Elemental magic
53-537: Extrasensory / psionic abilities Natural abilities Gwendolyn "Gwen" Tennyson , occasionally known as Lucky Girl , is a fictional character that appears in Cartoon Network 's Ben 10 franchise , created by Man of Action . The paternal first cousin and best friend of title protagonist Ben Tennyson , Gwen is a core member of Ben's team who frequently aids him in his various adventures to defeat villains and criminals and protect and save earth and
106-459: A classmate , best friend and potential romantic interest of Ben's accompanying on his road trip with his grandfather. Later in development, she was changed to be his cousin , the pair being the same age. Gwen's original design, including a yellow t-shirt and ponytail, was inspired by the original design of Ben Tennyson , the red hair retained for all series, while the ponytail would be incorporated into her outfit redesign by Glen Murakami for
159-436: A conditioned response while mycophobia, anthophobia, phobias of physical representations of polyhedra, firearms, and electrical outlets required multiple pairings and went extinct without continued conditioning while the conditioned ophidiophobia and arachnophobia were permanent. Psychiatrist Randolph M. Nesse notes that while conditioned fear responses to evolutionarily novel dangerous objects such as electrical outlets
212-488: A sixth sense , or cryptaesthesia , is a claimed paranormal ability pertaining to reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses , but sensed with the mind. The term was adopted by Duke University botanist J. B. Rhine to denote psychic abilities such as intuition , telepathy , psychometry , clairvoyance , clairaudience , clairsentience , empathy and their trans-temporal operation as precognition or retrocognition . Second sight
265-414: A cultural phenomenon that is most common in predominantly European societies. An evolutionary reason for the phobia remains unresolved. One view, especially held in evolutionary psychology , is that the presence of venomous spiders led to the evolution of a fear of spiders, or made the acquisition of a fear of spiders especially easy. However, there is no evidence that during the pleistocene there were
318-441: A cultural, rather than genetic trait. Stories about spiders in the media often contain errors and use sensationalistic vocabulary, which could contribute to the fear of spiders. The fear of spiders can be treated by any of the general techniques suggested for specific phobias . The first line of treatment is systematic desensitization – also known as exposure therapy . Before engaging in systematic desensitization, it
371-535: A fan questioning about rumors of a Gwen 10 spin-off series, Man of Action confirmed they were actively working with a Japanese anime company to develop a series that would "just follow Gwen without any Ben" as they attend college, retaining her boyfriend Kevin Levin as a supporting character, citing the character's greater popularity in Asia compared to Ben as the reason for the solo series entering development. Ben 10
424-542: A husk. Gwen later unleashes her true Anodite form for the first time in "War of the Worlds: Part 2", succeeding defending the world from the Highbreed. During the course of the series, she develops a romantic relationship with Kevin, and is revealed to suffer from both arachnophobia and claustrophobia . Galadriel Stineman portrays Gwen in the 2009 television film Ben 10: Alien Swarm . Set several weeks after
477-502: A magenta-colored energy. She soon discovers her Anodite heritage and comes to learn the energy she manipulates is mana , a life force energy present in all living beings. Mana is the basis of magic, which explains Gwen's previous magical proficiency. By manipulating mana, Gwen is able to create forcefields , energy blasts, beams, stepping stones and energy constructs. She is also able to track living beings by sensing their mana and can absorb or generate mana at will. Through her powers, she
530-662: A meta-analysis found that when these errors were corrected and accounted for, there was still no significant effect of ESP. Many of the studies only appeared to have significant occurrence of ESP, when in fact, this result was due to the many methodological errors in the research. In the early 20th century, Joaquin María Argamasilla , known as the "Spaniard with X-ray Eyes", claimed to be able to read handwriting or numbers on dice through closed metal boxes. Argamasilla managed to fool Gustav Geley and Charles Richet into believing he had genuine psychic powers. In 1924, he
