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69-638: On April 7, 1886, the "Gulf League" finalized plans to play in the 1886 season. Teams were to be placed in Columbus, Georgia , Mobile, Alabama , Montgomery, Alabama , New Orleans, Louisiana , Pensacola, Florida and Selma, Alabama , with play beginning on April 24, 1886. Ultimately, the league formed as a four–team league, based in two cities. The Mobile team and the Acid Iron Earths team were both based in Mobile, Alabama. The New Orleans team and

138-622: A lifestyle center . MidTown contains two of the city's early suburban shopping centers (the Village on 13th and St. Elmo), both recently renovated and offering local shops, restaurants, and services. Major venues in the city of Columbus: Columbus is home to nine historic districts, all listed in the National Register of Historic Places listings in Muscogee County, Georgia . They are: Columbus Northern Little League won

207-673: A cultural niche; downtown features modern architecture mixed among older brick facades. The Ready to Raft 2012 project created an estimated 700 new jobs and is projected to bring in $ 42 million annually to the Columbus area. Demolishing an up-river dam allowed the project to construct the longest urban whitewater rafting course in the world. According to the Columbus Convention and Visitors Bureau, this initiative, in addition to other outdoor and indoor tourist attractions, led to around 1.8 million visitors coming to Columbus during

276-484: A frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.9% and 2.2%) in European Americans, although that frequency may be scattered by region. DNA analysis on native European Americans by geneticist Mark D. Shriver showed an average of 0.7% Native African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture. The same author, in another study, claimed that about 30% of all European Americans, approximately 66 million people, have

345-409: A junction with I-85 just east of LaGrange and about 60 mi (97 km) southwest of Atlanta. U.S. Route 27 , U.S. Route 280 , and Georgia State Route 520 (known as South Georgia Parkway) all meet in the interior of the city. U.S. Route 80 runs through the northern part of the city, locally known as J.R. Allen Parkway; Alternate U.S. Route 27 and Georgia State Route 85 run northeast from

414-448: A median of 2.3% of native African admixture. Later, Shriver retracted his statement, saying that actually around 5% of European Americans exhibit some detectable level of native African ancestry. From the 23andMe database, about 5 to at least 13 percent of self-identified European American Southerners have greater than 1 percent native African ancestry. Southern states with the highest African American populations tended to have

483-466: A new waterworks , as well as trolleys extending to outlying neighborhoods such as Rose Hill and Lakebottom. Mayor Lucius Chappell also brought a training camp for soldiers to the area. This training camp, named Camp Benning, grew into present-day Fort Benning , named for General Henry L. Benning , a native of the city. Fort Benning was one of the ten U.S. Army installations named for former Confederate generals that were renamed on 11 May 2023, following

552-728: A part of Spanish Florida , and the Russians were the first Europeans to settle in Alaska , establishing Russian America . The first English child born in the Americas was Virginia Dare , born August 18, 1587. She was born in Roanoke Colony , located in present-day North Carolina , which was the first attempt, made during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , to establish a permanent English settlement in North America. In

621-669: A proportion of new arrivals has declined since the mid-20th century, with 75.0% of the total foreign-born population born in Europe compared to 12.1% recorded in the 2010 census. The figures below show that of the total population of the specified birthplace in the United States, 11.1% were born overseas. Breakdowns of the European American population into sub-components is a difficult and rather arbitrary exercise. Farley (1991) argues that "because of ethnic intermarriage,

690-572: A recommendation from the congressionally mandated Naming Commission that Fort Benning be renamed Fort Moore after Lieutenant General Hal Moore and his wife Julia Compton Moore , both of whom are buried on post. In the spring of 1866, the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus passed a resolution to set aside one day annually to memorialize the Confederate dead. The secretary of the association, Mary Ann Williams ,

759-834: A softball complex, which hosted the 1996 Olympic softball competition; the Chattahoochee RiverWalk ; the National Civil War Naval Museum at Port Columbus ; and the Coca-Cola Space Science Center. Other notable projects were the expansion of the Columbus Museum and road improvements to include a new downtown bridge crossing the Chattahoochee River and into Phenix City. During the late 1990s, commercial activity expanded north of downtown along

