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34-656: The formation was first described by Hettner in 1894 and named in 1931 by Hubach after Guaduas , Cundinamarca , former northern territory of the Panche . The Guaduas Formation consists mainly of shales with intercalated sandstone beds. The formation contains coalbeds that are widely explored in the area. Fossil remains of Coussapoa camargoi , Ficus andrewsi , Berhamniphyllum sp. and Archaeopaliurus boyacensis have been found in coalbeds in Zipaquirá and Tasco , Boyacá . The Guaduas Formation unconformably overlies

68-533: A church in the village. The original convent building was subsequently transformed into a prison by order of the Congress of Cucuta. Guaduas was a center of botanical experimentation, which included the introduction of níspero trees from the West Indies in the late 18th century. The crop is now widely cultivated in the region. The provincial constitution of 1815 upgraded Guaduas to a canton, which in turn

102-460: A neighbor sticks of Santa Fe, thanks to some emeralds presented to Dona Maria. On the other mess they also arrived through several newly discovered emerald mines of Muzo , formed a voluminous court record in 1574. This year, before the judge of residence Francisco de Briceño , a neighbor of Muzo denounced the president's wife for not having paid more than 50 "ouches and Canute," and three large stones valued at $ 1,500 pesos "good gold" that were kept by

136-671: Is a municipality and town in Colombia , in the Lower Magdalena Province department of Cundinamarca , about 117 km from Bogotá . It is an agricultural and tourist center of some importance with a population of about 33,000 in the municipality. Its name refers to a type of bamboo cane . It is one of the cities on the Bogotá - Medellín highway. Its main plaza is featured on the Colombian ten-thousand pesos bill, and

170-577: Is one of the seats of the Roman Catholic Diocese of La Dorada–Guaduas The early inhabitants of the "Valley of the Guaduas" were the indigenous Panche people . It was an important stop on the road from Santafé de Bogotá to Honda, located in a small, fertile valley. The town proper was founded on April 20, 1572 by Andrés Díaz Venero de Leiva . It was abandoned after its foundation until December 13, 1610, when Fray Tomas de Morales founded

204-828: The Arenisca Labor-Tierna Formation of the Guadalupe Group and is overlain by the Cacho Formation . The age has been estimated to be Upper Maastrichtian - Lower Paleocene , spanning the K-T boundary . The Guaduas Formation is thicker in Cundinamarca than in Boyacá. This has been explained by a decrease in subsidence and a higher amount of erosion in the northern area of original deposition. The lateral thickness variations are thought to be

238-795: The College of Valladolid . From there he was called to fill the position of prosecutor and judge of the Accounting Council of Castile in 1554. In 1563 he left Spain for the Americas arriving in Bogotá (then called Santa Fe) in February 1564 where he was appointed as the first president of the Royal Audiencia of the New Kingdom of Granada between 1564 and 1574. The government of President Andres Diaz Venero de Leiva

272-472: The Magdalena River of those who had derived revenue. Venero de Leiva was married to Mary Ondegardo and Zarate , whose union had nine children. She may have contributed marginally in the administration. Freyle Rodriguez says: "I helped a lot to charity, because nobody was bereaved of his presence." However, the most serious charges were made to the president in his impeachment trial were related to

306-420: The Colombian government in 2010. The municipal anthem's music and lyrics were written by Guaduas-born Miguel Raga Fernández in the mid-1940s. In 2007, the school community of Guaduas picked 7 of the locality's most notable features or locations: The Maastrichtian - Paleocene Guaduas Formation is named after Guaduas. Andr%C3%A9s D%C3%ADaz Venero de Leiva Andrés Díaz Venero de Leiva (1495 – 1578)

340-550: The Franciscan monastery of La Soledad on the same location. It was recognized officially as a villa on December 27, 1644 and formally re-founded by Francisco Pérez de Guzmán. In 1696, Guaduas became a parish seat, thanks to a charter from King Charles II . The convent was closed around 1805. In 1809 Fray Domingo de Petres, a Capuchin architect who also directed the construction of the Cathedral of Bogotá , began building

