, and to ensure movement of air and thus prevent the build-up of plant pathogens (such as Botrytis cinerea ) that prefer still air conditions. Ventilation also ensures a supply of fresh air for photosynthesis and plant respiration , and may enable important pollinators to access
1909-436: Is noted mainly for the production of flowers and potted plants. Since the 20th century, the area around Venlo and parts of Drenthe have also become important regions for greenhouse agriculture. Since 2000, technical innovations have included the "closed greenhouse", a completely closed system allowing the grower complete control over the growing process while using less energy. Floating greenhouses are used in watery areas of
1992-555: Is still a busy port for local fishing vessels and a wide variety of yachts and other private boats. Several local companies specialise in shipbuilding and repairs to small tonnage craft. Dartmouth is also the home of the Britannia Royal Naval College and as a result is routinely visited by sizeable naval ships . Smaller naval tenders are often seen carrying out training exercises in the harbour and river. Large cruise ships are occasional visitors, with
2075-455: Is to mimic the conditions in which alpine plants grow; particularly to protect from wet conditions in winter. Alpine houses are often unheated since the plants grown there are hardy, or require at most protection from hard frost in the winter. They are designed to have excellent ventilation. Worldwide, there are an estimated nine million acres (about thirty-six and a half thousand square kilometers) of greenhouses. The Netherlands has some of
2158-798: The Climatron at the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, Missouri, and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky . The pyramid is another popular shape for large, high greenhouses; there are several pyramidal greenhouses at the Muttart Conservatory in Alberta ( c. 1976 ). Greenhouse structures adapted in the 1960s when wider sheets of polyethylene (polythene) film became widely available. Hoop houses were made by several companies and were also frequently made by
2241-588: The agriculture industry. GlassPoint Solar , located in Fremont, California , encloses solar fields in greenhouses to produce steam for solar-enhanced oil recovery . For example, in November 2017 GlassPoint announced that it is developing a solar enhanced oil recovery facility near Bakersfield, CA that uses greenhouses to enclose its parabolic troughs . An "alpine house" is a specialized greenhouse used for growing alpine plants . The purpose of an alpine house
2324-440: The landscape gardener Humphry Repton . At some point in the late 18th century the Tudor house was entirely demolished. Burdett considers it was possibly Roope, while Historic England think it was more likely to have been Edward Elton. Elton's son, James, took possession of the house upon the death of his father in 1811, and expanded the property, adding two wings to the house, for a dining room and drawing room. He also paid for
2407-500: The 1800s to grow medicinal tropical plants. Originally only on the estates of the rich, the growth of the science of botany caused greenhouses to spread to the universities. The French called their first greenhouses orangeries , since they were used to protect orange trees from freezing. As pineapples became popular, pineries , or pineapple pits , were built. The largest glasshouses yet conceived were constructed in England during
2490-721: The 19th century included the New York Crystal Palace , Munich 's Glaspalast and the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken (1874–1895) for King Leopold II of Belgium . In Japan, the first greenhouse was built in 1880 by Samuel Cocking , a British merchant who exported herbs . In the 20th century, the geodesic dome was added to the many types of greenhouses. Notable examples are the Eden Project in Cornwall , The Rodale Institute in Pennsylvania,
2573-466: The Dart flows southwards past Buckfast Abbey and through the towns of Buckfastleigh , Dartington and Totnes . At Totnes, where there is a seventeenth-century weir (rebuilt in the 1960s), it becomes tidal , and there are no bridges below the town. A passenger ferry operates across the river from the village of Dittisham to a point adjacent to the Greenway Estate . Formerly the home of
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2656-586: The UK was completed at Chelsea Physic Garden by 1681. Today, the Netherlands has many of the largest greenhouses in the world, some of them so vast that they are able to produce millions of vegetables every year. Experimentation with greenhouse design continued during the 17th century in Europe, as technology produced better glass and construction techniques improved. The greenhouse at the Palace of Versailles
