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54-482: It was the subject of a historic dispute between Venezuela and Colombia in 1891, and on arbitration was awarded to the latter and joined to its Magdalena Department . Nowadays, most of the territory is part of Colombia, making it part of La Guajira Department . The remaining strip is part of the Venezuelan Zulia State . The northernmost part of the peninsula is called Punta Gallinas (12° 28´ N) and

108-517: A vicariate Apostolic , dependent on the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs . Attanasio Maria Vincenzo Soler-Royo was appointed to the vicariate, as titular Bishop of Citharizum , on 18 April 1907. The early 20th-century missionaries described the inhabitants of the area as: "tall and well made. Formerly they were very intractable, but the Capuchins , who were in charge of

162-598: A dialect of Wayuunaiki. . The main difference between Wüinpümüin and Wopümüin is that Wüinpümüin uses jia as the 3rd person feminine pronoun, and jaya for the second person plural, while Wopümüin uses shia as the 3rd person feminine, and jia as the second person plural. There are minor vocabulary differences, but the main one is only related to the pronouns, and their respective prefixes. The vowels of Wayuu are as follows: Note: ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ are more open than in English. ⟨a⟩

216-512: A mixed Wayuu—Spanish language is replacing Wayuunaiki in both countries. However, Campbell (1997) could find no information on this. To promote bilingual education among Wayuu and other Colombians, the Kamusuchiwoꞌu Ethno-educative Center ( Spanish : Centro Etnoeducativo Kamusuchiwoꞌu ) came up with the initiative of creating the first illustrated Wayuunaiki–Spanish, Spanish–Wayuunaiki dictionary . In December 2011,

270-401: A phonemic character. It occurs in vowels next to nasal consonants or as an emphasizing feature of certain words such as aa "yes", ma'i "very" or eejuu "smell". Nouns are expressed with a suffix that indicates the plural number (-kana) or the singular depending on whether it is masculine (-kai) or non-masculine (-kat). The classification plural, masculine singular, feminine singular affects

324-510: A suffix is added to indicate degrees of greater distance (-ra/ --la, -sa, -a/-ia/-ya), like this: this (masc.) this (non-masculine) these that (masc.) that (non-masc.) those that over there (masc.) that over there (non-masc.) those over there that far away (masc.) that far away (non-masc.) those far away The personal pronouns in Wayuunaiki are shia/jia (she) Wayuunaiki uses personal prefixes derived from

378-635: Is a major Arawakan language spoken by 400,000 indigenous Wayuu people in northwestern Venezuela and northeastern Colombia on the Guajira Peninsula and surrounding Lake Maracaibo . There were an estimated 300,000 speakers of Wayuunaiki in Venezuela in 2012 and another 120,000 in Colombia in 2008, approximately half the ethnic population of 400,000 in Venezuela (2011 census) and 400,000 in Colombia (2018 census). Smith (1995) reports that

432-426: Is affected by ocean currents , precipitation and atmospheric pressure , it mainly has a hot temperatures with high humidity, but temperatures vary as altitude raises. The altitude of the department goes from 0m to 5,775m above sea levels, the drastic changes of altitude divide the territory into what is called thermal floors . There are no solid or determined divides between these floors as local factors can affect

486-522: Is also considered the northernmost part of mainland South America. The name Guajira comes from the Cariban languages ; it is the Spanish pronunciation of Wajiira or Wahiira. According to Picon, the word Guajiros was first used in the year 1600 to designate some 200 indigenous families inhabiting the region of Riohacha. They were known for having large herds of goats. The Spanish applied the term to all

540-408: Is formed by taking the root of the verb, adding an indefinite prefix following those rules if it is an active verb, and lengthening the final vowel. If the final vowel is already doubled in the root (-aa, -ee, -ii, -oo, -uu, -üü), then it gets cut in half, and -waa is added to the end. Sets of infinitives with a common root, but with different aspects and moods may be formed by adding an affix between

594-646: Is inhabited mainly by members of the native tribe of the Wayuu , who use the plains to raise cattle, sheep, goats and horses. The descendants of Spanish colonists settled in the southeastern part of the peninsula, sometimes referred to as the Padilla Province. This has more fertile land, due to the proximity to other river basins, such as the Cesar River basin. It has been developed for large plantations of cotton and sorghum, and for cattle ranching. Since

