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32-554: The title is sometimes applied to the United Bible Societies (UBS) edition, which contains the same text (its fifth edition referred to as UBS5 , contains the text from NA28). The UBS edition is aimed at translators and so focuses on variants that are important for the meaning whereas the NA includes more variants. The Greek text as presented is what biblical scholars refer to as the " critical text ". The critical text

64-399: A basis by which they can judge for themselves which readings more accurately reflect the originals. The Greek text of the 28th edition is the same as that of the 5th edition of the United Bible Societies ' The Greek New Testament (abbreviated UBS5) although there are a few differences between them in paragraphing, capitalization, punctuation and spelling. In 1898 Eberhard Nestle published

96-490: A handbook of textual criticism, and in 1898 published the first edition of a Greek New Testament under the title Novum Testamentum Graece cum apparatu critico ex editionibus et libris manu scriptis collecto . The text of this Greek New Testament was later combined with the editions of Constantin von Tischendorf ( Editio octava critica maior ), The New Testament in the Original Greek of Westcott and Hort , and

128-584: A professor at the University of Münster , Germany. In 1960 he declined the offer for a professorship at the University of Chicago . In Münster he founded the Institute for New Testament Textual Research ("Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung") in 1959, which he directed until 1983. Furthermore, he founded the world's first " Bible Museum " in 1979, which was unique in the world for many years. His institute achieved worldwide recognition by publishing

160-516: A university of the Holy See ), Holger Strutwolf (University Münster, Germany), David Trobisch ( Museum of the Bible / Green Collection Oklahoma City, US) and Klaus Wachtel (University Münster, Germany). A more complete set of variants is listed in the multiple volume Novum Testamentum Graecum – Editio Critica Maior . A small number of textual changes in the most current edition were incorporated in

192-422: Is an eclectic text compiled by a committee that compares readings from a large number of manuscripts in order to determine which reading is most likely to be closest to the original. They use a number of factors to help determine probable readings, such as the date of the witness (earlier is usually better), the geographical distribution of a reading, and the likelihood of accidental or intentional corruptions. In

224-512: Is currently being jointly maintained and developed with SIL Global . The Bible Translator is a refereed journal, published since 1950, dedicated to articles about the theory and practice of Bible translation. It appears in two series – Technical Papers in January and July, and Practical Papers in April and October. Kurt Aland Kurt Aland FBA (28 March 1915 – 13 April 1994)

256-530: Is indexed to the Biblical texts enabling powerful searching and checking from the very beginning of a translation effort. Paratext has many other cutting-edge features including collaboration tools that allow for translators to work from many different locations. Paratext is also integrated with the Digital Bible Library which allows for easy archiving and publishing of biblical texts. Paratext

288-626: Is lying?), written against Mathilde Ludendorff , he confirmed the position of the Confessing Church and identified with them. In 1939, he studied for his bachelor's degree under the guidance of Hans Lietzmann . In 1940, he was released from military service; and, in 1941, after Lietzmann's death, he took over the responsibilities of editing the Theologische Literaturzeitung (the only German theological magazine at that time). He graduated that same year, and in 1944

320-415: Is to make the Bible available and accessible to everyone who wants it, and to help people engage with its message in meaningful and relevant ways. Bible societies are also active in areas such as HIV/AIDS prevention, trauma healing and literacy. Bible societies carry out their work in partnership with all Christian Churches and many international non-governmental organisations. It has an observer status with

352-557: The Nestle–Aland – Novum Testamentum Graece and The Greek New Testament for the United Bible Societies . Aland was married twice. His first marriage was to Ingeborg Aland (they had three children together). In 1972, he married Barbara Aland . He died in Münster , Germany, in 1994. Kurt Aland was representative of increasing specialism within theological-historical studies. In the field of New Testament research, his work (and also

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384-614: The Majority Text . It is worth noting, though, that the Majority Text as a whole is classified by the editors of the NA28 (of whom Metzger is one) as a "consistently cited witness of the first order," meaning that whenever the text presented differs from the majority text this is recorded in the apparatus along with the alternate reading. Other consistently cited references include the full corpus of papyrus manuscripts available to

416-808: The United Bible Societies . Aland was born in Berlin - Steglitz . He started studying theology in 1933 at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin (he also studied philology, archaeology, and history). On 23 March that year, he was examined before the Bruderrat (council of brothers) in the Bekennende Kirche (Confessing Church). During his studies, he worked for the journal of the Confessing Church, Junge Kirche (Young Church). In an ideological brochure, Wer fälscht? (Who

448-553: The World Council of Churches and collaborates with the Catholic Biblical Federation as well as with several church organisations. UBS developed Paratext, the most important and widely used software for Bible translation. It performs many functions unique to the Bible translation task, and to the process of translating into a language whose writing system is still being developed. The text editor

480-563: The minuscule texts (the Byzantine text-type ) more accurately reflect the "autographs" or original texts than an eclectic text like NA28 that relies heavily on manuscripts of the Alexandrian text-type . This view is referred to as the " Byzantine priority theory ". The theory has been criticized by Gordon Fee and Bruce Metzger among others. Since the majority of old manuscripts in existence are minuscules, they are often referred to as

512-600: The 28th edition of the Nestle–Aland, published in 2012. Papyri 117 - 127 were used in this edition. The NA28 text is published by Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft (the German Bible Society). In The Text of the New Testament , Kurt and Barbara Aland compare the total number of variant-free verses, and the number of variants per page (excluding orthographic errors), among the seven major editions of

544-847: The Editorial Committee of the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament comprise: In 2011 the Global Board of the United Bible Societies appointed a new editorial committee that will prepare future editions of the Nestle–Aland Novum Testamentum Graece as well as of the Greek New Testament . The committee consists of Christos Karakolis (University of Athens, Greece), David Parker (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom), Stephen Pisano (Pontifical Biblical Institute, Italy,

