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36-437: Grist can be ground into meal or flour , depending on how coarsely it is ground. Maize made into grist is called grits when it is coarse, and corn meal when it is finely ground. Wheat , oats , barley , and buckwheat are also ground and sifted into flour and farina . Grist is also used in brewing and distillation to make a mash . The proverb "all is grist to the mill" means "everything can be made useful, or be

72-481: A health claim for marketing purposes in the United States, stating: "low fat diets rich in fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer , a disease associated with many factors" and "diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and rich in fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain some types of dietary fiber, particularly soluble fiber , may reduce

108-566: A "public consultation on transparency in relation to risk assessments conducted by EFSA," it was evident that consumers wanted enhanced public access "to EFSA evaluations and documents." Chearnaigh concludes that the public's demands for direct transparency from the EFSA resulted in the creation of Regulation (EU) No. 2019/1381. This legal document outlines the importance of inclusive communication regarding chemical risk assessment to all parties involved: both government bodies and citizens. Residents of

144-426: A source of profit." There are some minor variations, such as "all's grist that comes to his mill", meaning that the person in question can make something positive out of anything that comes along. A miller ground whatever grain was brought to him, and charged a portion of the final product for the service. Therefore, all grain arriving at the mill represented income, regardless of its quality. The first recorded usage

180-489: A variety of foods that meet whole grain-rich criteria. As components of breakfast cereals , whole grains are associated with improved micronutrient intake and lower risk of several diseases. Their effects on gastrointestinal health, risk of obesity and cognition need further evaluation. Cereal proteins have low quality, due to deficiencies in essential amino acids , mainly lysine . Supplementation of cereals with proteins from other food sources (mainly legumes )

216-425: Is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet . Minor cereals and pseudocereals may be a reasonable alternative to replace gluten-containing cereals for people who need to follow a gluten-free diet. While coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to wheat proteins, it is not the same as a wheat allergy . Other diseases triggered by eating gluten are non-coeliac gluten sensitivity , (estimated to affect 0.5% to 13% of

252-603: Is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes . In 2012, Health Canada stated that "the evidence to date from clinical trials and prospective cohort studies was not sufficient to support a whole grains and coronary heart disease risk reduction claim in Canada". A 2017 review of clinical trials found insufficient evidence for a relationship between whole grain consumption and lowered risk of cardiovascular diseases. The American Institute for Cancer Research and World Cancer Research Fund International have stated that there

288-599: Is commonly used to compensate for this deficiency, since the limitation of a single essential amino acid causes the others to break down and become excreted, which is especially important during the period of growth. In contrast, the proteins of the pseudocereals have a high nutritional value, close to those of casein (the main protein in milk). Quinoa and amaranth are the most nutritious grains due to their high content and quality of proteins, with high levels of lysine and other essential amino acids. Manufacturers of foods containing whole grains in specified amounts are allowed

324-583: Is considered a sports food supplement, also known as an ergogenic aid. Some popular examples of sports food supplements include protein powder/bars, creatine , and electrolyte beverages. Similar to the established food laws, the European Union has laws in place to ensure that sports supplements do not mislead consumers with false information. In an analytical assessment article, it states that supplement labels and advertisements often make false health claims, and about 70% of athletes are heavily influenced by

360-632: Is not sufficiently characterised in relation to the claimed health effects" and "that a cause and effect relationship cannot be established between the consumption of whole grain and the claimed effects considered in this opinion." By supplying high dietary fiber content, as part of a general healthy diet, consumption of whole grains may lower risk of several diseases, including coronary heart disease , stroke and cancer, with lower all-cause mortality . Regular whole-grain consumption may lower elevated LDL and triglyceride levels, which are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Whole grain consumption

396-430: Is strong evidence that whole grains decrease risk of colorectal cancer. In genetically susceptible people, gluten (proteins found in wheat , barley , rye , oat , and related species and hybrids) can trigger coeliac disease . Coeliac disease affects about 1% of the general population in developed countries . There is evidence that most cases remain undiagnosed and untreated. The only known effective treatment

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432-614: The European Court of Auditors in 2012, for "frequent conflicts of interests ", some of them undeclared. A number of undisclosed conflicts of interest involved the International Life Sciences Institute . According to Corporate Europe Observatory , in 2013, 58% of the experts of the agency were in situation of conflict of interests . In 2017, they were still 46% in situation of conflict of interests. EFSA has also been criticised by

