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68-598: The Byzantine text is also found in a few modern Eastern Orthodox editions, as the Byzantine textual tradition has continued in the Eastern Orthodox Church into the present time. The text used by the Orthodox Church is supported by late minuscule manuscripts. It is commonly accepted as the standard Byzantine text. There are also some textual critics such as Robinson and Hodges who still favor

136-544: A 1997–1998 sabbatical leave, with briefer visits in the years 1999, 2000, and 2005. The computerized data entry of 15 years' worth of primary collation material was completed in 2012, as was the volume, "The Greek Manuscript Witnesses to the Pericope Adulterae : A Comprehensive Collation of All Accessible and Readable Continuous-text and Lectionary Manuscripts according to the Various Locations in which

204-432: A date c. 150–75) notes indications the scribe's exemplar made limited use of nomina sacra or none at all. In several instances, the word for Spirit is written out in full where the context should require a nomen sacrum, suggesting the scribe was rendering nomina sacra where appropriate for the meaning but struggling with Spirit versus spirit , without guidance from the exemplar. The text also inconsistently uses either

272-747: A selected bibliography). In 2014 on the occasion of Robinson being announced research professor of New Testament and Greek a Festschrift was published in his honor: Digging for the Truth: Collected Essays regarding the Byzantine Text of the Greek New Testament (Norden: FocusYourMission). Contributors included Timothy Friberg, Andrew Wilson, Paul Himes, Edward Gravely, Timothy Finney, James Borland , Mike Arcieri, et al. Robinson's move away from reasoned eclecticism , to which he still held in writing as late as 1975,

340-641: A small selection of Byzantine text readings. Examples: Luke 10:39 Luke 10:42 Luke 11:33 John 10:29 John 11:32 John 13:26 Acts 17:13 1 Corinthians 9:7 Ephesians 5:9 Philippians 1:14 Other examples of Byzantine readings were found in 𝔓 in John 1:32; 3:24; 4:14, 51; 5:8; 6:10, 57; 7:3, 39; 8:41, 51, 55; 9:23; 10:38; 12:36; and 14:17. Many of these readings have substantial support from other text-types and they are not distinctively Byzantine. Daniel Wallace found only two agreements distinctively between papyrus and Byzantine readings. These readings support

408-594: Is called "Majority" because it is considered to be the Greek text established on the basis of the reading found in the vast majority of the Greek manuscripts. Although the Textus Receptus may be considered a late Byzantine text, it still differs from the Majority Text of Robinson and Pierpont in 1,838 Greek readings, of which 1,005 represent "translatable" differences. Most of these variants are minor, however

476-599: Is no consensus on the precise find spot. As with all manuscripts dated solely by palaeography , the dating of 𝔓 is uncertain. H. A. Sanders, the first editor of parts of the papyrus, proposed a date possibly as late as the second half of the 3rd century. F. G. Kenyon, editor of the complete editio princeps , preferred a date in the first half of the 3rd century. The manuscript is now sometimes dated to about 200. Young Kyu Kim has argued for an exceptionally early date of c. 80. Kim's dating has been widely rejected. Griffin critiqued and disputed Kim's dating, placing

544-576: Is preserved in over 120 manuscripts. Many of the extant Georgian and Armenian manuscripts also conform to the Byzantine text-type, although this is due to the manuscripts having gone through revisions to bring them closer to the Byzantine text. Additionally, the Byzantine text is the textual basis of the Old Church Slavonic manuscripts of the Bible, although they sometimes contain readings from other textual traditions. Some debate exists on

612-659: Is the basis of the World English Bible . And an interlinear translation of the Hodges-Farstad text has been made by Thomas Nelson. The Holman Christian Standard Bible was initially planned to become an English translation of the Byzantine majority text, although because Arthur Farstad died just few months into the project, it shifted to the Critical Text. However, the HCSB bible was still made to contain

680-598: Is the text of the Pericope adulterae (PA; also Pericope de adultera ), or the passage of the adulteress (John 7:53-8:11). Having examined more than 1750 continuous-text manuscripts related to the passage or its perimeter, he completely collated the nearly 1500 manuscripts and 500 lectionaries which contain the passage. This was done at the Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster, Germany, primarily during

748-405: Is traced directly to the influence of noted New Testament textual critic Kenneth W. Clark , who guided Robinson in a mentored program of study from 1971 to 1977 and was guest-supervisor for his Th.M. thesis. Clark 's influence on Robinson focused on a skepticism of the necessarily "subjective and tendentious" nature of reasoned eclecticism , the need for a "critical history of transmission," and

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816-810: The Caesarean text-type , Vulgate and Church Fathers . This text came to be known as the Textus Receptus or received text after being thus termed by Bonaventura Elzevir , an enterprising publisher from the Netherlands, in his 1633 edition of Erasmus' text. The New Testament of the King James Version of the Bible was translated from editions of what was to become the Textus Receptus . The different Byzantine "Majority Text" of Hodges & Farstad as well as Robinson & Pierpont

884-533: The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts (CSNTM) in conjunction with Hendrickson Publishers released a new 1:1 high-resolution imaged facsimile edition of 𝔓 on black and white backgrounds, along with 𝔓 and 𝔓 . The codex is made from papyrus in single quire, with the folio size approximately 28 by 16 centimetres (11.0 in × 6.3 in). The text is written in single column, with

952-682: The Pericope Adulterae based upon Fresh Collations of nearly all Continuous-Text Manuscripts and all Lectionary Manuscripts containing the Passage"; and, "The Pericope Adulterae : A Johannine Tapestry with Double Interlock." Robinson (with William Pierpont) is most recognized for editing a Greek New Testament based on Byzantine-priority principles which previously had been explored, formulated, and expressed in various papers and publications. The Greek text, although prepared by Robinson in digital form several years earlier, appeared in 1991 in an initial softback edition without accents or breathing marks and