2739-587: The Victorian era. As a direct result of colonial expansion, the purpose of glasshouses changed from agriculture to horticulture. The accelerated transfer of plants and horticultural knowledge between colonies contributed to the Victorian fascination with 'exotic' plants and environments. Glasshouses became spectacles to entertain the general public. The curated environments in glasshouses aimed to capture "the Western imagination of an idealised landscape" and support
2822-795: The amount of light the plants get, hereby increasing the yield with certain crops. The benefits of carbon dioxide enrichment to about 1100 parts per million in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years. After the development of equipment for the controlled serial enrichment of carbon dioxide, the technique was established on a broad scale in the Netherlands. Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata , are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration. Carbon dioxide enrichment can also reduce greenhouse water usage by
2905-645: The artificial environment. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty confirm that greenhouse-like structures incorporating ondol were constructed to provide heat for mandarin orange trees during the winter of 1438. The concept of greenhouses also appeared in the Netherlands and then England in the 17th century, along with the plants. Some of these early attempts required enormous amounts of work to close up at night or to winterize. There were serious problems with providing adequate and balanced heat in these early greenhouses. The first 'stove' (heated) greenhouse in
2988-480: The battery itself (where the murder occurs) are described in detail since the movements of the novel's protagonist at these locations are integral to the plot and the denouement of the murderer. The location of the estate opposite the village of Dittisham, divided from each other by the River Dart, plays an important part for the alibi and a nightly swim of one of the suspects. The boat house of Greenway Estate
3071-531: The couple added several new varieties of plants from nurseries in Cornwall. In 1937 they returned to Cornwall and sold the estate to Alfred Goodson . He split up the estate and sold it off the following year. The house, with 36 acres (15 ha) of land, was available for sale for £6,000. In 1938, the writer Agatha Christie and her husband, the archaeologist Max Mallowan , were becoming disenchanted with their home in nearby Torquay . The town had changed in
3154-484: The crime writer Agatha Christie , this has views across the river, and the house and gardens are now owned by the National Trust and are open to the public. The entrance to the river from the sea is a rocky entrance with cliffs either side. On the East side Kingswear Castle sits very close to the water's edge, and on the west side Dartmouth Castle is built on a rocky promontory at sea level. The castles once operated
3237-622: The crossing point of the Dart to Dittisham . In the late 16th century a Tudor mansion called Greenway Court was built by Otto and Katherine Gilbert, members of a Devon seafaring family. One of the family's ships was named The Hope of Greenway and, according to Sara Burdett's history of the estate, it is probable that they kept their ships moored in the river. The couple had three sons, all born at Greenway. In 1583 one son, Sir Humphrey , took possession of Newfoundland for Elizabeth I , while his brother, Sir John, lived at Greenway. Humphrey and John's half-brother , Sir Walter Raleigh , also lived at
3320-547: The description by Pliny the Elder . The next biggest breakthrough in greenhouse design came from Korea in the 15th century during the Joseon dynasty. In the 1450s, Soon ui Jeon described the first artificially heated greenhouse in his manuscript called Sangayorok . Soon ui Jeon was a physician to the royal family, and Sangayorok was intended to provide the nobility with important agricultural and housekeeping knowledge. Within
3403-792: The earliest examples of a palm house is in the Belfast Botanic Gardens . Designed by Charles Lanyon , the building was completed in 1840. It was constructed by iron-maker Richard Turner , who would later build the Palm House, Kew Gardens at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , London, in 1848. This came shortly after the Chatsworth Great Conservatory (1837–40) and shortly before The Crystal Palace (1851), both designed by Joseph Paxton , and both now lost. Other large greenhouses built in
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3486-541: The estate extensively, restoring the stables and lodge house, installing two new greenhouses and redecorating the interior. They restored much of Galmpton, including building the village school and the Manor Inn; Harvey also acquired the Lordship of the manor of Galmpton. Harvey died in 1870, his wife in 1882; they had no children to pass the estate on to, and it was sold for £44,000 to Thomas Bedford Bolitho . Bolitho,