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648-572: Is slightly front of central, and ⟨ü⟩ is slightly back of central. All vowels can either occur in short or long versions, since vowel length is distinctive. ⟨l⟩ is a lateral flap pronounced with the tongue just behind the position for the Spanish ⟨r⟩ , and with a more lateral airflow. The length of plosive consonants (p, t, k) and nasal consonants (m, n) can be long, in which case they are written double (pp, tt, kk, mm, nn). The accent in Wayuu generally falls on

702-1634: Is subdivided into 30 municipalities and one district. The municipalities are governed by a democratically elected municipal mayor and a municipal council . The Touristic, Cultural and Historic District of Santa Marta is administered by the Municipality of Santa Marta and has special distinction within the country. [REDACTED]   Amazonas [REDACTED]   Antioquia [REDACTED]   Arauca [REDACTED]   Atlántico [REDACTED]   Bolívar [REDACTED]   Boyacá [REDACTED]   Caldas [REDACTED]   Caquetá [REDACTED]   Casanare [REDACTED]   Cauca [REDACTED]   Cesar [REDACTED]   Chocó [REDACTED]   Córdoba [REDACTED]   Cundinamarca [REDACTED]   Guainía [REDACTED]   Guaviare [REDACTED]   Huila [REDACTED]   La Guajira [REDACTED]   Magdalena [REDACTED]   Meta [REDACTED]   Nariño [REDACTED]   N. Santander [REDACTED]   Putumayo [REDACTED]   Quindío [REDACTED]   Risaralda [REDACTED]   San Andrés [REDACTED]   Santander [REDACTED]   Sucre [REDACTED]   Tolima [REDACTED]   Valle del Cauca [REDACTED]   Vaupés [REDACTED]   Vichada Capital district: [REDACTED]   Bogotá Wayuu language Wayuu ( Wayuu : Wayuunaiki [waˈjuːnaiki] ), or Guajiro ,

756-412: The -aya ending pronouns typically follow the beginning vowel of the mentioned word classes, while the ones that correspond with the -ia ending pronouns almost always go through vocalic mutation. There are rules to what vowel is used when, but typically, - aya pronoun derived and the 4 non-pronoun derived prefixes use a, e, or o, while the remaining 3 -ia pronoun derived use ü, i, and u respectively to

810-825: The Caribbean Sea . The capital of the Magdalena Department is Santa Marta and was named after the Magdalena River . It inherited the name of one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia that its current territory integrated. The Department of Magdalena is located on the North Coast of the Colombian Caribbean Region . On the north it borders the Caribbean Sea . On the northeast it borders

864-518: The Catholic missions, have had a great influence over them, and large numbers have been converted. The chief towns are Paraguaipoa, Calabacito, Maricha, Marocaso, and Soldado, La Guajira." The Capuchins established three major orphanages, where they educated Wayuu children in Catholicism, Spanish, and European culture. In the 21st century, the government no longer requires Catholic education for

918-656: The Cauca River , Cesar River , and the San Jorge River drain its waters. The Magdalena River is by far the most affluent river of these, and during the rainy season when it overflows, it causes the other rivers to flow backwards, not before overflowing the marshes and sometimes flooding some valleys. The Ariguaní River drains into the Magdalena River through the Zapatosa Marsh and washes over

972-920: The La Guajira Department , being divided by the Palomino River. On the east it borders with the Cesar Department , which is in part divided by the Guaraní River. On the west, it is divided by the Magdalena River , and it borders the departments of Atlantico in the Northwest , and Bolívar in the West and Southwest. The territory of the Department of Magdalena is formed by four drainage basins which are very different in composition and importance. The drainage basin of

1026-539: The Wayuu Taya Foundation and Microsoft presented the first ever dictionary of technology terms in Wayuunaiki, after having developed it for three years with a team of technology professionals and linguists. The two main dialects are Wüinpümüin and Wopumüin, spoken in the northeast and southwest of the peninsula, respectively. These dialects are mutually intelligible , as they are minimally distinct. The extinct Guanebucan language may actually have been