583-517: A phobia is an irrational fear as opposed to a rational fear. By ensuring that their surroundings were free from spiders, arachnophobes would have had a reduced risk of being bitten in ancestral environments, giving them a slight advantage over non-arachnophobes in terms of survival. However, having a disproportionate fear of spiders in comparison to other, potentially dangerous creatures present during Homo sapiens' environment of evolutionary adaptiveness may have had drawbacks. In The Handbook of
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#1732783759796636-455: A playing card ESP experiment. Cox concluded "There is no evidence of extrasensory perception either in the 'average man' or of the group investigated or in any particular individual of that group. The discrepancy between these results and those obtained by Rhine is due either to uncontrollable factors in experimental procedure or to the difference in the subjects." Four other psychological departments failed to replicate Rhine's results. In 1938,
689-403: A single target cannot be evaluated using statistical tests that assume independence of responses. This increases the likelihood of card counting and, in turn, increases the chances for the subject to guess correctly without using ESP. Another methodological flaw involves cues through sensory leakage, for example, when the subject receives a visual cue. This could be the reflection of a Zener card in
742-458: A sufficient number of venomous African spider fauna to trigger such an evolutionary fear. Like all traits, there is variability in the intensity of fear of spiders, and those with more intense fears are classified as phobic. Being relatively small, spiders do not fit the usual criterion for a threat in the animal kingdom where size is a factor, but they can have medically significant venom and/or cause skin irritation with their setae . However,
795-577: Is also an Anodite and once again encounters Charmcaster and Darkstar, who are engaged in a romantic relationship after Charmcaster failed to use the Great One Dagon to resurrect her father, before helping Ben save the universe in destroying the extra and inter-dimensional demon entity and deity Dagon and his Esoterica and Lucubra. Ben 10/Generator Rex: Heroes United , a one-hour crossover with fellow Man of Action series Generator Rex , aired on November 25, 2011 on Cartoon Network , in which Gwen
848-422: Is also capable of telekinesis , teleportation , clairvoyance and healing. Gwen is able to assume an Anodite form. In this form, she is dark purple in color, with long glowing pink/white hair. In this form, she is capable of growing in stature, flight, and immortality, as well as her abilities being enhanced exponentially. Gwen is a skilled martial artist and has been practicing since the original series. She
901-531: Is an energy being known as an Anodite; a magic-wielding race made of the magic energy mana from the planet Anodyne, and that Gwen seems to be her only human descendant to have inherited her powers. Verdona offers to take Gwen to her home planet and train her in magic, but Gwen prefers to remain on Earth with Ben and Kevin, later coming into conflict with a returned Charmcaster and Michael Morningstar, who after initially seeking to absorb her powers, seeks revenge against her after her taking back her powers reduced him to
954-403: Is an alleged form of extrasensory perception, whereby a person perceives information, in the form of a vision , about future events before they happen ( precognition ), or about things or events at remote locations ( remote viewing ). There is no evidence that second sight exists. Reports of second sight are known only from anecdotes. Second sight and ESP are classified as pseudosciences . In
1007-504: Is common to train the individual with arachnophobia in relaxation techniques, which will help keep the patient calm. Systematic desensitization can be done in vivo (with live spiders) or by getting the individual to imagine situations involving spiders, then modelling interaction with spiders for the person affected and eventually interacting with real spiders. This technique can be effective in just one session, although it generally takes more time. Recent advances in technology have enabled
1060-462: Is featured towards the beginning and in a flashback in a cameo appearance . In Ben 10: Omniverse , Gwen is now sixteen years old, attending the college Friedkin University (with one of her teachers being a reformed Hex), and reduced to a supporting role. She is often depicted in flashback sequences to when she was 11, revealing she had developed a crush on Kevin at that time. At the end of
1113-424: Is no viable theory to explain the mechanism behind ESP, and that there are historical cases in which flaws have been discovered in the experimental design of parapsychological studies. There are many criticisms pertaining to experiments involving extrasensory perception, particularly surrounding methodological flaws. These flaws are not unique to a single experimental design, and are effective in discrediting much of