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828-526: A survey was conducted of census recipients to determine their preferred terminology for the racial/ethnic groups defined in the Directive. For the White group, European American came a distant third, preferred by only 2.35% of panel interviewees, as opposed to White , which was preferred by 61.66%. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with Caucasian American, White American , and Anglo-American in

897-464: A varied landscape of rolling hills on the north side and flat plains on the south. The fall line causes rivers in the area to decline rapidly towards sea level. Textile mills were established here in the 19th and early 20th centuries to take advantage of the water power from the falls. Interstate 185 runs north-south through the middle of the city, with nine exits within Muscogee County. I-185 runs north about 50 mi (80 km) from its beginning to

966-415: Is above the national average. Columbus set a homicide record in 2021 with 70 homicides. Growing gang activity within the city is a major reason for the rise in crime. City leaders are actively working to reduce crime in the city. Companies headquartered in Columbus include Aflac, TSYS, Realtree , Synovus and the W. C. Bradley Co. According to Columbus' 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,

1035-505: Is in Alabama. Columbus has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ). Daytime summer temperatures often reach highs in the mid-90°Fs, and low temperatures in the winter average in the upper 30s. Columbus is often considered a dividing line or "natural snowline" of the southeastern United States with areas north of the city receiving snowfall annually, with areas to the south typically not receiving snowfall every year or at all. Columbus

1104-562: Is located south of the city in southern Muscogee and Chattahoochee counties. Columbus is home to museums and tourism sites, including the National Infantry Museum , dedicated to the U.S. Army's Infantry Branch . It has the longest urban whitewater rafting course in the world constructed on the Chattahoochee River. This was for centuries the traditional territory of the Creek Indians , who became known as one of

1173-456: Is the county seat of Muscogee County , with which it officially merged in 1970; the original merger excluded Bibb City , which joined in 2000 after dissolving its own city charter. Columbus is the second most populous city in Georgia (after Atlanta ), and fields the state's fourth-largest metropolitan area . At the 2020 U.S. census , Columbus had a population of 206,922, with 328,883 in

1242-453: Is within USDA hardiness zone 8b in the city center and zone 8a in the suburbs. Columbus is divided into five geographic areas: The Columbus metropolitan area includes four counties in Georgia, and one in Alabama. The Columbus-Auburn-Opelika, GA-AL combined statistical area includes two additional counties in Alabama. A 2013 census estimate showed 316,554 in the metro area, with 501,649 in

1311-474: The 2000 census this represented over 56.1 million or 19.9% of the United States population, an increase from 26.2 million (10.5%) in 1990 and 38.2 million (16.9%) in 1980 and are specified as "unclassified" and "not reported". In 1995, as part of a review of the Office of Management and Budget 's Statistical Policy Directive No. 15 (Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting),

1380-578: The 2006 Little League World Series , defeating the team from Kawaguchi, Japan in the championship. Current MLB player Josh Lester was a member of the championship team. Columbus is home to upwards of 50 parks, four recreation centers, four senior centers and parks, and the Standing Boy Creek Wildlife Management Area . The Chattahoochee River whitewater opened in 2012. After both the Eagle & Phenix Dam and

1449-399: The 2020 United States census , British Americans (58 million), German Americans (45 million), Irish Americans (38 million), Italian Americans (17 million) and Polish Americans (9 million) were the five largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States. The 2020 census was the first census to allow data collection on subtypes of Europeans. During previous surveys,

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1518-543: The Columbus metropolitan statistical area . The metro area joins the nearby Alabama cities of Auburn and Opelika to form the Columbus–Auburn–Opelika combined statistical area , which had a population of 563,967 in 2020. Columbus lies 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Atlanta. Fort Moore , formerly Fort Benning, the United States Army 's Maneuver Center of Excellence and a major employer,

1587-474: The Eagle and Phenix Mills were revived and the industrialization of the town led to rapid growth, causing the city to outgrow its original plan. The Springer Opera House was built during this time, attracting such notables as Irish writer Oscar Wilde . The Springer is now the official State Theater of Georgia. By the time of the Spanish–American War , the city's modernization included the addition of

