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26-409: Guaycura , Guaycuri , Waicura , or other variants, may refer to: Guaycura people , a former ethnic group of Mexico Guaycura language , an extinct language of Mexico See also [ edit ] Guaycuru peoples , a group of people of South America Guaicuruan languages , or Waikurúan, a language family of South America Topics referred to by

52-647: A culture by about 1800, the survivors being absorbed into the mestizo society of Mexico. Linguists and archaeologists speculate that the Guaycura and the Pericú occupying the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula may have been the descendants of very early Native American migrants to the Americas. Their languages apparently were not related to each other or any other languages and their physical type

78-450: A particular California institution. A small area of land was set aside around an Indian settlement to create a ranchería. Some rancherías developed from small communities of Indians formed on the outskirts of American settlements who were fleeing Americans or avoiding removal to the reservations. […] With the passage of Public Law 83-280 in the mid-1950s, terminating federal supervision and control over California tribes, some 40 rancherías lost

104-631: A period of at least 5,000 years. At one time the Guaycura and Pericú may have occupied much greater territories but they were pushed southward and isolated by the expansion of the Cochimí people who spoke a language in the Yuman-Cochimí language family. There is no evidence that the Guaycura were ever united politically, but rather consisted of a large number of independent bands, each with their own territory and sometimes hostile to each other. Known band names of probable Guaycura speakers living near

130-525: A rest and resupply stop for the Manila galleons returning from the Philippines . However, La Paz was a fractious area, contested by several Guaycura bands and the Pericú of southernmost Baja California. The mission, during its 30 years of existence "would serve more as a base for the unintentional destruction of the region's peoples than as a center for their evangelization." The long-running opposition to

156-648: A small, rural settlement. In the Americas the term was applied to native villages or bunkhouses . Anglo-Americans adopted the term with both these meanings, usually to designate the residential area of a rancho in the American Southwest , housing aboriginal ranch hands and their families. The term is still used in other parts of Spanish America ; for example, the Wayuu tribes in northern Colombia call their villages rancherías . The Columbia Encyclopedia describes it as: The term could be applied to

182-483: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Guaycura people The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) of the Catholic Church established Christian missions in their territory in the 18th century. The Guaycura may have numbered 5,000 at the time of Spanish contact, but their numbers quickly declined, mostly due to European diseases. They became extinct as

208-447: The Bay of La Paz are Cubí (or Cora), Huchiti (or Uchiti), Aripe, Callejué, and Cantile. Most bands probably consisted of about 500 persons. The Monqui also possibly spoke a Guaycura language or dialect. The Guaycura occupied a territory of about 25,000 square kilometres (9,700 sq mi) of austere deserts and mountains with few sources of fresh water. The indigenous peoples of

234-694: The Spanish near the present-day city of La Paz as early as the 1530s. Over the following century and a half, they had sporadic encounters with maritime expeditions and failed attempts by the Spanish to establish a colony and a Christian mission in Baja California. Pearl fishermen also likely visited the shores where they lived. In 1697, the Jesuits established the Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó mission near present day Loreto, Baja California Sur among

260-406: The 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) long peninsula of Baja California were similar in that all were hunter-gatherers with a limited and portable toolkit for survival. The Guaycura had no tribal government, but were divided into bands, each with its own territory. Bands united infrequently and most of the year the Guaycura foraged in family groups or lived in temporary settlements, called rancherias by

286-475: The Guaycura into a single settlement at Misión Todos Santos . There, the Jesuits forcibly detained the Guaycura children at the mission and their parents and relatives "for love of the children remained pacified." In 1768, the Spanish government expelled the Jesuits from Baja California. The new Spanish administration and newly arrived Franciscan missionaries forced the 746 survivors of the northern bands of

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312-476: The Guaycura to move south to Todos Santos. A year later more than 300 had died in a measles epidemic. Many of the Guaycura were still semi-nomadic and the efforts of the Franciscans to make of them toilers of the soil on mission lands was a failure as many ran away. By 1808 only 82 Guaycura were still resident at Todos Santos. Baja California by this time was being settled by Spanish and mestizo immigrants and

338-535: The Guaycura. The most detained accounts were written by the Alsatian Jesuit Johann Jakob Baegert , stationed at San Luis Gonzaga mission between 1751 and 1768 (Baegert 1772, 1952, 1982). Baegert took a decidedly sour view of his charges, at one point characterizing them as "stupid, awkward, rude, unclean, insolent, ungrateful, mendacious, thievish, abominably lazy, great talkers to their end, and naïve and childish." His views as to