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#17327837597961166-726: Is now a black belt in karate , but tends to favor using her powers. She is capable of creating energy blasts and constructs for nearly any purpose and opening up interdimensional portals, which she uses to assist Ben ( Yuri Lowenthal ) after Max's disappearance forces him to put the Omnitrix back on. In the episode "Everybody Talks About the Weather", the pair's former enemy Kevin ( Greg Cipes ) tells Gwen her powers and abilities originate from her "alien bloodline", which she refuses to believe. In "What Are Little Girls Made Of?", Gwen discovers this to be true, that her paternal grandmother, Verdona,
1219-1173: Is possible, the conditioning is slower because such cues have no prewired connection to fear, noting further that despite the emphasis of the risks of speeding and drunk driving in driver's education , it alone does not provide reliable protection against traffic collisions and that nearly one-quarter of all deaths in 2014 of people aged 15 to 24 in the United States were in traffic collisions. Nesse, psychiatrist Isaac Marks , and evolutionary biologist George C. Williams have noted that people with systematically deficient responses to various adaptive phobias (e.g. arachnophobia, ophidiophobia, basophobia ) are more temperamentally careless and more likely to receive unintentional injuries that are potentially fatal and have proposed that such deficient phobia should be classified as " hypophobia " due to its selfish genetic consequences . A 2001 study found that people could detect images of spiders among images of flowers and mushrooms more quickly than they could detect images of flowers or mushrooms among images of spiders. The researchers suggested that this
1272-464: Is talented in Savate , Karate , Taekwondo , and Jujutsu . She is also a talented gymnast as she is very agile and can jump great heights and distances. Gwen is highly intelligent and graduated high school early at 16. She is voiced by Meagan Smith in the 2005 original series as 10-year old Gwen until the series finale in 2008. Smith reprises her role in the film Ben 10: Destroy All Aliens . In
1325-462: Is the fear of spiders and other arachnids such as scorpions and ticks . The word "arachnophobia" comes from the Greek words arachne and phobia . People with arachnophobia tend to feel uneasy in any area they believe could harbour spiders or that has visible signs of their presence, such as webs . If arachnophobes see a spider, they may not enter the general vicinity until they have overcome
1378-434: Is willing to forgive villains for their wrongdoings, the most notable being Kevin, if she believes they have changed for the better. Despite being far more mature and reasonable than Ben and Kevin, Gwen is somewhat hot-headed and can lose control of her abilities if angered enough. Due to her Anodite ( beings of pure magical energy ) heritage and having inherited "the spark", Gwen is able to manipulate mana (life energy) In
1431-455: The 2016 reboot . Tara Strong also briefly voiced a version of Gwen set in an alternate future from the original series . In the series, Gwen Tennyson (Meagan Smith) is sent by her parents on a road trip with her Grandpa Max ( Paul Eiding ) and her cousin Ben ( Tara Strong ). She and Ben constantly argue, however they are both shown to deeply care for each other on various occasions throughout
1484-402: The ganzfeld experiments (a mild sensory deprivation procedure). Second sight may have originally been so called because normal vision was regarded as coming first, while supernormal vision is a secondary thing, confined to certain individuals. An dà shealladh or "the two sights", meaning "the sight of the seer", is the way Gaels refer to "second sight", the involuntary ability of seeing
1537-543: The original series for two episodes ("Ben 10,000" and "Ken 10"). Gwen is voiced by Montserrat Hernandez in the 2016 reboot , who additionally voices both alternate variants (from the future and a universe where she had the Omnitrix instead of Ben) and all alien forms she assumes. Gwen is played by Haley Ramm in Ben 10: Race Against Time and by Galadriel Stineman in Ben 10: Alien Swarm . Extrasensory Perception Extrasensory perception ( ESP ), also known as
1590-484: The panic attack that is often associated with their phobia. Some people scream , cry , have emotional outbursts, experience trouble breathing, sweat and experience increased heart rates when they come in contact with an area near spiders or their webs. In some extreme cases, even a picture , a toy, or a realistic drawing of a spider can trigger intense fear . Arachnophobia may be an exaggerated form of an instinctive response that helped early humans to survive or