3569-445: The fantasy of the cultural 'other'. As a consequence, the collection of plants are believed to be true reflections of the world, yet are actually stereotypical arrangements of 'exotic' plants to symbolize exactly where British colonies are and how far their authority reaches. To uphold British hegemony, glasshouses became arguments of colonial power which flaunt the "absolute control of colonized environments and flora...[using plants] as
3652-567: The greenhouse covering. Since the coverings need to allow light to filter into the structure, they conversely cannot insulate very well. With traditional plastic greenhouse coverings having an R-value of around 2, a great amount of money is therefore spent to continually replace the heat lost. Most greenhouses, when supplemental heat is needed use natural gas or electric furnaces . Passive heating methods exist which seek heat using low energy input. Solar energy can be captured from periods of relative abundance (day time/summer), and released to boost
3735-426: The greenhouse crop. Ventilation can be achieved via the use of vents – often controlled automatically via a computer – and recirculation fans. Heating or electricity is one of the most considerable costs in the operation of greenhouses across the globe, especially in colder climates. The main problem with heating a greenhouse as opposed to a building that has solid opaque walls is the amount of heat lost through
3818-411: The growers themselves. Constructed of aluminum extrusions, special galvanized steel tubing, or even just lengths of steel or PVC water pipe, construction costs were greatly reduced. This resulted in many more greenhouses being constructed on smaller farms and garden centers. Polyethylene film durability increased greatly when more effective UV-inhibitors were developed and added in the 1970s; these extended
3901-599: The growing environment of plants. Depending upon the technical specification of a greenhouse, key factors that may be controlled include temperature, levels of light and shade, irrigation , fertilizer application, and atmospheric humidity . Greenhouses may be used to overcome shortcomings in the growing qualities of a piece of land, such as a short growing season or poor light levels, and they can thereby improve food production in marginal environments. Shade houses are used specifically to provide shade in hot, dry climates. As they may enable certain crops to be grown throughout
3984-551: The house from 1968 until Rosalind's death in 2004. The Greenway Estate was acquired by the National Trust in 2000. On 21 May 1985 Greenway House was made a Grade II* listed building by English Heritage (now Historic England ) under list number 1108548. The Pevsner guide for Devon describes it as "tall, late-Georgian , stuccoed ". The gardens and parkland are Grade II listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . The house and gardens are open to
4067-473: The house. In 1588 John was given the responsibility of 160 prisoners of war captured during the Spanish Armada ; he put them to work on the estate, levelling the grounds. Little is known about the original Tudor building, although given the status of the family, Burdett considers it was "probably designed on a grand scale". An archaeological examination of the current house's hallway shows evidence of
4150-504: The industrialist MP for St Ives , added what Burdett describes as "a Cornish influence" on the gardens, introducing plants such as camellias , magnolias , rhododendrons and laurels . He built a new east wing to the house in 1892, which included a billiard room, study and bedrooms; this was demolished in 1938. Bolitho died in 1919 and the house passed to his daughter Mary, and her husband, Charles Williams, whose family owned Caerhays Castle near St Michael Caerhays , Cornwall. Between them
4233-434: The inside of a greenhouse is exposed to sunlight, the temperature increases, providing a sheltered environment for plants to grow even in cold weather. The terms greenhouse , glasshouse , and hothouse are often used interchangeably to refer to buildings used for cultivating plants. The specific term used depends on the material and heating system used in the building. Nowadays, greenhouses are more commonly constructed with
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#17327728425674316-426: The interior of the house; but, according to Burdett, they are likely the owners who introduced a rockery to the slope on the east of the house. Carlyon inherited Tregrehan House in 1842, and moved there the following year. Greenway was let out to a series of tenants until it was sold twice in quick succession, the last time to Richard Harvey—a Cornish copper and tin magnate—and his wife Susannah. The Harveys developed