1020-639: The University of South Florida , M.Div. (1973) and Th.M. (1975) from Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary , and Ph.D. (1982) from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (dissertation: "Scribal Habits among Manuscripts of the Apocalypse"). Robinson married Renee Guscott in 1970. Robinson served as assistant professor of biblical studies and languages at St. Petersburg Baptist College (1982–1984), associate professor of biblical studies and languages at Luther Rice Seminary (1985–1991), and then joined

1088-425: The pastoral epistles . Overall, Kenyon was open to different possibilities regarding the contents of the lost leaves at the end of the codex. He entertained the idea that the last five leaves could have been left blank or that additional leaves could have been added to the quire to create space for the pastoral letters . In 1998, Jeremy Duff vigorously argued in favor of Kenyon's second suggestion, emphasizing that

1156-422: The 'most probable date' between 175 and 225, with a '95% confidence interval' for a date between 150 and 250. Comfort and Barrett have claimed 𝔓 shares palaeographical affinities with the following: They conclude this points to a date during the middle of the 2nd century for 𝔓 . More recently, in a wide-ranging survey of the dates of New Testament papyri, P. Orsini and W. Clarysse have assigned 𝔓 "to

1224-1480: The 11th to the 14th centuries) 665, 657, 660, 1013, 1188, 1191, 1309, 1358, 1340, 1566, 2389, 2415, 2784 2e, 2ap, 3, 9, 11, 15, 21, 32, 44, 46, 49, 57, 73, 76, 78, 80, 84, 95, 97, 105, 110, 111, 116, 119, 120, 122, 129, 132, 134, 138, 139, 140, 146, 156, 159, 162, 183, 187, 193, 196, 199, 202, 203, 217, 224, 226, 231, 240, 244, 245, 247, 261, 264, 267, 268, 269, 270, 275, 280, 281, 282, 297, 304, 306, 319, 320, 329, 334, 337, 347, 351, 353, 355, 356, 366, 374, 387, 392, 395, 396, 401, 407, 408, 419, 438, 439, 443, 452, 471, 485, 499, 502, 505, 509, 510, 514, 518, 520, 524, 529, 531, 535, 538, 550, 551, 556, 570, 571, 580, 587, 618, 620, 622, 637, 650, 662, 673, 674, 688, 692, 721, 736, 748, 750, 760, 765, 768, 770, 774, 777, 778, 779, 782, 787, 793, 799, 808, 843, 857, 860, 862, 877, 893, 896, 902, 911, 916, 922, 924, 936, 950, 967, 971, 973, 975, 980, 987, 993, 998, 1007, 1046, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1112, 1169, 1176, 1186, 1190, 1193, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1217, 1218, 1224, 1231, 1240, 1301, 1315, 1316, 1318, 1323, 1350a, 1355, 1360, 1364, 1375, 1385, 1437, 1539, 1583, 1673, 1683, 1714, 1737, 1752, 1754, 1755a, 1755b, 1800, 1821, 1826, 1872, 1889, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1926, 1951, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1986, 1988, 2013, 2096, 2126, 2135, 2139, 2173, 2177, 2189, 2191, 2289, 2282, 2426, 2437, 2445, 2459, 2490, 2491, 2507, 2536, 2549, 2550, 2552, 2562, 2639, 2650, 2657, 2671, 2700, 2712, 2725, 2727, 2781, 2785, 2791, 2794 632 and 1227 (composites of parts from