468-761: The food chain . EFSA was established in February 2002, is based in Parma , Italy, and for 2021 it has a budget of €118.6 million, and a total staff of 542. The work of EFSA covers all matters with a direct or indirect impact on food and feed safety, including animal health and welfare , plant protection and plant health and nutrition . EFSA supports the European Commission , the European Parliament and EU member states in taking effective and timely risk management decisions that ensure

504-515: The EFSA Focal Point network: The following countries' national food safety authorities are observers of the EFSA Focal Point network: The EFSA is responsible for maintaining the safety of all food-related items to ensure the public health of all European Union residents and citizens. This includes meat processing, pesticide residue, vitamins, and other supplements. Any substance used to benefit an athletic performance or fitness goal

540-618: The EU and beyond. It is composed of fourteen members appointed by the Council of the European Union in consultation with the European Parliament from a list drawn up by the European Commission , plus one representative of the European Commission. The Executive Director is EFSA's legal representative and is responsible for day-to-day administration, drafting and implementing work programmes, and implementing other decisions adopted by

576-680: The European Commission, European Parliament , and European Council . Since the EFSA is an independent agency but overseen by representatives of the European Commission and Council of the European Union, the EFSA must abide by the transparency policy. According to author Blánaid Ní Chearnaigh, prior to 2018, only some EFSA documents were accessible to the public, such as risk assessments for specific chemicals. These risk assessments were detailed scientific reports that analyzed chemicals' safety levels and potential risk for causing harm, such as cancer. They were difficult to understand and poorly formatted, which frustrated consumers. She articulates that during

612-541: The European Union want to feel confident that their government will protect them from all potential health hazards and prioritize consumers' needs, and through transparency, the EFSA can provide that confidence. As stated by Hanna Schebesta and Kai Purnhagen, the authors of EU Food Law , the EFSA contributes to a public Food Additives list posted by the European Commission that catalogs all food-related chemicals and relevant information for each of them. This additional information includes specific conditions for use, food items

648-642: The FICR handles more of the legislative side of these transparency policies, the EFSA is consulted because the overall public health is involved. Both the EFSA and FICR ensure that all packaging of food available in the European Union includes the following aspects: an ingredient list and the amount of specific ingredients, food name, the date, allergens, total quantity, place of origin, food business operator information, nutrition information, alcoholic content (if applicable), and directions for how to store and use

684-784: The Management Board. They are appointed by the Management Board. The Advisory Forum advises the Executive Director, in particular in drafting a proposal for the EFSA's work programmes. It is composed of representatives of national bodies responsible for risk assessment in the Member States, with observers from Norway, Iceland, Switzerland and the European Commission. The Scientific Committee and its Scientific Panels provide scientific opinions and advice, each within their own sphere of competence, and are composed of independent scientific experts. The number and names of

720-526: The NGO CHEM Trust for misrepresenting the results of their expert committee's report on bisphenol A (BPA) in January 2015. EFSA claimed in the abstract, press release and briefing that bisphenol A 'posed no risk' to health, when the expert report actually stated the risk was 'low' when considering aggregate exposure (beyond just food). EFSA later modified the abstract to correct this error, though

756-549: The Scientific Panels are adapted in the light of technical and scientific development by the European Commission at EFSA's request. The independent scientific experts are appointed by the Management Board upon a proposal from the Executive Director for three-year terms. Public transparency is the practice of informing citizens of all governmental action, and providing public access to government documents. It enables democratic accountability, meaning that citizens can hold

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792-522: The US federal government: There are multiple grains such as cereal grains (e.g. wheat, rice, oats, barley, corn, wild rice, and rye) as well as pseudocereals (e.g. quinoa and buckwheat) that may be labeled whole grains. When wheat is milled to make flour, the parts of the grain are usually separated and then are recombined to make specific types of flour, such as whole wheat, whole grain, white cake and pastry flour, and all-purpose white flour. If all parts of

828-463: The advertised benefits. In other words, manufacturers advertise gains of using their products, such as increased endurance, knowing that it will increase sales without having any scientific evidence to prove the posted benefits. The EU prevents false health benefit claims through tasking the EFSA with fact-checking advertised health statements, such as a supplement increasing endurance. Both the EFSA and other research organizations "have previously studied