1080-514: The relative humidity , creating clouds and frequently precipitation . The clouds that manage to pass over the mountain, move hastily downwards creating foehn winds that raise the temperature of the area west of the Sierra, which include the Santa Marta, and Ciénaga. In the coastal area, droughts are cause by the diversion of the cold and warm katabatic winds coming down the Sierra, however

1134-626: The sea breezes help to cool down temperatures a bit, but by because of their direction, they end up extending the drought effects farther inland. The department of Magdalena due to its location in the Intertropical Convergence Zone has only two seasons. The Rainy season takes place between April and November, with a period of less intensity between June and August. The dry season takes place during December and March. The Mompox Depression presents its own climatic conditions due to its many permanent bodies of water, like

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1188-433: The 0 person ( a- , e- , o- ) prefix of the latter is removed and fully mixed with the former, with necessary vocalic and consonantal mutations. Another form of this is combining any noun or preposition with a verb, the verb going first, to for a new word that could either be a noun or verb. The latter form of this requires a suffix from triad F (chi, lü ~ rü, chii) to be added at the end of the new word. The verb infinitive

1242-442: The 1980s the central area of the peninsula was subject to the exploration and exploitation of coal and natural gas in the area of Cerrejón and of oil in the littoral. A popular ecotourism destination in the area is Cabo de la Vela , a headland and village on the peninsula on the Colombia side. The mission of Goajira was carried out since the 1880s by Capuchin friars. It was elevated by Pope Pius X on 17 January 1905, into

1296-483: The Magdalena River by an arm of about 16 km (10 mi) of length. The Department of Magdalena, because of its terrain, and proximity to the sea has an unstable weather. Its Climate is mainly dictated by its global positioning, and because the department of Magdalena is located on the Intertropical Convergence Zone it possess an inter- tropical climate . Temperature in the department

1350-633: The Sierra Nevada in this area of the country has consequences in the climate of the department, the SNSM stands windward blocking the path of the Trade winds that blow from the North and Northeast creating a greater cloud accumulation and precipitation. The winds that crash into the mountain ascend in an Orographic lift , this cooler air cannot hold the moisture as well as warm air and this effectively raises

1404-404: The Sierra Nevada's western slope is located in the northern part of the department. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta creates different rivers that run mainly through the municipality of Santa Marta , and that finally end up draining into the Caribbean Sea . The rivers that form part of this basin are: This basin gathers its waters from the rivers coming from the southern and western slopes of

1458-497: The Sierra Nevada. The basin irrigates great extensions of the municipalities of Ciénaga , Zona Bananera , Fundación , Aracataca , and El Retén , which are the heart of the agricultural and livestock economy of the department. The rivers that form part of this basin are: It also consists of a small number of arroyos that only flow during the rainy seasons. This basin also encompasses the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta ,

1512-503: The central valleys of the departments of Magdalena and Cesar that are the principal areas of agriculture and animal husbandry in the Caribbean Region . The department of Magdalena is characterized by its many marshes and extensive marshland valleys. The whole western side of the department its dotted with marshes and lakes due to the Magdalena River that borders the department on this side. Most of this marshes are located in

1566-553: The deep littoral waters and make the sea more rich in living species on the western side of the peninsula. The northeastern flank of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range acts as a barrier that generates abundant rainfall in its steppes, forming the headwaters of the Ranchería River , the only major river in the area. Climate and vegetation varies from south to north, presenting hyper-humid jungle weather in

1620-457: The definite article suffixes, or in the case of triad G, the negative ma- verb prefix’s suffixes. The most common triad of suffixes in verbs is triad A (shi/sü/shii), the general time suffixes, also named as “present-past time”, where it combines the English and Spanish equivalents of the basic present and the basic past tense. Whichever equivalent is being implied depends on the context of

1674-415: The different ciénagas or mashes, and rivers and lakes. This wet habitat, permanently exposed to solar radiation , makes for a very humid environment, with an average annual rainfall of between 1,500 and 2,000mm, these rains are Convection rains as they are created by evaporation of its waters by high temperatures, this is typical precipitation around the equatorial belt. Due to its complicated geography,