374-632: The Guaduas Formation near San Cayetano . The synclinals of the Río Frío , Neusa , Zipaquirá , Checua - Lenguazaque , Sesquilé , Sisga , Subachoque , Teusacá and Usme and Soacha are composed of the Guaduas Formation. The Suba Hills are entirely composed of the Guaduas Formation. The formation also has outcrops in the Sumapaz Páramo . Guaduas Guaduas ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈɡaðwas] )

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408-509: The Indians would not have the money to pay the tribute. Against the quantitative decline of the indigenous population, the president advised the king in August 1564, which introduced "black at moderate prices" so that "the mines and wealth of these lands are removed and with plenty of [...] more easily, so that it results in universally good of all of your growing real estate. " The slaves took to

442-516: The abuses of the conquistadores , both on the communities from which the Indians extracted dragged looting expeditions such as that performed in the people they conquered. Furthermore, it was essential to organize the space that had been conquered and lay the groundwork for colonization tasks. Result of such concerns was the founding pioneer of the Villa de Leiva, requested by several farmers who had recently arrived from Spain. The foundation, authorized by

476-464: The defendant saying that "one was very good for His Majesty, the other to the Consejo de Indias, and the other to Ruy Gómez de Silva." After several statements recognized the innocence of the president and his wife, due to the withdrawal of the complainant Alonso Ramírez soda. His memorial said: "I hesitate to ask not to turn away now or at any time that Dr. Venero and property by reason of anything above

510-474: The employment of Indians included in herding, domestic service and supply of fuels and forages. Although they tried to modify the personal services in agriculture, this did not prosper because the pressure of the encomenderos. In relation to work in mines, Venero de Leiva admitted he had not dared run at exactly the royal charters "because it was destroying the whole kingdom" because no "there was another metal coin or hire men but gold ", there would be real fifth and

544-466: The encomenderos group, which ignored the protectionist provisions of the Crown. The first thing was to remember the current rules on the treatment should be given to the Indians and the penalties for public or secret sale of parcels. Then he commanded the judges to make "visits the earth" to find out, among other things, the relationship of indigenous encomenderos and individuals, as well as to learn or change

578-516: The entire staff under the Hearing, that is, reporters, camera clerks, receivers, attorneys and porters, on which weighed several charges; the judge found him guilty of excesses to function as a visitor in Cartagena . In the course of his administration, the president had to face high-profile court cases such as the soldier Francisco Bolivar, sentenced to death for various cruelties to the Indians and

612-509: The four had to teach them Christian doctrine, as in" the holidays to save "the Indians were prohibited engaged in different jobs and moving to different climates "those who are born and bred" encomenderos authorized rent their Indians, but in a proportion not exceeding one tenth of the tributaries of the parcel, and ordered that each "entry clearance" should be a mayor and a "natural defense". The persistence of indigenous people continue to worship their ancient gods and encomenderos complaints about

646-517: The goods, the parcel as an informer, that was his, put it in the Crown, as it is today. slew the Don Pedro, his brother Hernan Bravo hanged at the corner of George Street Vote; and Dona Ines was hanged from a tree that was next to his door, which lives to this day, although dry ... " Since the beginning of its mandate Venero de Leiva warned that ignored actual number of provisions and some had not even been published. New laws were violated in 1542 when

680-473: The governors granted new permits for conquest, although this was a function of the Royal Court. The president attributed such outrages to the inexperience of the governors, they were not men of letters, to their condition and the remoteness of the hearing. So the judge sent as visitors Cepeda, Juan Lopez de Cartagena and Santa Marta , and Diego Garcia de Valverde tax for governor of Popayan . Control over

714-475: The governors, the president said his opposition to develop expeditionary companies, among those not authorized are those of Diego de Ospina to the region of Antioquia and Diego de Vargas , who longed to find the coveted Golden on the Plains Orientals. As a result, the management Venero de Leiva (1564–1575) opened a parenthesis in the process of expansion of the conquest; considered necessary to curb

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748-449: The greed of his wife. Apparently, María intrigued before the court to favor in lawsuits to those who did get gifts, he served as intermediaries her maid Teresa Herrera, treasurer Pedro Fernandez del Busto and Fray Francisco de Olea . Among the beneficiaries of his "favors" included prominent figures such as the judge López de Cepeda and advance Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , the first indications are called to have avoided trial for killing