4399-485: The largest greenhouses in the world. Such is the scale of food production in the country that in 2017, greenhouses occupied nearly 5,000 hectares. Greenhouses began to be built in the Westland region of the Netherlands in the mid-19th century. The addition of sand to bogs and clay soil created fertile soil for agriculture, and around 1850, grapes were grown in the first greenhouses, simple glass constructions with one of
4482-510: The largest visitor to date being the MV ; Royal Princess (30,277 GT ). Upstream, the Dart is navigable to seagoing vessels as far as the weir in Totnes . The river almost dries out for 2 miles (3.2 km) below Totnes at spring tide low water, but vessels drawing up to 3 foot (0.91 m) can proceed to Totnes from one and a half hours after low water. Above the weir, the river
4565-428: The lower stretches of the river are still covered in ancient oak woodlands, it is accepted that the first element derives from *Dar-, meaning oak (derow , Welsh derw ). However the second element (evident in the hard consonantal termination of Dar-t ) is less certain, with postulated etymologies from Darwent / Derventio (Sacred place of Oak) or Darnant / Darant (Oak stream). The Ravenna Cosmography records
4648-459: The need for additional heating systems. Originating in 1978, these greenhouses feature three solid walls, often made of brick or clay, with a transparent south-facing side that captures solar heat during the day. This design can keep the interior up to 25°C (45°F) warmer than the outside, even in winter. Over time, innovations like modern insulation materials and automated night curtains have been incorporated, enhancing their efficiency and maintaining
4731-519: The optimum environment for cultivation of a specific crop. Before the development of greenhouses, agricultural practices were constrained to weather conditions. According to the climatic zone of communities, people were limited to a select range of species and time of the year in which they could grow plants. Yet around 30 CE, the Roman Empire built the first recorded attempt of an artificial environment. Due to emperor Tiberius 's declining health,
4814-880: The point of soil depletion (assuming no droughts, flooding, or both ), as demonstrated prima facie by CO 2 levels continuing to rise. In addition, laboratory experiments, free air carbon enrichment (FACE) test plots, and field measurements provide replicability . In domestic greenhouses, the glass used is typically 3mm (or ⅛″) 'horticultural glass' grade, which is good quality glass that should not contain air bubbles (which can produce scorching on leaves by acting like lenses). Plastics mostly used are polyethylene film and multi-wall sheets of polycarbonate material, or PMMA acrylic glass . Commercial glass greenhouses are often high-tech production facilities for vegetables or flowers. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment such as screening installations, heating, cooling and lighting, and may be automatically controlled by
4897-411: The previous years, and the once uninterrupted view of the sea from the house became obstructed with new buildings. Looking around south Devon, Christie saw Greenway was available. She had seen the property during her youth and always thought it "the most perfect of the various properties on the Dart". In her later autobiography she wrote: One day we saw that a house was up for sale that I had known when I
4980-458: The proviso that he changed his surname to Roope. Roope Harris Roope, as he became, built what is now the existing house in Georgian style. Roope sold Greenway in 1791 to one Edward Elton for over £9,000. Roope went bankrupt in 1800; Burdett opines that this could have been because of the amount of money spent on rebuilding Greenway. The Elton family developed the garden, with some remodelling by
5063-438: The public as well. Gutter-connected greenhouses are commonly covered with structured polycarbonate materials, or a double layer of polyethylene film with air blown between to provide increased heating efficiencies. The warmer temperature in a greenhouse occurs because incident solar radiation passes through the transparent roof and walls and is absorbed by the floor, earth, and contents, which become warmer. These in turn warm up
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#17327728425675146-464: The public, as is the Barn Gallery. The large riverside gardens contain plants from the southern hemisphere, whilst the Barn Gallery shows work by contemporary local artists. Agatha Christie frequently used places familiar to her as settings for her plots. Greenway Estate and its surroundings in their entirety or in parts are described in the following novels: The character Sir Carmichael Clarke,