1656-678: The Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast after European contact. Those who lived closest to white-occupied areas conducted considerable trading and adopted some European American ways. Founded in 1828 by an act of the Georgia Legislature , Columbus was situated at the beginning of the navigable portion of the Chattahoochee River and on the last stretch of the Federal Road before entering Alabama. The city

1725-749: The Grand Army of the Republic , launched the Memorial Day holiday that is now observed across the entire United States. General Logan's wife said he had borrowed from practices of Confederate Memorial Day. She wrote that Logan "said it was not too late for the Union men of the nation to follow the example of the people of the South in perpetuating the memory of their friends who had died for the cause they thought just and right." While two dozen cities across

1794-751: The I-185 corridor. During the 2000s, the city began a major initiative to revitalize the downtown area. The project began with the South Commons, an area south of downtown containing the softball complex, A. J. McClung Memorial Stadium , Synovus Park , the Columbus Civic Center , and the Jonathan Hatcher Skateboard Park. The National Infantry Museum was constructed in South Columbus , located outside

1863-755: The Robert E. Lee's team were based in New Orleans, Louisiana. On June 16, 1886, J.G. Brien, of the Robert E. Lee's was announced as the Gulf League president; Richard Sheridan of the Acid Iron Earths, vice president; Charles Shaffer of Mobile, treasurer; and F. McKeough, of New Orleans, secretary. The "Acid Iron Earth" team was so named because medicine and tonic was being made from the so named "Acid Iron Earth" in Alabama. The Acid Iron Earth Company

1932-537: The United Kingdom to the United States persisted and provide a substantial cultural basis for much of the modern United States . Fischer explains "the origins and stability of a social system which for two centuries has remained stubbornly democratic in its politics, capitalist in its economy, libertarian in its laws and individualist in its society and pluralistic in its culture." Much of

2001-403: The 1826 Treaty of Washington . Those who stayed and made war were forcibly removed in 1836. The river served as Columbus's connection to the world, particularly enabling it to ship its commodity cotton crops from the plantations to the international cotton market via New Orleans and ultimately Liverpool , England. The city's commercial importance increased in the 1850s with the arrival of

2070-514: The 1960s. Some European Americans such as Italians , Greeks , Poles , Germans , Ukrainians , Irish , and others have maintained high levels of ethnic identity. In the 1960s, the melting pot ideal to some extent gave way to increased interest in cultural pluralism, strengthening affirmations of ethnic identity among various American ethnic groups, European as well as others. The American legal system also has its roots in French philosophy with

2139-541: The City Mills Dams were breached, river flow was restored to natural conditions, allowing the course to be created. The 2.5-mile (4.0 km) course is the longest urban whitewater rafting and kayaking in the world, and has been ranked the world's best manmade whitewater course by USA Today . It also features the Blue Heron Adventure, a zip-line course connecting users from the Georgia side of

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2208-580: The Civil War. With the expansion of the city, leaders established Columbus College, a two-year institution, which later evolved into Columbus State University , now a comprehensive center of higher learning and part of the University System of Georgia . The city government and the county consolidated in 1971, the first such consolidation in Georgia and one of only 16 in the U.S. at the time. Expanding on its industrial base of textile mills,

2277-585: The Columbus Council, is composed of ten elected council members, eight of whom serve individual districts and two of whom serve the city at large. The Muscogee County School District holds preschool to grade 12, and consists of 35 elementary schools, 12 middle schools, and nine high schools. The district has over 2,000 full-time teachers and over 31,899 students. European Americans European Americans are Americans of European ancestry. This term includes both people who descend from

2346-606: The European-American cultural lineage can be traced back to Western and Northern Europe , which is institutionalized in the government, traditions, and civic education in the United States. Since most later European Americans have assimilated into American culture, many Americans of European ancestry now generally express their personal ethnic ties sporadically and symbolically and do not consider their specific ethnic origins to be essential to their identity; however, European American ethnic expression has been revived since

2415-565: The Fort Benning main gate. In 2002, Columbus State University, which previously faced expansion limits due to existing residential and commercial districts surrounding it, began a second campus downtown, starting by moving the music department into the newly opened RiverCenter for the Performing Arts . The university's art, drama, and nursing departments also moved to downtown locations. Such initiatives have provided Columbus with