782-466: The judges and others at the insistence of the litigants in attending the challenges. The effect of this measure was synthesized, in April 1565 by Mayor John Penagos in the following terms: "He encouragement to those who did not dare ask for fear (justice) and stopped with favors to those who wanted the alien" . By mandate of the Crown, Venero did the impeachment trial judge Perez de Melchor Arteaga and

816-467: The judges, hitherto engaged in quarrels and animosities of old data. He asked them to account for all convictions and legal expenses incurred in the last seven years for the mess and misinformation that showed he ordered officers from future registration of such data. And attracted the greatest sympathy to the Court imposing a higher work rate for the transaction of business dammed, some of the passions among

850-451: The merchants against the encomenderos debtors and ordered that the first could seize all the assets of the second, even taxes that they paid the Indians, as well as arms and horses belonging to " veteran knights, "as called themselves the debtors. In 1566 the president put into effect the principle that a monopoly of trade belonged to the Crown, as opposed to the councils of some cities, like Velez or Tocaima , which had jurisdiction in ports on

884-499: The mines were not able to replace indigenous labor and the president decided in September 1570 to regulate the work of Indians in mining. Provided that this work had a voluntary basis, and that the Indians who would be employed as laborers should receive six grains of gold per day, plus food and tools, set the working day in seven hours, "from nine o'clock until four p.m., leaving them at this time to eat and drink as usual with "after

918-455: The murder of Jorge Voto for the children of the captain and conquistador Pedro Bravo de Rivera , Pedro and Hernan, who had the instigation of Ines Manrique, better known as Ines de Hinojosa . Venero described the crime as "the most heinous crime was committed in the Indies;" Tunja traveled with the case and issued its ruling that the chronicler Juan Rodriguez Freyle : "When Don Pedro confiscated

952-422: The president on April 29, 1572, left the city erectile guidelines to rely on the establishment of a layer of tenants who disputed the indigenous labor to the encomenderos of Tunja rivalry born too early between the two cities, as traders preferred to that for the quality and abundance of wheat crops. Venero de Leiva was concerned with improving the situation of indigenous subjected to all sorts of indignities by

986-841: The result of the movement of the Soapaga Fault . The formation has been deposited in a coastal plain setting. The Guaduas Formation is apart from its type locality , found in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá , the Ocetá Páramo and many other locations in the Eastern Ranges, such as Granada , the Dintel Synclinal north of Facatativá , the Suesca Synclinal, east of Junín , and surrounding Lake Tota . The northeast-southwest Canocas Fault crosscuts

1020-473: The shortage of priests made Venero de Leiva will manage the coming of 40 religious of San Francisco and Santo Domingo. Around the same time and with the support of the Archbishop Fray Juan de los Barrios , were built over 40 churches and missions founded schools and grammar classes, arts and theology. The president also took measurements on trade. Between 1564 and 1565 addressed the complaints of

1054-436: The tax rates. Diego de Villafane was in the villages in the district of Santa Fe in 1564, toured Castejón angle Anserma Carthage in 1568, Juan de Hinojosa visited Popayán in 1569, Garcia Valverde went to Pasto in 1570 and Lopez de Cepeda to Tunja and Velez in 1572. The president and abolished the hearers some personal services of the Indians, that is, they lent to the encomenderos without pay in wages existed, banning

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1088-558: Was a milestone in the political and institutional life of the New Kingdom, not only because it introduced a new form of government, but because it excelled in administrative measures to affirm the presence of Crown and the prevalence of their interests with the group of commissioners . His first actions were aimed at reorganizing the Royal Court and try to improve the functioning of justice . He began by seeking harmony between

1122-431: Was incorporated into the province of Bogotá in 1824. The town experienced rapid growth after that. The first official school was opened in 1833, the town acquired the status of provincial capital in 1857, four years later the local hospital was founded, and in 1871 it was connected to the national telegraph network. In recognition of its historical significance, Guaduas was declared a Pueblo Patrimonio (heritage town) by

1156-698: Was the first president of the New Kingdom of Granada , appointed in 1564. Venero de Leiva was born in El Castillo, a place near the port of Laredo , on the Cantabrian Sea . He was born to a noble family. He served as major convictor (a layman living in a college or seminary without being part of the regent community) in the Colegio de Santa Cruz in Valladolid . In 1548 he served as professor of higher and convictor Vespers and Santacruz Canons in

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