1643-464: The 1930s, at Duke University in North Carolina, J. B. Rhine and his wife Louisa E. Rhine conducted an investigation into extrasensory perception. While Louisa Rhine concentrated on collecting accounts of spontaneous cases, J. B. Rhine worked largely in the laboratory, carefully defining terms such as ESP and psi and designing experiments to test them. A simple set of black and white cards
Gwen Tennyson - Misplaced Pages Continue
1696-420: The 2008 sequel series, Ben 10: Alien Force ; teenage Gwen (15 years old), is voiced by Ashley Johnson (replacing Smith) and continued to voice Gwen in both Ben 10: Ultimate Alien and Ben 10: Omniverse respectively. In Omniverse , she voices both the kid and teenage versions of Gwen, as well as all her alternate timeline counterparts. Tara Strong voices Gwen as an adult from an alternate timeline in
1749-526: The Emotions (1993), psychologist Arne Öhman studied pairing an unconditioned stimulus with evolutionarily-relevant fear-response neutral stimuli ( snakes and spiders ) versus evolutionarily-irrelevant fear-response neutral stimuli ( mushrooms , flowers , physical representation of polyhedra , firearms , and electrical outlets ) on human subjects and found that ophidiophobia (fear of snakes) and arachnophobia required only one pairing to develop
1802-428: The country during summer vacation. When Ben finds the Omnitrix, a mysterious watch that transforms him into 10 different aliens, a world of extraterrestrial superpowers opens up to him; Gwen's identity of Lucky Girl from the previous continuity exists as a popular in-universe multimedia franchise of which she is a fan, while her enemy Kevin has a crush on her, to which she is oblivious. In September 2021, in response to
1855-486: The existence of any psychic phenomena after more than a century of research. The scientific community rejects ESP due to the absence of an evidence base, the lack of a theory which would explain ESP and the lack of positive experimental results; it considers ESP to be pseudoscience . The scientific consensus does not view extrasensory perception as a scientific phenomenon . Skeptics have pointed out that there
1908-469: The future or distant events. There are many Gaelic words for the various aspects of second sight, but an dà shealladh is the one mostly recognized by non-Gaelic speakers, even though, strictly speaking, it does not really mean second sight, but rather "two sights". Parapsychology is the study of paranormal psychic phenomena, including ESP. Parapsychology has been criticized for continuing investigation despite being unable to provide convincing evidence for
1961-414: The holder's glasses. In this case, the subject is able to guess the card correctly because they can see it in the reflection, not because of ESP. Finally, poor randomization of target stimuli could be happening. Poor shuffling methods can make the orders of the cards easier to predict, or the cards could have been marked and manipulated, again, making it easier to predict which cards come next. The results of
2014-649: The last season of Alien Force , the entirety of Ultimate Alien and the first season of Omniverse . Her head and hair were reworked by Glenn Wong, who also gave the character her blue top in Alien Force , while colors were added by Chris Hooten. The original concept behind the characters was later cited as the primary inspiration for the characters of Patrice Blazing and Nate Timely in PopCap Games and Dark Horse Comics ' Plants vs. Zombies comic series , with Patrice designed after Gwen and Nate after Ben. In
2067-503: The magic artifacts known as the Charms of Bezel to become the superhero Lucky Girl while becoming powerful like her cousin Ben with his Omnitrix. Besides magic, Gwen's biggest power is her intelligence: she is a computer expert and revealed to have extensive knowledge of history and science. She is also a skilled martial arts practitioner and adept gymnast. Set five years after the end of the original series, Gwen Tennyson ( Ashley Johnson )
2120-432: The order of the cards is determined after the guesses are made. Later he used dice to test for psychokinesis . The parapsychology experiments at Duke evoked criticism from academics and others who challenged the concepts and evidence of ESP. A number of psychological departments attempted, unsuccessfully, to repeat Rhine's experiments. W. S. Cox (1936) from Princeton University with 132 subjects produced 25,064 trials in