2484-684: The Mississippi River in search of riches and fortune. Another Spaniard who explored the United States, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado , set out from New Spain in 1540 in search of the mythical Seven Cities of Gold . Coronado's expedition traveled to Kansas and the Grand Canyon but failed to discover gold or treasure. However, Coronado left a gift of horses to the Plains Indians. Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazano and Frenchman Jacques Cartier are other Europeans who explored

2553-541: The Robert E. Lees (7–23). In 1887, the Gulf League did not resume play. The Mobile Swamp Angels and New Orleans Pelicans teams began play as members of the 1887 Southern League . 1886 Gulf League No Playoffs Scheduled. Columbus, Georgia Columbus is a consolidated city-county located on the west-central border of the U.S. state of Georgia . Columbus lies on the Chattahoochee River directly across from Phenix City, Alabama . It

2622-574: The Spaniards. The first Spanish colonization was in 1565 at St. Augustine, Florida . One of the most significant Spanish explorers was Hernando De Soto , a conquistador who accompanied Francisco Pizzaro during his conquest of the Inca Empire . Leaving Havana, Cuba, in 1539, De Soto's expedition landed in Florida. It explored the southeastern area of the United States. They reached as far as

2691-567: The United States. In contexts such as medical research, terms such as "white" and "European" have been criticized for vagueness and blurring important distinctions between different groups that happen to fit within the label. Margo Adair suggests that viewing Americans of European descent as a single group contributes to the " wonder-breading " of the United States, eradicating the cultural heritage of individual European ethnicities. There are several subgroupings of European Americans. While these categories may be approximately defined, often due to

2760-519: The United States. The Spaniards viewed the French as threatening their trade route along the Gulf Stream. Since 1607, some 57 million immigrants from other lands have come to the United States. Approximately 10 million passed through on their way to some other place or returned to their homelands, leaving a net gain of 47 million people. Before 1881, the vast majority of immigrants, almost 86% of

2829-400: The city is the home of the headquarters for Aflac , Synovus , and TSYS . From the 1960s through the 1980s, the subsidized construction of highways and suburbs resulted in drawing off the middle and upper classes, with urban blight , white flight , and prostitution in much of downtown Columbus and adjacent neighborhoods. Early efforts to halt the gradual deterioration of downtown began with

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2898-423: The city was $ 22,514. About 12.8% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over. According to the 2022 American Community Survey , the median household income throughout the city was $ 53,750 with a per capita income of $ 31,393. Approximately 17.8% of the population lived at or below the poverty line. Columbus' crime rate

2967-495: The city's 2015 fiscal year . The city predicted that an additional 30,000 soldiers would be trained annually at Fort Benning in upcoming years due to base realignment and closure of other facilities. Columbus is one of Georgia's three Fall Line cities , along with Augusta and Macon . The Fall Line is where the hilly lands of the Piedmont plateau meet the flat terrain of the coastal plain . As such, Columbus has

3036-689: The city, locally known as Manchester Expressway. The city is located at 32°29′23″N 84°56′26″W  /  32.489608°N 84.940422°W  / 32.489608; -84.940422 . According to the US Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 221.0 square miles (572 km ), of which 216.3 square miles (560 km ) are land and 4.7 square miles (12 km ) (2.14%) are covered by water. Columbus borders Phenix City , its largest suburb (in Alabama). Columbus also borders Chattahoochee , Talbot , Harris , and Russell County , which

3105-401: The city. The population density was 861.4 inhabitants per square mile (332.6/km ). The 82,690 housing units had an average density of 352.3 per square mile (136.0/km ). In 2010, the racial and ethnic composition of the city was 46.3% White, 45.5% African American, 2.2% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 0.14% Pacific Islander, and 1.90% from other races . Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 6.4% of

3174-440: The combined statistical area. Since the 1830 United States census , Columbus has maintained a relatively positive population growth. At the 2020 census , there were 206,922 people, 73,134 households, and 45,689 families residing in the city. At the 2010 census , Columbus had a total population of 189,885, up from 186,291 in the 2000 census. The 2010 census reported 189,885 people, 72,124 households, and 47,686 families residing in