1292-3262: The 12th to the 14th centuries) 905, 906, 1310, 1341, 1897, 2311 52, 55, 60, 74, 107, 121, 128, 136, 141, 147, 167, 170, 192, 198, 204, 219, 220, 227, 248, 260, 284, 291, 292, 293, 303, 305, 309, 327, 328, 342, 359, 361, 362, 384, 388, 390, 410, 449, 469, 473, 477, 479, 482, 483, 484, 496, 500, 501, 511, 519, 533, 534, 546, 553, 554, 558, 573, 574, 592, 593, 597, 601, 663, 666, 677, 684, 685, 689, 691, 696, 705, 714, 715, 725, 729, 737, 757, 759, 775, 811, 820, 825, 830, 835, 840, 897, 898, 900, 912, 914, 966, 969, 970, 981, 995, 997, 999, 1000, 1004, 1008, 1011, 1015, 1016, 1031, 1050, 1052, 1053, 1057, 1069, 1070, 1072, 1087, 1089, 1094, 1103, 1107, 1129, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1161, 1177, 1201, 1205, 1206, 1208, 1213, 1215, 1226, 1238, 1255, 1285, 1339, 1352a, 1400, 1594, 1597, 1604, 1622, 1717, 1717, 1728, 1731, 1736, 1740, 1742, 1772, 1855, 1858, 1922, 1938, 1941, 1956, 1972, 1992, 2111, 2119, 2140, 2141, 2236, 2353, 2376, 2380, 2390, 2409, 2420, 2423, 2425, 2457, 2479, 2483, 2502, 2534, 2540, 2558, 2568, 2584, 2600, 2624, 2627, 2631, 2633, 2645, 2646, 2658, 2660, 2665, 2670, 2696, 2699, 2724, 2761 266, 656, 668, 1334, 2499, 2578 18, 45, 53, 54, 66, 109, 155, 171, 182, 185, 190, 201, 214, 223, 232, 235, 243, 246, 290, 308, 316, 324, 358, 367, 369, 381, 386, 393, 394, 402, 404, 409, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 425, 426, 480, 492, 494, 498, 512, 521, 523, 540, 577, 578, 586, 588, 594, 600, 603, 604, 628, 633, 634, 644, 645, 648, 649, 680, 686, 690, 698, 718, 727, 730, 731, 734, 741, 758, 761, 762, 763, 764, 769, 781, 783, 784, 786, 789, 790, 794, 797, 798, 802, 806, 818, 819, 824, 833, 834, 836, 839, 845, 846, 848, 858, 864, 866a, 867, 889, 890, 904, 921, 928, 938, 951, 952, 953, 959, 960, 977, 978, 1020, 1023, 1032, 1033, 1036, 1061, 1062, 1075, 1099, 1100, 1119, 1121, 1185, 1189, 1196, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1248, 1249, 1252, 1254, 1283, 1328, 1330, 1331, 1345, 1350b, 1356, 1377, 1395, 1445, 1447, 1476, 1492, 1503, 1504, 1516, 1543, 1547, 1548, 1572, 1577, 1605, 1613, 1614, 1619, 1637, 1723, 1725, 1726, 1732, 1733, 1741, 1746, 1747, 1761, 1762, 1771, 1856, 1859, 1899, 1902, 1918, 1928, 1929, 1952, 1975, 2085, 2160, 2261, 2266, 2273, 2303, 2309, 2310, 2355, 2356, 2406, 2407, 2431, 2441, 2454, 2466, 2484, 2503, 2593, 2626, 2629, 2634, 2651, 2653, 2666, 2668, 2679, 2698, 2716, 2765, 2767, 2773, 2774, 2775, 2780, 2783 30, 47, 58, 70, 149, 285, 286, 287, 288, 313, 368, 373, 379, 380, 385, 418, 432, 446, 448, 493, 525, 541, 575, 616, 664, 694, 739, 801, 841, 844, 853, 880, 955, 958, 961, 962, 1003, 1017, 1018, 1024, 1026, 1059, 1060, 1105, 1202, 1232, 1233, 1247, 1250, 1260, 1264, 1482, 1508, 1617, 1626, 1628, 1636, 1649, 1656, 1745, 1750, 1757, 1763, 1767, 1876, 1882, 1948, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1978, 2003, 2175, 2178, 2221, 2352, 2418, 2452, 2455, 2554, 2673, 2675, 2691, 2704, 2729 99, 1367 90, 335, 445, 724, 745, 755, 867, 957, 1019, 1030, 1065, 1068, 1088, 1239, 1362, 1370, 1374, 1618, 1749, 1768, 1861, 1883, 1911, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1937, 1979, 2009, 2218, 2378, 2422, 2496, 2501, 2532, 2555, 2572, 2573, 2579, 2635, 2636, 2690, 2711, 2721, 2779 1371 289, 868, 956, 963, 988, 1044, 1063, 1101, 1104, 1303, 1748, 1869, 2267, 2450, 2497, 2581, 2619, 2656. Compared to Alexandrian text-type manuscripts,

1360-864: The Alexandrian witnesses. Despite being characterized by mixed readings, significant Byzantine components also exist in the Syro-Palestinian manuscripts, which likely originated from the 5th century. Dating from the fourth century, and hence possibly earlier than the Peshitta, is the Ethiopic version of the Gospels; best represented by the surviving fifth and sixth century manuscripts of the Garima Gospels and classified by Rochus Zuurmond as "early Byzantine". Zuurmond notes that, especially in

1428-479: The Beatty-Michigan codex is secure evidence for the circulation of a ten-letter collection of Paul’s letters, as has occasionally been argued. In fact, as we have seen, we must be cautious about assuming the contents of the missing folia at the end of the quire because we may have had too much confidence about our knowledge of the number of missing folia at the end of the quire. ...By tying his estimate of

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1496-505: The Byzantine Text , and have produced Byzantine-majority critical editions of the Greek New Testament. This view was famously defended by John Burgon . The earliest clear notable patristic witnesses to the Byzantine text come from early eastern church fathers such as Gregory of Nyssa (335 – c. 395), John Chrysostom (347 – 407), Basil the Great (330 – 379) and Cyril of Jerusalem (313 – 386). The fragmentary surviving works of Asterius

1564-685: The Byzantine Text of John's gospel, (funded by the United Bible Societies in response to a request from Eastern Orthodox Scholars), was begun in Birmingham , UK. and in 2007, as a result of these efforts, The Gospel According to John in the Byzantine Tradition was published. Textual critic Herman von Soden divided manuscripts of the Byzantine text into five groups: Since the discovery of 𝔓 , 𝔓 , and 𝔓 , these have demonstrated early manuscript witnesses to

1632-476: The Byzantine and Western text types. The second or third earliest translation to witness to a Greek base conforming generally to the Byzantine text in the Gospels is the Syriac Peshitta (though it has many Alexandrian and Western readings); usually dated to the beginning of the 5th century; although in respect of several much contested readings, such as Mark 1:2 and John 1:18, the Peshitta rather supports

1700-606: The Byzantine majority readings within its footnotes. Similarly, the New King James version contains the Byzantine majority readings within the footnotes, although it is a translation of the Textus Receptus . There also exists multiple translations of the Aramaic Peshitta into English, translations have been made by John W. Etheridge, James Murdock and George M. Lamsa. The Peshitta has also been translated into Spanish and into Malayam . An English translation of

1768-540: The Byzantine text excludes the Comma Johannium and Acts 8:37 , which are present in the Textus Receptus. Despite these differences, the RP Byzantine text agrees far more closely with the Textus Receptus than with the critical text, as the Majority Text disagrees with the critical text 6,577 times in contrast to the 1800 times it disagrees with the Textus Receptus. Additionally, many of the agreements between