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1728-438: The end of a verb. There are alienable and inalienable nouns, where the former requires possessive suffixes to express possession, while the latter is seen as inherently possessed by something, does not require possessive suffixes, and is usually accompanied by the pronoun derived prefixes. Words can be combined together to form new ones, with the typical 2 patterns being alienable + inalienable or inalienable + inalienable , where

1782-408: The entire language and in particular the pronouns and conjugations of verbs. All nouns that do not have a determined gender are assumed to be non-masculine. Demonstrative pronouns, for example, have a root that indicates whether it is masculine singular (chi-), not masculine singular (tü-) or plural (na-), which is used in the basic form to indicate the closest presence (this, this, these) and to which

1836-404: The feminine. A phonological shift occurs in the conjugation of active verbs whose infinitives end in laa, raa, loo and roo. By shortening the vowels, their thematic suffixes remain la, ra, lo and ro, but when they undergo vowel harmony they change to lü, rü, lu and ru. By adding the suffixes –shi, -sü, -shii, ü and u disappear, and l and r become t. In general, the verb precedes the subject and

1890-407: The gender inflection of the verb. Present-past and remote past use triads A. Immediate future, general future, and imminent future use triads B. Future intentive uses triads C. Near past, current past, and former past use triads E, and all other tenses use triads J. triads conjugations are as follows. Not that while there is no specific feminine plural, the plural suffix -irua may be added to indicate

1944-465: The indigenous in the peninsula who were goat herders. According to Oliver, the term Guajiro did not appear on Spanish records until the year 1626, in a document by a friar named Pedro Simón. The region receives the flow of the trade winds from the northern hemisphere. The northeastern coast of Venezuela and the Antilles have Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub . The trade winds cause a resurgence of

1998-481: The indigenous peoples. They are allowed to educate their children in the Wayuu traditions and language ( Wayuunaiki ). In the novel Papillon (1970), Henri Charrière writes: "The Goajira Indians are seafarers who fish for pearls . Their primary diet is said to consist of fish, turtle meat, turtle eggs and big green lizards, most likely Iguanas . Men and women are dressed only in a loincloth which covers their crotch." The women wear dresses of woven cotton; and

2052-467: The largest marsh in the north of the country, which is formed by 16 smaller marshes that are connected by means of arms within the march. The balance of the march is a delicate one that depends on the fresh waters coming from the Sierra Nevada, and the periodical flooding of the Magdalena River , and the salt water coming from the mouth of the March to the sea, that is carried by the current and winds into

2106-459: The latter precedes the object or predicate (VSO type). However, word order is not restricted and there can be sentences in other word orders. Two predication schemes are presented: a bifurcated predicate-subject one and a synthetic one, predicate-centered or compact, in which the sentence is composed of only one phrase with a verbal nucleus. Conjugation is done through personal prefixes, infixes and suffixes of mode, time and aspect and number-gender of

2160-516: The marshland. The Magdalena River Basin is the largest drainage basin in the department, it is formed by the Magdalena River and its tributaries that feed on to the river and the Marsh. The Mompóx Depression is found within this basin, this depression runs from the Zapatosa Marsh to the delta of the Magdalena River. This depression collects the most water in the department as its where

2214-400: The men often wear shirts and pants to protect their legs from desert winds and plants. 12°00′00″N 71°30′00″W  /  12.000°N 71.500°W  / 12.000; -71.500 Magdalena Department Magdalena ( Spanish pronunciation: [maɣðaˈlena] ) is a department of Colombia with more than 1.3 million people, located to the north of the country by

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2268-416: The northwestern side. The permanent marshes are, Chilloa, La Rinconada, Tesca, Pijiño, Juan Criollo, Jaraba, Playa Afuera, Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta , and Zapatosa . The Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, is the biggest and by far the most important marsh in the department of Magdalena and one of the most important marshes in the country. It is located in the northwest of the department and is separated from

2322-444: The object. Negation is indicated with the prefix m-, although there is also the negative verb nnojolaa ("not to be", "not to be", "not to have"), and also "not to have" or "not to have" can be expressed with the prefix ma- followed by the respective noun. The numerals from 1 to 10 are as follows. Numerals procede the noun. The following are examples of Wayuunaiki. Wayuunaiki itself comes from wayuu 'human being/people' and