364-574: The Jesuit missions and presence terminated in the Pericúe revolt of 1734, in which several Jesuits and their followers and Spanish sailors were killed by the Pericú and Guaycura, especially the Uchití band. Meanwhile the Guaycura were being devastated by introduced European diseases such as measles and smallpox. In 1748, after many years of frustration, the Jesuits decided to concentrate the southern bands of

390-458: The Monqui people who possibly spoke a Guaycura language. The first mission the Jesuits established among the Guaycura was the Misión de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de La Paz Airapí at present day La Paz in 1720. Missions subsequently established among the Guaycura were Dolores (1721), Todos Santos (1733), and Misión San Luis Gonzaga Chiriyaqui (1737). The Guaycura were initially resistant to

416-454: The Spanish, of 50 to 200 people. Bands competed for territory and sometimes warred with each other. The Guaycura hunted mule deer , bighorn sheep and smaller game, harvested shellfish and turtles on the shorelines, and gathered a variety of plant foods. They had no pottery or agriculture and no domestic animals. Their shelters were made of brush; the men usually went naked, women wore a short skirt made of reeds or animal skins. Their religion

442-470: The extreme simplicity of Guaycura social organization and belief systems have often been accepted as factual, but they may owe something to the missionary's own acerbic personality. He was scarcely kinder to European critics of the Jesuits. As one scholar said, "Products of their own self-righteousness and conceit, the Jesuits learned little...about the Indians." The Guaycura may have come into contact with

468-613: The late 19th century. In 1883, Dutch anthropologist Herman ten Kate met two full-blooded Guaycura in Todos Santos. Both had the dolichocephalic skulls associated with the Guayacura and Pericú. In 1892, French photographer Leon Diguet photographed Maria Ignacia Melina in Loreto, Baja California Sur . She claimed to be 85 years old and three-fourths Guaycura. Rancheria The Spanish word ranchería , or rancherío , refers to

494-412: The missionary endeavors of the Jesuits. In 1716, the first attempt, led by Jesuit Juan María de Salvatierra , to establish a mission and a Spanish settlement among the Guaycura at La Paz resulted in the death of several Guaycura women at the hands of Indian followers of the Jesuits. The first Jesuit mission among the Guaycura was at La Paz and it was intended to serve not only as a missionary center, but as

520-478: The remaining Guaycura were being absorbed into the general population and had lost the remnants of their culture. The Guaycura language is attested by a few texts, but the evidence is not enough to classify it. It is not closely related to other known languages. Several businesses in Baja California Sur preserve the name of the Guaycura A few people self-identified as Guaycura were still alive in

546-530: The residential area of an Indian reserve . It especially means the historical residential area, as opposed to newer subdivisions. It was further extended to refer to other non-white residential communities, such as the Kanaka Rancherie in early Vancouver , British Columbia , which came to house the city's Kanaka (Hawaiian) residents. In an even more truncated form, the Ranche was used to refer to

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572-681: The right to certain federal programs, and their lands no longer had the protection of federal status. In 1983, a lawsuit resulted in restoring federal recognition to 17 rancherías, with others still waiting for the reversal of their termination . The word migrated north with the 49ers to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush in an adapted form, " rancherie " . It survives in British Columbia as a somewhat archaic but still commonly used word, in rural areas and small towns, as well as in general First Nations English usage, meaning

598-412: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Guaycura . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guaycura&oldid=955757471 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

624-644: The settlements of the California Mission Indians beyond the Spanish missions , such as Maugna of the Tongva people. In California , the term refers to a total of 59 Indian settlements established by the U.S. government , 54 of them between 1906 and 1934, for the survivors of the aboriginal population. San Diego State University maintains a reference titled California Indians and Their Reservations: An Online Dictionary . It says: The Spanish term for small Indian settlements. Rancherías are

650-546: Was shamanic . Year-round the most important food for the Guaycura was probably the basal rosettes of several species of agave which they roasted in a pit with heated rocks. The fruit of the organ pipe cactus or pitahaya ( Stenocereus thurberi ) was the staple food for two or three months in late summer and fall. Its abundance and ease of harvest enabled the Guaycura to congregate in larger numbers than usual for social and religious activities. A fair number of explorers and missionaries left brief ethnographic notes concerning

676-449: Was uncommon among Native Americans. They were small-bodied and long-headed ( dolichocephalic ). Their geographical location was a cul-de-sac in which they may have been isolated from extensive interaction with other peoples. Thus, their unique languages and physical characteristics may have survived for thousands of years. The lack of relationships between Guaycura and other languages indicates that Guaycura may have developed in isolation over

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