1836-10444: The Byzantine text. 2 , 3 , 6 (Gospels and Acts), 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 (except Mark), 29 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 61 (Gospels and Acts), 63 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 (except Paul), 70 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 89 , 90 , 92 , 93 , 95 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 103 , 104 (except Paul), 105 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 116 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 155 , 156 , 159 , 162 , 167 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 177 , 180 (except Acts), 181 (only Rev.), 182 , 183 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 189 , 190 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 (Epistles), 206 (except Cath.), 207 , 208 , 209 (except Gospels and Rev.), 210 , 212 , 214 , 215 , 217 , 218 (except Cath. and Paul), 219 , 220 , 221 , 223 , 224 , 226 , 227 , 231 , 232 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 240 , 243 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 250 , 254 (except Cath.), 256 (except Paul), 259 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 (except Paul), 264 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 272 , 275 , 276 , 277 , 278a , 278b , 280 , 281 , 282 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 288 , 289 , 290 , 291 , 292 , 293 , 297 , 300 , 301 , 302 , 303 , 304 , 305 , 306 , 308 , 309 , 313 , 314 , 316 , 319 , 320 , 324 , 325 , 327 , 328 , 329 , 330 (except Paul), 331 , 334 , 335 , 337 , 342 , 343 , 344 , 347 , 350 , 351 , 352 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 356 , 357 , 358 , 359 , 360 , 361 , 362 , 364 , 365 (except Paul), 366 , 367 , 368 , 369 , 371 , 373 , 374 , 375 , 376 , 378 (except Cath.), 379 , 380 , 381 , 384 , 385 , 386 , 387 , 388 , 390 , 392 , 393 , 394 , 395 , 396 , 398 (except Cath.), 399 , 401 , 402 , 404 , 405 , 407 , 408 , 409 , 410 , 411 , 412 , 413 , 414 , 415 , 417 , 418 , 419 , 422 , 425 , 426 , 429 (Paul and Rev.), 431 (except Acts and Cath.), 432 , 438 , 439 , 443 , 445 , 446 , 448 , 449 , 450 , 451 (except Paul), 452 , 454 , 457 , 458 , 459 (except Paul), 461 , 465 , 466 , 469 , 470 , 471 , 473 , 474 , 475 , 476 , 477 , 478 , 479 , 480 , 481 , 482 , 483 , 484 , 485 , 490 , 491 , 492 , 493 , 494 , 496 , 497 , 498 , 499 , 500 , 501 , 502 , 504 , 505 , 506 , 507 , 509 , 510 , 511 , 512 , 514 , 516 , 518 , 519 , 520 , 521 , 522 (except Acts and Cath.), 523 , 524 , 525 , 526 , 527 , 528 , 529 , 530 , 531 , 532 , 533 , 534 , 535 , 538 , 540 , 541 , 546 , 547 , 548 , 549 , 550 , 551 , 553 , 554 , 556 , 558 , 559 , 560 , 564 , 568 , 570 , 571 , 573 , 574 , 575 , 577 , 578 , 580 , 583 , 584 , 585 , 586 , 587 , 588 , 592 , 593 , 594 , 596 , 597 , 600 , 601 , 602 , 603 , 604 , 605 , 607 , 610 (in Cath.), 614 (in Cath.), 616 , 618 , 620 , 622 , 624 , 625 , 626 , 627 , 628 , 632 , 633 , 634 , 637 , 638 , 639 , 640 , 642 (except Cath.), 644 , 645 , 648 , 649 , 650 , 651 , 655 , 656 , 657 , 660 , 662 , 663 , 664 , 666 , 668 , 669 , 672 , 673 , 674 , 677 , 680 , 684 , 685 , 686 , 688 , 689 , 690 , 691 , 692 , 694 , 696 , 698 , 699 , 705 , 707 , 708 , 711 , 714 , 715 , 717 , 718 , 721 , 724 , 725 , 727 , 729 , 730 , 731 , 734 , 736 , 737 , 739 , 741 , 745 , 746 , 748 , 750 , 754 , 755 , 756 , 757 , 758 , 759 , 760 , 761 , 762 , 763 , 764 , 765 , 768 , 769 , 770 , 773 , 774 , 775 , 777 , 778 , 779 , 781 , 782 , 783 , 784 , 785 , 786 , 787 , 789 , 790 , 793 , 794 , 797 , 798 , 799 , 801 , 802 , 806 , 808 , 809 , 811 , 818 , 819 , 820 , 824 , 825 , 830 , 831 , 833 , 834 , 835 , 836 , 839 , 840 , 841 , 843 , 844 , 845 , 846 , 848 , 852 , 853 , 857 , 858 , 860 , 861 , 862 , 864 , 866 , 867 , 868 , 870 , 877 , 880 , 884 , 886 , 887 , 889 , 890 , 893 , 894 , 896 , 897 , 898 , 900 , 901 , 902 , 904 , 905 , 906 , 910 , 911 , 912 , 914 , 916 , 917 (Paul), 918 (Paul), 919 , 920 , 921 , 922 , 924 , 928 , 936 , 937 , 938 , 942 , 943 , 944, 945 (Acts and Cath.), 950, 951, 952, 953, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 969, 970, 971, 973, 975, 977, 978, 980, 981, 987, 988, 991, 993, 994 , 995, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1003, 1004, 1006 (Gospels), 1007, 1008, 1010 (?), 1011, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1028, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1036, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1050, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1065, 1067 (except Cath.), 1068, 1069, 1070, 1072, 1073 , 1074 , 1075, 1076 , 1077, 1078 , 1080 , 1081, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1094, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1107, 1110, 1112, 1119, 1121, 1123, 1129, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1161, 1168, 1169, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1176, 1177, 1185, 1186, 1187 , 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1193, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1218, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1231, 1241 (only Acts), 1251 (?), 1252, 1254, 1255, 1260, 1264, 1277, 1283, 1285, 1292 (except Cath.), 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1303, 1305, 1309, 1310, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319 (except Paul), 1320, 1323, 1324, 1328, 1330, 1331, 1334, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1343, 1345, 1347, 1350a, 1350b, 1351, 1352a, 1354, 1355, 1356 , 1357, 1358, 1359 (except Cath.), 1360, 1362, 1364, 1367, 1370, 1373, 1374, 1377, 1384, 1385, 1392, 1395, 1398 (except Paul), 1400, 1409 (Gospels and Paul), 1417, 1437, 1438, 1444, 1445, 1447, 1448 (except Cath.), 1449, 1452, 1470, 1476, 1482, 1483, 1492, 1503, 1504, 1506 (Gospels), 1508, 1513, 1514, 1516, 1517, 1520, 1521, 1523 (Paul), 1539, 1540, 1542b (only Luke), 1543, 1545, 1547, 1548, 1556, 1566, 1570, 1572, 1573 (except Paul?), 1577, 1583, 1594, 1597, 1604, 1605, 1607, 1613, 1614, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1622, 1628, 1636, 1637, 1649, 1656, 1662, 1668, 1672, 1673, 1683, 1693, 1701, 1704 (except Acts), 1714, 1717, 1720, 1723, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1752, 1754, 1755a, 1755b, 1756, 1757, 1759, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1767, 1768, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1800, 1821, 1826, 1828, 1829, 1835, 1841 (except Rev.), 1846 (only Acts), 1847, 1849, 1851, 1852 (only in Rev.), 1854 (except Rev.), 1855, 1856, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1869, 1870, 1872, 1874 (except Paul), 1876, 1877 (except Paul), 1878, 1879, 1880, 1882, 1883, 1888, 1889, 1891 (except Acts), 1897, 1899, 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1911, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936,1937, 1938, 1941, 1946, 1948, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2048, 2096, 2098, 2111, 2119, 2125, 2126, 2127 (except Paul), 2132, 2133, 2135, 2138 (only in Rev.), 2139, 2140, 2141, 2142, 2144, 2160, 2172, 2173, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2181, 2183, 2187, 2189, 2191, 2199, 2218, 2221, 2236, 2261, 2266, 2267, 2273, 2275, 2277 , 2281, 2289, 2295, 2300, 2303, 2306, 2307, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2352, 2355, 2356, 2373, 2376, 2378, 2381, 2382, 2386, 2389, 2390, 2406, 2407, 2409, 2414, 2415, 2418, 2420, 2422, 2423 , 2424, 2425, 2426, 2430, 2431, 2437 , 2441, 2442, 2445 , 2447, 2450, 2451, 2452, 2454, 2455, 2457, 2458, 2459, 2466, 2468, 2475, 2479, 2483, 2484, 2490, 2491 , 2496, 2497, 2499, 2500, 2501, 2502, 2503, 2507, 2532, 2534, 2536, 2539, 2540, 2545, 2547, 2549, 2550, 2552, 2554, 2555, 2558, 2559, 2562, 2563, 2567, 2571, 2572, 2573, 2578, 2579, 2581, 2584, 2587, 2593, 2600, 2619, 2624, 2626, 2627, 2629, 2631, 2633, 2634, 2635, 2636, 2637, 2639, 2645, 2646, 2649, 2650, 2651, 2653, 2656, 2657, 2658, 2660, 2661, 2665, 2666, 2671, 2673, 2675, 2679, 2690, 2691, 2696, 2698, 2699, 2700, 2704, 2711, 2712, 2716, 2721, 2722, 2723, 2724, 2725, 2727, 2729, 2746, 2760, 2761, 2765, 2767, 2773, 2774, 2775, 2779, 2780, 2781, 2782, 2783, 2784, 2785, 2787, 2790, 2791, 2794, 2815, 2817 , 2829. 461, 1080, 1862, 2142, 2500 399 14, 27, 29, 34, 36e, 63, 82, 92, 100, 135, 144, 151, 221, 237, 262, 278b, 344, 364, 371, 405, 411, 450, 454, 457, 478, 481, 564, 568, 584, 602, 605, 626, 627, 669, 920, 1055, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1203, 1220, 1223, 1225, 1347, 1351, 1357, 1392, 1417, 1452, 1661, 1720, 1756, 1829, 1851, 1880, 1905, 1920, 1927, 1954, 1997, 1998, 2125, 2373, 2414, 2545, 2722, 2790 994, 1073, 1701 7p, 8, 12, 20, 23, 24, 25, 37, 39, 40, 50, 65, 68, 75, 77, 83, 89, 98, 108, 112, 123, 125, 126, 127, 133, 137, 142, 143, 148, 150, 177, 186, 194, 195, 197, 200, 207, 208, 210, 212, 215, 236, 250, 259, 272, 276, 277, 278a, 300, 301, 302, 314, 325, 331, 343, 350, 352, 354, 357, 360, 375, 376, 422, 458, 465, 466, 470, 474, 475, 476, 490, 491, 497, 504, 506, 507, 516, 526, 527, 528, 530, 532, 547, 548, 549, 560, 583, 585, 596, 607, 624, 625, 638, 639, 640, 651, 672, 699, 707, 708, 711, 717, 746, 754, 756, 773, 785, 809, 831, 870, 884, 887, 894, 901, 910, 919, 937, 942, 943, 944, 964, 965, 991, 1014, 1028, 1045, 1054, 1056, 1074, 1110, 1123, 1168, 1174, 1187, 1207, 1209, 1211, 1212, 1214, 1221, 1222, 1244, 1277, 1300, 1312, 1314, 1317, 1320, 1324, 1340, 1343, 1373, 1384, 1438, 1444, 1449, 1470, 1483, 1513, 1514, 1517, 1520, 1521, 1545, 1556, 1570, 1607, 1668, 1672, 1693, 1730, 1734, 1738, 1770, 1828, 1835, 1847, 1849, 1870, 1878, 1879, 1888, 1906, 1907, 1916, 1919, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1946, 1955, 1980, 1981, 1982, 2001, 2007, 2098, 2132, 2133, 2144, 2172, 2176, 2181, 2183, 2199, 2275, 2277, 2281, 2386, 2295, 2307, 2381, 2386, 2430, 2442, 2447, 2451, 2458, 2468, 2475, 2539, 2547, 2559, 2563, 2567, 2571, 2587, 2637, 2649, 2661, 2723, 2746, 2760, 2782, 2787 2306 (composite of parts from

