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33-643: The predecessor to the district is the Oberamt Heilbronn , which was created in 1803 when the previously Free Imperial City of Heilbronn was incorporated into the Electorate of Württemberg . In 1926, about half of the Oberamt (old district) of Weinsberg was added. In 1938, it was recognized as a district, and in addition to the previous Oberamt, parts of the dissolved Oberämter Neckarsulm, Brackenheim, Marbach and Besigheim were added. The city of Heilbronn

66-623: A counterproject to Paris, which contained a proposed naval armistice. The offer was received on 10 September, and Napoleon extended the armistice one week to consider the proposal, which was rejected. As a result, by the Convention of Hohenlinden of 20 September 1800, Austria ceded the fortresses of Ulm , Philippsburg and Ingolstadt to France in exchange for a one-month extension to the armistice. On 25 September, Thugut resigned as Austrian foreign minister. The emperor originally nominated Ludwig Conrad von Lehrbach as his plenipotentiary for

99-646: A new offensive in September. Shortly after Duroc had delivered the Austrian response, Saint-Julien was imprisoned and accused of signing a treaty without authorisation. After the Saint-Julien fiasco, Thugut expressed a desire for Austria and Britain to negotiate together, but Napoleon rejected the idea of a peace conference. Britain, in turn, rejected French proposals for a separate peace . On 7 September, British Foreign Minister, Lord Grenville dispatched

132-668: The Armistice of Parsdorf (15 July) in Germany. Count Joseph von Saint-Julien arrived in Paris on 21 July 1800 and was received with enthusiasm. He met with French Foreign Minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord on 22–24 and 27 July. On 28 July, both signed a preliminary peace, which was mostly a copy of the Treaty of Campo Formio. The main difference was that the House of Austria

165-646: The Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December. Forced to sue for peace, the Austrians signed the Treaty of Lunéville, which largely confirmed the Treaty of Campo Formio (17 October 1797), which itself had confirmed the Treaty of Leoben (April 1797). The United Kingdom was the sole nation still at war with France for another year. The Austrians would resume war against France in 1805 . On 25 December 1799, Bonaparte wrote to Francis II to propose peace. The imperial response

198-690: The Confederation of the Rhine and received further territory. Treaty of Lun%C3%A9ville The Treaty of Lunéville (or Peace of Lunéville ) was signed in the Treaty House of Lunéville on 9 February 1801. The signatory parties were the French Republic and Emperor Francis II , who signed on his own behalf as ruler of the hereditary domains of the House of Austria and on behalf of

231-503: The German mediatisation with France, signed in March 1802, he ceded his possessions on the left bank of the Rhine, receiving in return nine free imperial cities , among them Reutlingen and Heilbronn and other territories, amounting altogether to about 850 square miles and containing about 124,000 inhabitants. He also accepted from Napoleon in 1803 the title of elector . Subsequently,

264-638: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany , Lunéville ceded it to France. In another change from Campo Formio, certain imperial fortresses on the right bank of the Rhine were to be demolished. Those princes who lost territory, including the Grand Duke of Tuscany and the Duke of Modena, were to be compensated with territory in Germany east of the Rhine. This was to be accomplished largely thought a programme of secularization of ecclesiastical principalities as laid out at

297-777: The Holy Roman Empire . The signatories were Joseph Bonaparte and Count Ludwig von Cobenzl , the Austrian foreign minister. The treaty formally ended Austrian and Imperial participation in the War of the Second Coalition and the French Revolutionary Wars , as well as the Imperial Kingdom of Italy . The Austrian army had been defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 and then by Jean Victor Moreau at

330-615: The Russian , Austrian and British royal families. His son, Duke Frederick III (1754–1816), was a prince who modelled himself on Frederick the Great. He took part in the War of the Second Coalition against France in defiance of the wishes of his people and, when the French again invaded and devastated the country, he retired to Erlangen , where he remained until after the conclusion of the Treaty of Lunéville on 9 February 1801. Following

363-665: The Congress of Rastatt. France would supervise the process. Although Austria had been promised the Archbishopric of Salzburg and some Bavarian lands at Campo Formio, those promises were withdrawn at Lunéville. The Austria acquisition of the Venetian Terraferma , Venetian Dalmatia and all of Istria was confirmed. The treaty was accepted by the Imperial Diet on 7 March. The task of compensation