576-551: The Greek NT ( Tischendorf , Westcott-Hort , von Soden , Vogels, Merk, Bover, and Nestle–Aland) concluding 62.9%, or 4999/7947, agreement. They concluded, "Thus in nearly two-thirds of the New Testament text, the seven editions of the Greek New Testament which we have reviewed are in complete accord, with no differences other than in orthographical details (e.g., the spelling of names, etc.). Verses in which any one of

608-466: The authors as well as a wide range of other manuscripts including a selection of both minuscules and uncials. The Novum Testamentum Graece apparatus summarizes the evidence (from manuscripts and versions) for, and sometimes against, a selection of the most important variants for the study of the text of the New Testament. While eschewing completeness (in the range of variants and in the citation of witnesses), this edition does provide informed readers with

640-511: The book, a large number of textual variants, or differences between manuscripts, are noted in the critical apparatus —the extensive footnotes that distinguish the Novum Testamentum Graece from other Greek New Testaments. Most scholars view uncial text as the most accurate; however, a few authors, such as New Testament scholar Maurice A. Robinson , linguist Wilbur Pickering, Arthur Farstad and Zane C. Hodges , claim that

672-639: The edition of Richard Francis Weymouth . It was edited by the Württemberg Bible Society in Stuttgart . This edition eliminated the extremes of Tischendorf, such as partiality to Sinaiticus , and of Westcott and Hort, such as partiality to Vaticanus . Eberhard's son Erwin Nestle took over after his father's death and issued the 13th edition in 1927. This edition introduced a separate critical apparatus and finally introduced consistency to

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704-488: The majority reading principle. In the apparatus only a few minuscules were included. Kurt Aland became the associate editor of the 21st edition in 1952. At Erwin Nestle's request, he reviewed and expanded the critical apparatus, adding many more manuscripts. This eventually led to the 25th edition of 1963. The most important Papyri and newly discovered Uncials, as 0189 , a few Minuscules ( 33 , 614 , 2814 ), occasionally also lectionaries were taken into account. Members of

736-597: The seven editions differs by a single word are not counted. This result is quite amazing, demonstrating a far greater agreement among the Greek texts of the New Testament during the past century than textual scholars would have suspected […]. In the Gospels , Acts , and Revelation the agreement is less, while in the letters it is much greater." For over 250 years, New Testament apologists have argued that no textual variant affects key Christian doctrine. A 2008 comparison of

768-512: The sponsorship of the Institute for New Testament Textual Research . Another priority in his life was church history, being concerned with the early church, the Reformation , and movements such as pietism and revivalism. Aland received critical acclaim for his profundity and comprehensive knowledge of the textual sources for the New Testament. His contemporary presence is relevant, having contributed to modern scientific methodology. Aland

800-577: The textual and stylistic choices of twenty translations against 15,000 variant readings shows the following rank of agreement with the Nestle–Aland 27th edition: United Bible Societies The United Bible Societies ( UBS ) is a global fellowship of around 150 Bible societies operating in more than 240 countries and territories. It has working hubs in England, Singapore and Nairobi. The headquarters are located in Swindon, England. The organization

832-547: The work that he did together with his wife Barbara Aland in the Institute for New Testament Textual Research in Münster) is internationally acclaimed. The focus of his work began as an intense and adventurous search for old manuscripts on several expeditions to abbeys in Russia and Greece (amongst others). He discovered numerous manuscripts of the New Testament, whose evaluation is still in progress. Most notable among his work

864-629: Was a German theologian and biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism . He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung (Institute for New Testament Textual Research) in Münster and served as its first director from 1959 to 1983. He was one of the principal editors of Nestle–Aland – Novum Testamentum Graece for the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft and The Greek New Testament for

896-443: Was founded in 1948 with representatives from national Biblical societies . In 2008, it had 100 member societies. In 2013, it had 145 member societies in more than 200 countries. In 2019, it had translated the entire bible with her partners in 694 languages. As of 2024, United Bible Societies is a Fellowship of around 150 Bible Societies working in more than 240 countries and territories. The mission of United Bible Societies

928-647: Was kept under arrest for three months. Aland frequently spoke out against various forms of state oppression directed at churches and also demanded freedom of speech in East Germany. In July 1958, he lost his job at the University. However, in September of that year, he successfully escaped to West Berlin. His 8000-volume library was incorporated into the University Library. In 1958, Aland became

960-579: Was of the opinion that every work within historical research stands on its adherence to reliability and accessibility. The archives ( Nachlass ) of Kurt Aland are provided in the University Archives of the University of Münster , Germany. Kurt Aland achieved the following honorary doctorates: He received the following awards: Kurt Aland was a member of the following academies: Festschriften: The American Society of Biblical Literature elected him an Honorary Member. Furthermore, Aland

992-581: Was ordained as minister of the parish of Berlin-Steglitz . After World War II , Aland became a lecturer on the theological faculty of the Humboldt University of Berlin . In 1947, he was appointed professor ordinarius in Halle (Saale) . Aland disapproved of the Marxist government of East Germany , and was persecuted as a result. In 1953, he was accused of smuggling watches to West Berlin and

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1024-546: Was the newly arranged edition of Novum Testamentum Graece (Greek New Testament) in 1979 (also called Nestle–Aland). This textual foundation for the New Testament exemplifies a scholarly mentality aimed at achieving the highest possible convergence with the "original text." Furthermore, he acted in the Hermann-Kunst-Stiftung, which was founded in 1964 by Hermann Kunst, a good friend of Aland. Many important figures within politics and economics participated in

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