1904-1070: The Byzantine tradition as a whole originates from a later period, not as a creation but as a process of choosing between early variants. It has also been questioned if some of the readings found in the early papyri which agree with later Byzantine readings are genetically significant or accidental. 𝔓 Codex Mutinensis (H) , Codex Cyprius (K) , Codex Mosquensis I (K) , Campianus (M) , Petropolitanus Purp. (N) , Sinopensis (O) , Guelferbytanus A (P) , Guelferbytanus B (Q) , Nitriensis (R) , Nanianus (U) , Monacensis (X) , Tischendorfianus IV (Γ) , Sangallensis (Δ) (except Mark), Tischendorfianus III (Λ) , Petropolitanus (Π) , Rossanensis (Σ) , Beratinus (Φ) , Dionysiou (Ω) , Vaticanus 2066 (Uncial 046) , Uncial 047 , 049 , 052 , 053 , 054 , 056 , 061 , 063 , 064 , 065 , 069 (?), 093 (Acts), 0103 , 0104 , 0105 , 0116 , 0120 , 0133 , 0134 , 0135 , 0136 , 0142 , 0151 , 0197 , 0211 , 0246 , 0248 , 0253 , 0255 , 0257 , 0265 , 0269 (mixed), 0272 , 0273 (?). More than 80% of minuscules represent