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396-485: The French had won their victory at Hohenlinden. New instructions reached Cobenzl on 26 December. He was authorised to sign a preliminary separate peace to obtain a general armistice. In fact, an armistice covering Germany had already been signed by the commanders in the field on 25 December. On 26 December, the Second League of Armed Neutrality was formed. On 27 December, Francis II informed King George III of

429-592: The United Kingdom of being unable to meet his obligations as an ally. On 31 December, Cobenzl informed the French that he would negotiate without Britain. The final negotiations concerned mainly boundaries and indemnities in Italy. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a major issue. The terms of Campo Formio were accepted by Austria for Germany, and only the nature and the methods of compensation for imperial princes losing territory had to be decided. As of 30 December,

462-484: The cession of the fortresses of Mantua, Peschiera , Legnano , Ferrara and Ancona and the expulsion of the Grand Duke of Tuscany from Italy in return for an armistice in Italy. Since the Armistice of Steyr was expiring, both sides agreed to extend it as well. As a result, Mantua was lost to Austria. On 1 February, France accepted an Austrian request to allow a representative of Naples and Sicily to take part in

495-845: The district from the south to the north. The western part of the district belongs to the landscape Kraichgau , the east to the Hohenloher Ebene , Kocher-Jagst-Ebene , and the Löwensteiner Berge . The coat of arms shows a clawless eagle, the symbol of the Counts of Lauffen, who ruled the area of the district in the 13th century. Towns ( Städte ): Municipalities ( Gemeinden ): Municipal associations ( Vereinbarte Verwaltungsgemeinschaften and Gemeindeverwaltungsverbände ): 49°10′N 9°15′E  /  49.16°N 9.25°E  / 49.16; 9.25 Electorate of W%C3%BCrttemberg The Electorate of Württemberg

528-524: The ducal household, and the royal house adhered to this faith thereafter. During the short reign of Frederick II Eugene, the French Republic invaded Württemberg and compelled the duke to withdraw his troops from the Imperial army and pay reparations. Though he ruled for only two years, Frederick II Eugene effectively managed to retain the independence of the duchy. Through his children's marriages , he made remarkable connections across Europe, including to

561-746: The duchy was elevated to an electorate, the Electorate of Württemberg (1803–1805). The new districts were not incorporated in the duchy, but remained separate. They were known as "New Württemberg" and were ruled without a diet. Other areas were acquired in 1803–1806 as part of the German Mediatisation process. In 1805 Württemberg took up arms on the side of the First French Empire , and in the Peace of Pressburg in December 1805

594-482: The elector was rewarded with various parts of Further Austria in the Swabian Circle and with other lands in the area. On 1 January 1806, Duke Frederick III was given the title of King of Württemberg , whereupon he became King Frederick I of Württemberg . King Frederick I abrogated the constitution and united Old and New Württemberg. Subsequently, he placed church property under state control. He also joined

627-631: The emperor was offering to accept the Oglio (rather than the Adda ) as the boundary of his territory in Italy if he held onto the Legations , and the Duke of Modena was indemnified for his losses in Italy, not Germany. Since the fighting continued in Italy while negotiations were underway at Lunéville, Cobenzl was forced to adjust his demands successively eastward as the French advanced in Italy. By 5 January, he

660-463: The emperor. On 13 August, Duroc was denied a passport and given a letter from Austrian Foreign Minister Johann Amadeus von Thugut , the architect of the Anglo-Austrian alliance, to Talleyrand. Duroc returned to Paris on 20 August. It is thought that his report on the state of the Austrian forces, based on his stay at General Paul Kray 's headquarters, influenced Napoleon's decision to launch

693-446: The expiration of the Anglo-Austrian alliance. The British, meanwhile, had by 23 November suspended payment of the second installment of the subsidy that they had agreed to pay Austria on 20 June. During the negotiations at Lunéville, the French actively sought the alliance of Russia . After a rapprochement had been made, Napoleon withdrew the offer to admit a British representative under any circumstances on 7 December. On 3 December,

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726-766: The negotiations although that did not happen. The final week was taken up by the issue of the Left Bank of the Rhine and the Empire. Austria wanted another congress like the Congress of Rastatt to make peace for the Empire. Napoleon demanded that Francis sign on behalf of himself, his own territories and the Holy Roman Empire. The treaty was finally signed at 5:00 in the evening on 9 February 1801. The Treaty of Lunéville declared that "there shall be, henceforth and forever, peace, amity, and good understanding" among