3243-747: The country claim to have originated the Memorial Day holiday, Bellware and Gardiner firmly establish that the holiday began in Columbus. In The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America , they show that the Columbus Ladies Memorial Association's call to observe a day annually to decorate soldiers' graves inaugurated a movement first in the South and then in the North to honor the soldiers who died during

3312-543: The diverse nations of the United Kingdom and Ireland , such as the English , Irish , Cornish , Manx , Scotch-Irish , Scottish and Welsh . Colonial ties to the United Kingdom spread the English language , legal system and other cultural attributes. Scholar David Hackett Fischer asserts in Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America that the folkways of four groups of people who moved from distinct regions of

3381-506: The first European settlers in the area of the present-day United States and people who descend from more recent European arrivals. Since the 17th century, European Americans have been the largest panethnic group in what is now the United States. The Spaniards are thought to have been the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the contiguous United States , with Martín de Argüelles ( b. 1566) in St. Augustine , then

3450-420: The high-end Sears Woods and Windsor Park. Large tracts of blighted areas were cleaned up. A modern Columbus Consolidated Government Center was constructed in the city center. A significant period of urban renewal and revitalization followed in the mid- to late 1990s. With these improvements, the city has attracted residents and businesses to formerly blighted areas. Municipal projects have included construction of

3519-460: The highest percentages of hidden African ancestry. European Americans on average are: "98.6 percent Native European, 0.19 percent Native African and 0.18 percent Native American." Inferred British/Irish ancestry is found in European Americans from all states at mean proportions of above 20%, and represents a majority of ancestry, above 50% mean proportion, in states such as Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Scandinavian ancestry in European Americans

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3588-448: The imprecise or cultural regionalization of Europe, the subgroups are nevertheless used widely in cultural or ethnic identification. This is particularly the case in diasporic populations, as with European people in the United States generally. In alphabetical order, some of the subgroups are: Before the arrival of Europeans, Native Americans predominantly inhabited the United States. The earliest Europeans to colonize North America were

3657-532: The lightly defended city and burned many of the industrial buildings. John Stith Pemberton , who later developed Coca-Cola in Columbus, was wounded in this battle. Col. Charles Augustus Lafayette Lamar , owner of the last slave ship in America, was also killed here. A historic marker erected in Columbus notes that this was the site of the "Last Land Battle in the War from 1861 to 1865". Reconstruction began almost immediately and prosperity followed. Factories such as

3726-691: The most important centers of industry in the Confederacy . During the war, Columbus ranked second only to the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia in the manufacture of supplies for the Confederate army. The Eagle Manufacturing Company made various textiles, especially woolens for Confederate uniforms. The Columbus Iron Works manufactured cannons and machinery for the nearby Confederate Navy shipyard, Greenwood and Gray made firearms, and Louis and Elias Haimon produced swords and bayonets. Smaller firms provided additional munitions and sundries. As

3795-402: The number of people with British ancestry was considered to be significantly under-counted, as many people in that demographic tended to identify themselves simply as Americans (20,151,829 or 7.2%). A 2015 genetic study of 148,789 European Americans concluded that British ancestry was the most common European ancestry among white Americans, with this component ranging between 20% and 55% of

3864-549: The numerous generations that separate respondents from their forebears and the apparent unimportance to many whites of European origin, responses appear quite inconsistent". As the largest component of the American population, the overall American culture deeply reflects the European-influenced culture that predates the United States of America as an independent state. Much of American culture shows influences from

3933-439: The population. In 2020, its population was 38.22% non-Hispanic white , 45.77% African American, 0.24% Native American, 2.68% Asian, 0.25% Pacific Islander, 0.52% some other race, 4.35% multiracial, an 7.98% Hispanic or Latino of any race. At the 2010 census, median income for a household in the city was $ 41,331, and for a family was 41,244. Males had a median income of $ 30,238 versus $ 24,336 for females. The per capita income for

4002-631: The railroad. In addition, textile mills were developed along the river, bringing industry to an area reliant upon agriculture. By 1860, the city was one of the more important industrial centers of the South, earning it the nickname the Lowell of the South, referring to an important textile mill town in Massachusetts. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, the industries of Columbus expanded their production; this became one of