2376-415: The precipitation in the department ranges from 250mm in the driest areas, to 4,000mm in the cold floors of the Sierra Nevada. The territory of Magdalena has an area of approximately 23,188 km², small compared to other regions, but in its territory various types of different ecoregions are found. From the beaches and sea landscape in the North, the snow-covered peaks in the Sierra, the swampy marshes in

2430-415: The previous. These prefixes are used when expressing a verb with the objective construction, or, for the pronoun-derived prefixes, when expressing someone’s ownership of something. There are 9 triads of suffixes for the singular masculine animate, singular feminine animate/general inanimate, and the general plural. These suffixes can manifest in tense, aspect, and mood suffixes for verbs, derivational words,

2484-444: The pronouns, along with 3 extra non-pronoun derived prefixes ( ka- - possessive, ma- - negative, pa- - dual (not commonly used)). There also exists a 10th personal prefix for the unspecified/indefinite, labeled as the “zero person”, a- . The vowels in the personal prefixes change depending on the first vowel and consonants of the verb, noun, or preposition it is placed on, dubbed vocalic mutation . The prefixes that correspond with

2538-427: The root and infinitive ending, such as the causative - ira , the passive - na and - uu , the imperfective - iraa , and the desiderative - ee. For example, from the root kache ("hang"), one can derive the desiderative a - kache - r-ee - waa "to want to hang". There is debate about whether said derived words should be considered verbs in their own right, or as inflections of the root verb. In most simple verbs,

2592-407: The root is also followed by a 'thematic suffix'. Verbs are conjugated for gender, tense, and number. There are ten tenses: the present-past, the near future, the general future, the future intentive, the past perfect, the near past, the current past, the former past, the remote past, and the frequentative past. There are also nine 'triads', general time categories, lettered A through J, which changed

2646-605: The sea by a very thin margin of land, only a few meters away. It has an extension of 4,280 km (1,650 sq mi), of which 730 km (280 sq mi) are just water mirrors with a depth of 2 to 6 meters. The Zapatosa Marsh , located in the municipality of El Plato in the southernmost part of the department, it is shared with the Cesar Department , who controls most of its waters. It has an extension of 310 km (120 sq mi) and at its deepest it reaches about 8 metres (26 ft). In it many rivers of different importance merge. The Zapatosa Marsh drains into

2700-457: The second syllable of the word, except when it begins with a geminate vowel (VV) or a consonant followed by a geminate vowel (CVV) or with a closed syllable (CVC), in which case the accent falls on the first syllable. vocal. In words with an irregular accent that do not comply with these rules, the accent is marked when writing with an accent. Nasalization occurs phonetically in Wayu, but does not have

2754-403: The situation, and sometimes can be interpreted or translated as a completely different tense, the present-continuous (named “future imminent” in the studies done over Wayuunaiki), which has its own suffix triad, using triad B and combining it with -i- (-ichi, -irü, -ina). Wayuunaiki is agglutinative , with the majority of ways of expressing aspect and mood being used with suffixes, attached to

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2808-515: The southern part (with 3000 mm of rainfall a year) to the desertic areas in the north (300 mm a year). In the northern area, a small range of mountains known as the Macuira reaches 900 m above sea level; they trap some of the trade winds and mist forms. Most of the mountain range is a protected area called National Natural Park of Macuira . Nearby there is also the 80 km Flamingos Fauna and Flora Sanctuary . The peninsula

2862-456: The temperature. The first 200m of altitude are considered the warm lands, they occupy a great extension of the departmental territory, the average temperature is of 30 °C . The main urban centers are located in the warm lands, including all of the downtown urban area of Santa Marta. The altitude increase because of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, an isolated mountain, the highest at sea level, and temperatures raise as it goes up. The presence of

2916-504: The west, the cloud forests , to the grasslands inland, the urban districts, the farmlands, the dry desert like, the deep rain forest, the rocky rivers to many other small ecosystems. These ecosystem support different fauna and flora and house many delicate species. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature , in the Magdalena Department 8 different distinct ecoregions are found in its territory. The Department of Magdalena

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