759-593: The parties. The treaty required Austria to enforce the conditions of the earlier Treaty of Campo Formio. The independence and sovereignty of the Cisalpine , Ligurian , Batavian and Helvetic republics was recognized. The entire left bank of the Rhine, including the Austrian Netherlands , was ceded to France. Imperial Italy was also ceded by the Empire, becoming parts of France and the new Italian Republic . Whereas Campo Formio had not affected

792-631: The peace talks in Lunéville. As Lehrbach had signed the Convention of Hohenlinden and caused Thugut's fall, he was unacceptable to the British. He was replaced by Ludwig von Cobenzl , who was not initially authorised to negotiate apart from the British. The final round of negotiations thus began with a long period during which France and Austria haggled over the terms of negotiating while the armistices lapsed in late November. The peace conference

825-650: Was a short-lived state of the Holy Roman Empire on the right bank of the Rhine . In 1803 , the Imperial diet raised the Duchy of Württemberg to an Electorate, the highest form of a princedom in the Holy Roman Empire . However, soon afterward, on 1 January 1806, the last Elector assumed the title of King of Württemberg . Later, the last Emperor, Francis II , abolished de facto the empire on 6 August 1806. Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg left no legitimate heirs and

858-420: Was delayed. On 20 January 1800, Austria and Britain signed a convention of alliance against France. On 25 January, Austria responded negatively to Bonaparte's offer. When Bonaparte renewed his offer after Marengo, however, the Austrian response was positive. A series of three negotiations followed. Two armistices preceded the opening of negotiations: the Convention of Alessandria (15 June 1800) in Italy and

891-653: Was left to an Imperial deputation (German: Reichsdeputation ). France and Russia greatly influenced the negotiations in the Imperial Deputation, with France urging for larger new territories to be formed, which it hoped would later ally with them, and Russia favouring "a more traditional balance". Eventually, the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (Final Recess of the Imperial Deputation), the final document that reorganised

924-417: Was not authorised to treat for a separate peace, and Joseph was authorised only to treat with Austria, the negotiations began at a deadlock. Joseph proposed that a secret treaty could be negotiated, with the British being invited to a public conference for appearance's sake only after negotiations had been effectively complete and the treaty publicly signed and all earlier copies burnt, only in March 1801, after

957-518: Was not included in the district. In 1973, the Landkreise (districts) were reorganized, and part of the dissolved districts of Sinsheim, Mosbach, Buchen and Schwäbisch Hall were added. Within the following two years 5 municipalities were incorporated into the city and therefore left the district, which got its current borders in 1975. The main river in the district is the Neckar , which flows through

990-584: Was succeeded by his two brothers, first Louis Eugene (died 1795), who was childless, and Frederick II Eugene (died 1797). Frederick II Eugene served in the army of Frederick the Great , to whom he was related by marriage, and then managed his family's estates around Montbéliard . He educated his children in the Protestant faith as francophones , and all members of the subsequent Württemberg royal family were descended from him. Thus, when his son became duke in 1797 as Frederick III, Protestantism returned to

1023-438: Was supposed to open in Lunéville on 7 October, but Cobenzl did not arrive for over two weeks, and Lord Grenville never appeared. By 25 October, Cobenzl, without instructions, had gone from Lunéville to Paris. He left a week later, the French having failed to separate him from his British allies. Cobenzl returned for a meeting with Napoleon before his first negotiation at Lunéville on 9 November with Joseph Bonaparte . Since Cobenzl

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1056-454: Was to be indemnified for its losses with territory in Italy, rather than in Germany. On 30 July, Saint-Julien left for Vienna accompanied by a French plenipotentiary, Géraud Duroc , although the French had intended for the final treaty to be signed in Paris. Duroc was not allowed to cross the Austrian lines. Saint-Julian arrived in Vienna on 5 August, but his preliminary peace was rejected by

1089-628: Was willing to accept the Chiese , by 9 January the Mincio and by 15 January the Adige and the Fossa Maestra  [ it ] . On 16 January, the Austrian and French commanders in Italy concluded the Armistice of Treviso , which left the fortress of Mantua in Austrian hands. Cobenzl was not aware of that at the time of his sixth official conference with Joseph on 25 January. France demanded

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