1972-633: The Faiyum . It has been paleographically dated between 175 and 225, or early 3rd century CE. It contains verses from the Pauline Epistles of Romans , 1 Corinthians , 2 Corinthians , Galatians , Ephesians , Colossians , Philippians , 1 Thessalonians , and Hebrews . Some leaves are part of the Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, and others are in the University of Michigan Papyrus Collection . In November 2020,

2040-834: The Family 35 subgroup of Byzantine manuscripts has also been created by Wilbur N. Pickering, called "The Sovereign Creator Has Spoken". Maurice A. Robinson Maurice Arthur Robinson (born October 13, 1947) is an American professor of New Testament and Greek (retired) and a proponent of the Byzantine-priority method of New Testament textual criticism . Robinson was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, to Arthur and Olga Robinson, but grew up in Bradenton, Florida. He earned his B.A. (1969) in English and secondary education from

2108-722: The Gospel of John, the form of the early Byzantine text found in the Ethiopic Gospels is quite different from the later Greek Majority Text, and agrees in a number of places with Papyrus 66 . In the very early 7th century, Thomas Herakel worked on a revision of the Philoxenian version , thus producing the Harklean version in Syriac. This text very closely resembles the Byzantine text-type and due to its wide distribution, it

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2176-527: The Greek manuscript tradition, and a 53-page appendix explaining "The Case for Byzantine Priority." This was followed in 2010 by a corrected Reader's Edition, produced in cooperation with Jeffrey Dodson (who was responsible for the formatting). Some titles of Robinson's other publications include: At various professional venues, but especially those of the Evangelical Theological Society (ETS), Robinson has presented many papers,

2244-606: The Majority text and the modern critical text (represented by UBS/NA Greek New Testaments), although the two still agree 98% of the time. A critical edition of the Family 35 subgroup of Byzantine manuscripts has also been created by Wilbur N. Pickering, who believes that Family 35 contains the original text of the New Testament. The Byzantine type is also found in modern Greek Orthodox editions. A new scholarly edition of

2312-547: The Passage is Present." Another volume appeared in 2014, "A Comprehensive Bibliography of Material relating to the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11): Various Entries Annotated, generally by Direct Quotation from the Source Cited." Both volumes, including Robinson's original collation documents and handwritten notes, may be accessed at the SEBTS library and are preparatory for the final work, still in progress: The Text of

2380-555: The Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) , 3 vols. Vol. 1: Text and Apparatus ; Vol. 2: The Textual Interrelationships among the Manuscripts which contain the Pericope Adulterae ; Vol. 3: The Archetype of the Pericope Adulterae and its Relationship to the Gospel of John . Until these volumes appear, two articles by Robinson remain of primary interest in relation to his magnum opus : "Preliminary Observations Regarding

2448-534: The Sophist († 341) have also been considered to conform to the Byzantine text. Although somewhat closer to the Alexandrian text , the quotations of Clement of Alexandria (150 –  215) sometimes contain readings which agree with the later Byzantine text-type. The incomplete surviving translation of Wulfila (d. 383) into Gothic is often thought to derive from the Byzantine text type or an intermediary between

2516-551: The Textus Receptus and the Byzantine text are considered very significant, such as the reading "God" in 1 Timothy 3:16 and the inclusion of the Story of the Adulteress . Textual critic and biblical scholar Karl Lachmann was the first scholar to produce an edition that broke with the Textus Receptus , ignoring previous printings and basing his text on ancient sources, therefore discounting the mass of late Byzantine manuscripts and

2584-422: The Textus Receptus. The critical Greek New Testament texts of today (represented by UBS/NA Greek New Testaments) are considered to be predominantly representative of the Alexandrian text-type in nature, but there are some critics such as Robinson and Hodges who still favor the Byzantine Text, and have produced Byzantine-Majority critical editions of the Greek New Testament. Around 6,500 readings differ between