864-809: The characteristics of the different substances added or isolated in supplements, as well as the safety of their consumption." The EFSA and European Commission then both assess whether advertised statements are true or false based on the EFSA's scientific data. The scientific output of the European Food Safety Authority is published in the EFSA Journal , an open-access , online scientific journal . This concerns risk assessment in relation to food and feed and includes nutrition, animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection. The EFSA has been criticised for its alleged "overregulation". The EFSA has been criticised, including by

900-477: The chemical may be found in, and restrictions on the amount that can be used. Transparency also applies to how food is presented to consumers, such as through packaging and advertisements. The EFSA works alongside the Food Information to Consumers Regulation (FICR), a separate agency, to enforce that all food information given to the public is easy to understand, and more importantly, accurate. Although

936-452: The endosperm. As part of a general healthy diet , consumption of whole grains is associated with lower risk of several diseases. Whole grains are a source of carbohydrates , multiple nutrients and dietary fiber . Whole grain sources include: Cereals Minor cereals Pseudocereals Whole grains are a source of multiple nutrients and dietary fiber , recommended for children and adults in several daily servings containing

972-570: The entire product may contain between 1% and 49% wholegrain. Many breads are colored brown (often with molasses or caramel color ) and made to look like wholegrain when they are not. In addition, some food manufacturers make foods with wholegrain ingredients, but, because wholegrain ingredients are not the dominant ingredient, they are not wholegrain products. Contrary to popular belief, wholegrains are not indicative of fiber . The amount of fiber varies from grain to grain, and some products may have things like bran, peas, or other foods added to boost

1008-479: The fiber content. According to the American Association of Cereal Chemists definition, "Whole grains shall consist of the intact, ground, cracked or flaked caryopsis, whose principal anatomical components - the starchy endosperm, germ and bran - are present in the same relative proportions as they exist in the intact caryopsis." The following names indicate whole-grain products, in accordance with

1044-418: The general population), gluten ataxia and dermatitis herpetiformis . In the United States wholegrain products can be identified by the ingredients list. "Wheat flour" (as opposed to "wholegrain wheat flour" or "whole-wheat flour") as the first ingredient is not a clear indicator of the product's wholegrain content. If two ingredients are listed as grain products but only the second is listed as wholegrain,

1080-580: The government accountable for doing its job to protect them. Transparency increases citizens' trust in the government and keeps them well-informed. Transparency is a fundamental value in the European Union , as stated in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The European Commission declares that all European Union citizens/residents have the freedom of information, which entitles them to have access to all governmental documents from

1116-593: The item. The EFSA cooperates with the national food safety authorities of the 27 EU member states, Iceland and Norway, as well as observers from Switzerland and EU candidate countries, through its Focal Points, who also communicate with research institutes and other stakeholders. They "assist in the exchange of scientific information and experts, advise on cooperation activities and scientific projects, promote training in risk assessment and raise EFSA's scientific visibility and outreach in Member States." The following countries' national food safety authorities are members of

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1152-461: The kernel are used in the same relative proportions as they exist in the original kernel, then the flour is considered whole grain. Under the Food and Drug Regulations , up to 5% of the kernel can be removed to help reduce rancidity and prolong the shelf life of whole-wheat flour. The portion of the kernel that is removed for this purpose contains much of the germ and some of the bran. If this portion of

1188-527: The kernel has been removed, the flour would no longer be considered whole grain. In the UK the legally protected term is wholemeal rather than wholegrain. There are voluntary guidelines on what can be labelled a wholegrain product. European Food Safety Authority The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that provides independent scientific advice and communicates on existing and emerging risks associated with

1224-436: The protection of the health of European consumers and the safety of the food and feed chain. EFSA also communicates to the public in an open and transparent way on all matters within its remit. Based on a regulation of 2002, the EFSA is composed of four bodies: The Management Board sets the budget, approves work programmes, and is responsible for ensuring that EFSA co-operates successfully with partner organisations across

1260-483: The risk of heart disease, a disease associated with many factors". The scientific opinion of the European Food Safety Authority related to health claims on gut health or bowel function, weight control, blood glucose and insulin levels, weight management, blood cholesterol, satiety, glycemic index, digestive function and cardiovascular health is "that the food constituent, whole grain, (...)

1296-522: Was in the 16th century, but the term is probably much older. The term " gristmill " was once common in the United States and Britain to describe a small mill open to all comers. This agriculture article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Wholemeal A whole grain is a grain of any cereal and pseudocereal that contains the endosperm , germ , and bran , in contrast to refined grains , which retain only

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