5229-591: The railway bridge carries the National Rail Exeter to Plymouth line over the river. Immediately upstream of the railway bridge is a footbridge, built in 1993 to provide access to the Totnes (Riverside) terminus of the South Devon Railway . The lower section of the River Dart forms Dartmouth Harbour, a deep water natural harbour with a long history of maritime usage. In modern times, the port's commercial activity has declined, but it
5312-520: The refinery which would otherwise be vented to atmosphere. The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating. Enrichment only becomes effective where, by Liebig's law , carbon dioxide has become the limiting factor . In a controlled greenhouse, irrigation may be trivial, and soils may be fertile by default. In less-controlled gardens and open fields, rising CO 2 levels only increase primary production to
5395-477: The river are: Sections of the East and West Dart above Dartmeet, as well as the Webburn are also paddled when conditions permit. This is somewhat controversial, as riparian landowners and those responsible for local fisheries maintain that the East and West Dart should not be paddled. The lower reaches of the Dart, including the estuary are suitable for flat water touring. Greenhouse A greenhouse
5478-688: The river here, but these have come to nothing. Instead the two places are linked by, in order going upstream, the Lower Ferry , Passenger Ferry and Higher Ferry . The Lower and Higher ferries both carry vehicles, the Higher one linking the A379 road . Some 2.5 miles (4.0 km) upstream of Dartmouth, the Greenway Ferry carries pedestrians across the river from the village of Dittisham to Greenway Quay. A further 5 miles (8.0 km) upstream
5561-643: The royal physicians recommended that the emperor eat one cucumber a day. Cucumbers , however, are quite tender plants and do not grow easily year-round. Therefore, the Romans designed an artificial environment, like a greenhouse, to have cucumbers available for the emperor all year. Cucumbers were planted in wheeled carts which were put in the sun daily, then taken inside to keep them warm at night. The cucumbers were stored under frames or in cucumber houses glazed with either oiled cloth known as specularia or with sheets of selenite (a.k.a. lapis specularis ), according to
5644-405: The section of agricultural techniques, Soon ui Jeon wrote how to build a greenhouse that was able to cultivate vegetables and other plants in the winter. The Korean design adds an ondol system to the structure. An ondol is a Korean heating system used in domestic spaces, which runs a flue pipe from a heat source underneath the flooring. In addition to the ondol , a cauldron filled with water
5727-499: The setting for Agatha Christie's short story 'The Shadow on the Glass' in the collection The Mysterious Mr Quin , first published in 1930, eight years before she bought the estate. ITV 's Agatha Christie's Poirot episode "Dead Man's Folly" was filmed at the house. The estate is the setting for the murder-mystery novel Death at Greenway . The author, Anthony Award winner and Mary Higgins Clark Award winner Lori Rader-Day, says she
5810-524: The sides consisting of a solid wall. By the early 20th century, greenhouses began to be constructed with all sides built using glass, and they began to be heated. This also allowed for the production of fruits and vegetables that did not ordinarily grow in the area. Today, the Westland and the area around Aalsmeer have the highest concentration of greenhouse agriculture in the world. The Westland produces mostly vegetables, besides plants and flowers; Aalsmeer
5893-433: The surrounding air within the greenhouse. As the structure is not open to the atmosphere, the warmed air cannot escape via convection due to the presence of roof and walls, so the temperature inside the greenhouse rises. Quantitative studies suggest that the effect of infrared radiative cooling is not negligibly small, and may have economic implications in a heated greenhouse. Analysis of issues of near-infrared radiation in
5976-462: The temperature and adjusts the furnace operation to the conditions. This can be as simple as a basic thermostat, but can be more complicated in larger greenhouse operations. For very hot situations, a shade house providing cooling by shade may be used. During the day, light enters the greenhouse via the windows and is used by the plants. Some greenhouses are also equipped with grow lights (often LED lights) which are switched on at night to increase
6059-626: The temperature during cooler periods (night time/winter). Waste heat from livestock can be used to heat greenhouses, e.g., placing a chicken coop inside a greenhouse recovers the heat generated by the chickens, which would otherwise be wasted. Some greenhouses also rely on geothermal heating . Cooling is typically done by opening windows in the greenhouse when it gets too warm for the plants inside it. This can be done manually, or in an automated manner. Window actuators can open windows due to temperature difference or can be opened by electronic controllers. Electronic controllers are often used to monitor