2652-577: The community which held both codices. Edgar Ebojo made a case that these "reading marks" with or without space-intervals were an aid to readers, most likely in a liturgical context. 𝔓 uses an extensive and well-developed system of nomina sacra . It contains the following nomina sacra in abbreviated form (nominative case): ΚΣ (κυριος / Lord ) ΧΣ or ΧΡΣ (χριστος / anointed ) ΙΗΣ (Ιησους / Jesus ) ΘΣ (θεος / God ) ΠΝΑ (πνευμα / Spirit ) ΥΙΣ (υιος / Son ) ΣΤΡΟΣ (σταυρος / cross ). The use of nomina sacra has featured in discussions on

2720-479: The conflicting readings can separate out the groups, which are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian , Western , and Byzantine . Biblical scholar Kurt Aland placed it in Category I of his New Testament manuscript classification system. Category I manuscripts are those "of a very special quality, i. e. manuscripts with a very high proportion of

2788-478: The contents of the Beatty-Michigan Pauline epistles codex. Duff’s positive hypothesis about the addition of extra folia as an afterthought is, however, impossible to prove. And as we have seen, the material comparanda he adduced did not support his case. Yet, Duff’s argument serves as a good reminder that we cannot simply assume the contents of the missing folia. We cannot say, for instance, that

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2856-437: The dating for 𝔓 , with Bruce Griffin arguing against Young Kyu Kim, in part, that such an extensive usage of the nomina sacra system nearly eliminates any possibility of the manuscript dating to the 1st century. He admitted, however, that Kim's dating cannot be ruled out on this basis alone, since the exact provenance of the nomina sacra system itself is not well-established. On the other hand, Philip Comfort (preferring

2924-461: The distinct Byzantine readings tend to show a greater tendency toward smooth and well-formed Greek, they display fewer instances of textual variation between parallel Synoptic Gospel passages, and they are less likely to present contradictory or " difficult " issues of exegesis . The first printed edition of the Greek New Testament was completed by Erasmus and published by Johann Froben of Basel on March 1, 1516 ( Novum Instrumentum omne ). Due to

2992-432: The early text... To this category have also been assigned all manuscripts to the beginning of the fourth century, regardless of further distinctions which should also be observed[.]" Romans 8:28 Romans 16:15 1 Corinthians 2:1 1 Corinthians 2:4 1 Corinthians 7:5 1 Corinthians 12:9 1 Corinthians 15:47 2 Corinthians 1:10 Galatians 6:2 Ephesians 4:16 Ephesians 6:12 The provenance of

3060-498: The faculty of Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary in 1991, where he served as associate professor (1991–1996), professor (1996–2002), senior professor (2002–2014), and research professor (2014–2016) of New Testament and Greek . Robinson also served as pastor of two churches during the years 1985–1991 and 1993–1997. Robinson is best known as a proponent of the Byzantine-priority method of New Testament textual criticism . This method maintains that when differences appear among

3128-564: The final quarter. Though unusual for ancient manuscripts, 𝔓 has each page numbered. Throughout Romans, Hebrews, and the latter chapters of 1 Corinthians, small and thick strokes or dots are found, usually agreed to be from the hand of a reader rather than the initial copyist, since the ink is always much paler than that of the text itself. They appear to mark sense divisions (similar to verse numbering found in Bibles ), and are also found in portions of 𝔓 , possibly evidence of reading in

3196-482: The first attempt to produce an alternative controlled text against the multiplicity of wild texts which characterized the Western groups," a view to which he still holds more than 40 years later. Robinson's obsession with constantly evaluating "all pertinent transmissional and transcriptional factors ... in relation to the various aspects of external and internal criteria" before making any final decisions regarding

3264-457: The first half (due to, for example, blank front fly-leaves). This leaves open the possibility that the original quire may have contained the traditional 14-letter collection after all. Brent Nongbri summarizes: We still have much to learn about early single-quire codices and what constituted 'normal' practice for the makers of these books. Duff’s article performed a service by challenging a complacent and largely unreflective consensus with regard to

3332-400: The inclusion of more material. The relevance of the ancient evidence that Duff presented has been challenged, but a survey of surviving examples of ancient single-quire codices does show evidence for the practice of leaving some blank pages at the end of a codex. However, this survey also showed that single-quire codices sometimes had more inscribed pages in the second half of the codex than in

3400-806: The likelihood of its archetypal reconstructability, and (2) the quantitative and qualitative evidence relating to the transmission and perpetuation of that archetype. Clark ’s final conclusion shocked my reasoned eclectic viewpoint: he suggested that the Byzantine Textform — to the extent that such could be established in its archetypal form — was the most likely candidate for autograph originality against all rival claimants, whether favored Greek manuscripts, other texttypes or subjective internal factors. As Clark told me then, "I am now too old to explore and delineate this position; but you are young, and should pursue it." That has been my endeavor since approximately 1975. Robinson's single largest project

3468-544: The manuscript basis of Jerome's Latin Vulgate and if this text was influenced by the Byzantine text. Wordsworth concluded that Jerome mainly used a text-type similar to Codex Siniaticus and Vaticanus , however his conclusions were rejected by H. J. Vogels who instead argued that the Greek manuscripts used by Jerome mostly agreed with the Byzantine text. Vogel's analysis of the Vulgate was criticized by both F. C. Burkitt and Lagrange, Burkitt instead argued that Jerome's Vulgate

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3536-423: The manuscripts of the Greek New Testament, the best representation of the original text is usually found in the agreement of most manuscripts, that is, a "consensus text" which "reflects a unified dominance that permeates the vast majority of manuscripts." Robinson is a member of the Evangelical Theological Society (1984–present) and has presented over 20 papers at its regional and national meetings (see below for

3604-433: The mid-1970s, had he been 30 years younger, he would chart a new course, predicated on transmissional probabilities, including the strong view that the autograph text of any New Testament book would more likely be preserved within a single existing texttype rather than amid an eclectic conglomeration drawn from multiple sources. Clark suggested that the question of which texttype should be dually established from (1)