4071-462: The river to the Alabama side on an interstate zip-line over the Chattahoochee River. The course continues with several zip-lines and a ropes course on the Alabama side and completes with another zip-line back to Georgia. It has become a hub for whitewater kayakers, with outstanding standing waves year-round. In mid-winter it is referred to as the "Wintering Grounds" for big wave surfing athletes and enthusiasts. The city council of Columbus, known as

4140-723: The saving and restoration of the Springer Opera House in 1965. It was designated as the State Theatre of Georgia, helping spark a movement to preserve the city's history. This effort has documented and preserved various historic districts in and around downtown. Through the late 1960s and early 1970s, large residential neighborhoods were built to accommodate the soldiers coming back from the Vietnam War and for those associated with Fort Benning. These range from Wesley Woods to Leesburg to Brittney and Willowbrook and

4209-438: The separation of powers and the federal system along with English law in common law. Another area of cultural influence are American Patriotic songs : Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom. Some European Americans have varying amounts of Native American and Native African ancestry. In a recent study, Gonçalves et al. 2007 reported Native African and Native American mtDna lineages at

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4278-426: The top employers in the city were: Columbus is served by one major indoor shopping mall , Peachtree Mall , which is anchored by major department stores Dillard's , Macy's , and J.C. Penney . The total retail floor area is 821,000 f t (76,300 m ). Major strip malls include Columbus Park Crossing , which opened in 2003, and The Landings, which opened in 2005. Columbus is also served by The Shoppes at Bradley Park,

4347-439: The total population in all 50 states. The same applies to Americans of Spanish ancestry, as many people in that demographic tend to identify themselves as Hispanic and Latino Americans (58,846,134 or 16.6%), even though they carry a mean of 65.1% European genetic ancestry, mainly from Spain . An increasing number of people ignored the ancestry question or chose no specific ancestral group such as "American or United States". In

4416-470: The total, arrived from Northwestern Europe , principally Great Britain , Ireland , Germany , and Scandinavia , known as "Old Immigration". Between 1881 and 1893, the pattern shifted in the sources of U.S. "New Immigration." Between 1894 and 1914, immigrants from Central , Eastern , and Southern Europe accounted for 69% of the total. Prior to 1960, the overwhelming majority came from Europe or of European descent from Canada. Immigration from Europe as

4485-514: The war dead. The date for the holiday was selected by Elizabeth Rutherford Ellis. She chose April 26, the first anniversary of Confederate General Johnston's final surrender to Union General Sherman at Bennett Place , North Carolina. For many in the South, that act marked the official end of the Civil War. In 1868, General John A. Logan , commander in chief of the Union Civil War Veterans Fraternity called

4554-557: The war turned in favor of the Union , each industry faced exponentially growing shortages of raw materials and skilled labor, as well as worsening financial opportunities. Unaware of Lee's surrender to Grant and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , Union and Confederates clashed in the Battle of Columbus, Georgia , on Easter Sunday, April 16, 1865, when a Union detachment of two cavalry divisions under Maj. Gen. James H. Wilson attacked

4623-411: Was directed to write a letter inviting the ladies of every Southern state to join them in the observance. The letter was written in March 1866 and sent to representatives of all of the principal cities in the South, including Atlanta, Macon , Montgomery, Memphis, Richmond , St. Louis, Alexandria, Columbia, and New Orleans . This was the beginning of the influential work by ladies' organizations to honor

4692-446: Was founded in April, 1886. The team was also the first known professional team to travel to another country, playing exhibition games in Cuba . The Gulf League began play on June 20, 1886, with the season ending on Oct 31, 1886. In the final standings, the 1886 Gulf League champion was Acid Iron Earth. They finished with a (20–11) record, finishing 1.0 game ahead of 2nd place Mobile (19–12). They were followed by New Orleans (15–15) and

4761-425: Was named for Christopher Columbus . The plan for the city was drawn up by Dr. Edwin L. DeGraffenried, who placed the town on a bluff overlooking the river. Edward Lloyd Thomas (surveyor) was selected to lay out the town on 1,200 acres. Across the river to the west, where Phenix City, Alabama, is now located, lived several tribes of the Creek and other Georgia and Alabama indigenous peoples. Most Creeks moved west with

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