6142-436: The towns of Totnes and Paignton to create a circular trip. The harbour and port are both leisure boating locations, and several marinas and boat yards are located on the river. The Port of Dartmouth Royal Regatta takes place annually over three days at the end of August. The upper reaches of Dartmoor , especially those on the Dart, are a focal point for whitewater kayakers and canoeists . The best known sections of
6225-495: The usable life of the film from one or two years up to three and eventually four or more years. Gutter-connected greenhouses became more prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s. These greenhouses have two or more bays connected by a common wall, or row of support posts. Heating inputs were reduced as the ratio of floor area to exterior wall area was increased substantially. Gutter-connected greenhouses are now commonly used both in production and in situations where plants are grown and sold to
6308-546: The village of Dittisham on the opposite bank. The estate is two miles from Galmpton , the nearest village, and is in the South Hams district of the English county of Devon . Greenway is three miles north of Dartmouth. An early history book of Devon described Greenway as "very pleasantly and commodiously situated, with delightsome prospect to behold the barks and boats". Greenway was first mentioned in 1493 as "Greynway",
6391-473: The weather warms. Seed tray racks can also be used to stack seed trays inside the greenhouse for later transplanting outside. Hydroponics (especially hydroponic A-frames ) can be used to make the most use of the interior space when growing crops to mature size inside the greenhouse. Bumblebees can be used as pollinators for pollination , but other types of bees have also been used, as well as artificial pollination. The relatively closed environment of
6474-621: The year, greenhouses are increasingly important in the food supply of high-latitude countries. One of the largest complexes in the world is in Almería , Andalucía , Spain , where greenhouses cover almost 200 km (49,000 acres). Greenhouses are often used for growing flowers , vegetables , fruits , and transplants . Special greenhouse varieties of certain crops, such as tomatoes, are generally used for commercial production. Many vegetables and flowers can be grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, and then transplanted outside as
6557-424: Was also heated to create steam and increase the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse. These Korean greenhouses were the first active greenhouses that controlled temperature, rather than only relying on energy from the sun. The design still included passive heating methods, such as semi-transparent oiled hanji windows to capture light and cob walls to retain heat, but the furnace provided extra control over
6640-464: Was an example of their size and elaborateness; it was more than 150 metres (490 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) wide, and 14 metres (46 ft) high. Andrew Faneuil, a prosperous Boston merchant, built the first American greenhouse in 1737. When returning to Mount Vernon after the war, George Washington learned of the greenhouse built at the Carroll estate of Mount Clare (Maryland) . It
6723-413: Was designed by Margaret Tilghman Carroll, an industrious gardener who cultivated citrus trees in this orangery. In 1784 Washington wrote requesting details about the design of her greenhouse, and she complied. Washington wrote: I shall essay the finishing of my greenhouse this fall, but find that neither myself, nor any person about me is so well skilled in the internal constructions as to proceed without
6806-509: Was inspired to write the novel after reading that the estate housed children who were war evacuees during WWII. River Dart The River Dart is a river in Devon , England, that rises high on Dartmoor and flows for 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the sea at Dartmouth . Most hydronyms in England derive from the Brythonic language (from which the river's subsequent names ultimately derive from an original Celtic etymology. As
6889-489: Was young ... So we went over to Greenway, and very beautiful the house and grounds were. A white Georgian house of about 1780 or 90, with woods sweeping down to the Dart below, and a lot of fine shrubs and trees – the ideal house, a dream house. The house was occupied by Christie and Mallowan until their deaths in 1976 and 1978 respectively, and featured, under various guises, in several of Christie's novels. Christie's daughter Rosalind Hicks and her husband Anthony lived in
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