3672-480: The original text itself was what we today would term 'mixed, ' " that "[a]ll known texttypes proceeded from this original 'mixed' [form], coming into existence as types primarily from local-text situations," and even that "the uncontrolled, popular text of the second century ... corrupted the original [Textform] with its own scraps of oral tradition and theologically motivated alterations." Even then Robinson expressed that "the Alexandrian text [could] have arisen as

3740-612: The papyrus is unknown. Kenyon believed this codex and the other Beatty Biblical Papyri came from the region of the Fayyum. The coptologist Carl Schmidt was told that the books were found in "‘Alâlme, a village on the east bank of the Nile in the area of Aṭfiḥ, ancient Aphroditopolis." However, the archaeologists who bought the University of Michigan's portion of the codex believed that it had come from Asyut (ancient Lykopolis). Thus, there

3808-486: The pressure of his publisher to bring their edition to market before the competing Complutensian Polyglot , Erasmus based his work on around a half-dozen manuscripts, all of which dated from the twelfth century or later; and all but one were of the Byzantine text-type. Six verses that were not witnessed in any of these sources, he back-translated from the Latin Vulgate , and Erasmus also introduced some readings from

3876-588: The proposition that reasoned eclectic procedure should accept "a stronger role for the Byzantine Textform coupled with a strong transmissional historical view." At least the first two of these come out clearly in Robinson's Th.M. thesis, where he opined, " Eclecticism reigns, and it has left textual criticism in a state of fluidity. ... [O]ur objectivity has been surrendered to the whims of individual critics. ... Our feet have become mired and mudbound in

3944-448: The scribe of 𝔓 was increasing the number of letters per page in the second half of the codex. Duff argued that this indicated that the scribe intended to include all of the traditional 14-letter collection and would most likely have added extra leaves if the original quire lacked sufficient space. Duff also pointed to several ancient codices that he considered as good evidence for the attachment of additional leaves to codices to allow for

4012-455: The seven missing leaves from the end is uncertain as they are lost. Kenyon calculated that 2 Thessalonians would require two leaves, leaving only five remaining leaves (10 pages) for the remaining canonical Pauline literature — 1 Timothy (estimated 8.25 pages), 2 Timothy (6 pages), Titus (3.5 pages) and Philemon (1.5 pages) — requiring ten leaves in total (19.25 pages). Thus Kenyon concluded 𝔓 as originally constructed did not include

4080-541: The short or the long contracted forms of Christ . 𝔓 contains most of the Pauline epistles , though with some folios missing. It contains (in order): the last eight chapters of Romans ; Hebrews ; 1–2 Corinthians ; Ephesians ; Galatians ; Philippians ; Colossians ; and two chapters of 1 Thessalonians . All of the leaves have lost some lines at the bottom through deterioration . ( CB = Chester Beatty Library ; Mich. = University of Michigan) The contents of

4148-488: The size of the quire to the numbering of the pages, Kenyon may have created a false problem that has needlessly frustrated subsequent generations of scholars. The question of the contents of the codex as originally constructed thus remains open. The text of the codex is considered a representative of the Alexandrian text-type . The text-types are groups of different manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus

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4216-759: The text to be established may be summarized in how he describes his method: "reasoned transmissionalism." As mentioned above, the genesis of Robinson's career dedication to "reasoned transmissionalism" essentially goes back to Clark and is best expressed in Robinson's own words: Clark ’s views, written and oral, laid the basis for my shift away from reasoned eclecticism to a transmission-based hypothesis; this ultimately led to my Byzantine-priority position. Clark ’s hints and allegations in his published material were enhanced by his private tutelage, where he lamented over much of his previous career, having focused on reasonable internal and external principles that nevertheless led to faulty conclusions. As he expressed to me in

4284-410: The text-block averaging 11.5 centimetres (4.5 in), between 26 and 32 lines of text per page, although both the width of the rows and the number of rows per page increase progressively. Lines containing text at the bottom of each page are damaged (lacunose), with between 1–2 lines non-extant in the first quarter of the codex, 2–3 lines non-extant in the central half, and up to seven lines non-extant in

4352-626: The titles of some of which are: Papyrus 46 Papyrus 46 ( P. Chester Beatty II ), designated by siglum 𝔓 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is an early Greek New Testament manuscript written on papyrus , and is one of the manuscripts comprising the Chester Beatty Papyri . Manuscripts among the Chester Beatty Papyri have had several provenances associated with them, the most likely being

4420-409: The trenches of subjectivity." He advocated that critics must determine the "history of the transmission of the New Testament text viewed in its total chronological perspective," and that the "primary value of texttypes is their utilization in reconstructing the history of textual transmission." In contrast to his current Byzantine-priority stance, Robinson stated at the time that "it is more likely that

4488-438: The views of scholars such as Harry Sturz (1984) and Maurice Robinson (2005) that the roots of the Byzantine text may go back to a very early date, which some authors have interpreted as a rehabilitation of the Textus Receptus. However in 1963 Bruce Metzger had argued that early support for Byzantine readings could not be taken to demonstrate that they were in the original text. The Byzantine majority text of Robinson and Pierpont

4556-531: Was influenced by multiple Greek manuscripts from different text-types, some of which were similar to Codex Alexandrinus while others similar to Codex Vaticanus . Individual readings in agreement with the later Byzantine text have been found in the very early papyri, such as 𝔓 . Some such as Harry Sturz have concluded from this that the Byzantine text-type must have had an early existence, however others have been cautious in making this conclusion. According to Zuntz, although some Byzantine readings may be ancient,

4624-732: Was titled, The New Testament in the Original Greek according to the Byzantine/Majority Textform (Atlanta: The Original Word). Fourteen years later a more elegant edition appeared, The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform 2005 (Southborough, MA: Chilton Book Publishing), a fully accented edition with an apparatus showing every variation of the text from that of the standard Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (27th ed.), marginal readings indicating major splits in

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