2173-756: The original series, Gwen has shown a latent knack for magic, able to handle multiple magical artifacts. In the third season, after keeping the villain Charmcaster's small spellbook, Gwen begins casting spells and practicing magic. Throughout the Original Series, her abilities manifested as light blue energy, due to her being a badly trained Anodite as well as due to her manipulating mana indirectly. Despite abandoning these tactics in favor of her Anodite powers starting in Alien Force , she continued casting spells later on Ultimate Alien and Omniverse . Starting in Alien Force , Gwen's abilities have progressed to
Gwen Tennyson - Misplaced Pages Continue
2226-474: The original series, Gwen is portrayed as an intelligent, mature but usually stubborn and smart-mouthed when it came to talking with Ben. Her quick thinking and good instincts give her an edge in dealing with dangerous situations. As she got older, she became even more mature, caring, and sympathetic. Her affection towards her cousin Ben became more clear, as she had deeply bonded with him over that adventure-filled summer, realizing how much she cared about him. Gwen
2279-522: The positive research surrounding ESP. Many of the flaws seen in the Zener cards experiment are present in the Ganzfeld experiment as well. First is the stacking effect, an error that occurs in ESP research. Trial-by-trial feedback given in studies using a "closed" ESP target sequence (e.g., a deck of cards) violates the condition of independence used for most standard statistical tests. Multiple responses for
2332-557: The previous series, Gwen Tennyson, now sixteen years old, releases her dormant, inner Anodite for the second time against Zombozo ( John DiMaggio ) after he attempts to kill her aunt and Ben's mother Sandra ( Beth Littleford ), growing to a gigantic size and shouting at him to leave Ben and Kevin's families alone, terrifying him before letting him go to spread the word to all of their other enemies. Gwen also discovers that her black-haired near-identical cousin Sunny (also voiced by Ashley Johnson)
2385-407: The psychologist Joseph Jastrow wrote that much of the evidence for extrasensory perception collected by Rhine and other parapsychologists was anecdotal, biased, dubious and the result of "faulty observation and familiar human frailties". Rhine's experiments were discredited due to the discovery that sensory leakage or cheating could account for all his results such as the subject being able to read
2438-440: The series finale, "A New Dawn", after traveling back in time to stop Maltruant ( Mark Hamill ) and watching the birth of the universe, Ben calls Gwen to get Kevin as he proposes that the trio and his partner Rook Blonko ( Bumper Robinson ) go on a road trip together to explore the universe that they watched being created. Ben 10 introduces a re-imagined Gwen (in her 10-year-old form), her cousin Ben, and Grandpa Max, as they travel
2491-564: The series. Following Ben's acquisition of the Omnitrix, the trio embark in a series of adventures, encountering various extraterrestrial and supernatural entities, including the intergalactic alien warlord overlord and conqueror Vilgax and master magician Hex ( Khary Payton ) and his niece Charmcaster ( Kari Wahlgren ), the latter of whom detects a " magical aura " within Gwen, which she begins tapping into, acquiring magic powers of her own and obtaining Charmcaster's spellbook. On two occasions, Gwen uses
2544-489: The symbols from the back of the cards and being able to see and hear the experimenter to note subtle clues. In the 1960s, parapsychologists became increasingly interested in the cognitive components of ESP, the subjective experience involved in making ESP responses, and the role of ESP in psychological life. This called for experimental procedures that were not limited to Rhine's favored forced-choice methodology. Such procedures have included dream telepathy experiments, and
2597-539: The universe. A highly intelligent and strong martial artist , Gwen later develops magic abilities that are eventually revealed to be alien in nature, having inherited it from her alien paternal grandmother, Verdona. Gwen was created for Ben 10 (2005–2008), in which she was voiced as a 10-year-old by Meagan Smith. Smith was replaced by Ashley Johnson , who voiced the teenage Gwen for the sequel series Ben 10: Alien Force , Ben 10: Ultimate Alien , and Ben 10: Omniverse , while Montserrat Hernandez voiced Gwen for
2650-551: Was because fast response to spiders was more relevant to human evolution. An alternative view is that the dangers, such as from spiders, are overrated and not sufficient to influence evolution. Instead, inheriting phobias would have restrictive and debilitating effects upon survival, rather than being an aid. For some communities, such as in Papua New Guinea and Cambodia , spiders are included in traditional foods. This suggests arachnophobia may, at least in part, be
2703-403: Was created by Man of Action (consisting of comic book creators Duncan Rouleau , Joe Casey , Joe Kelly , and Steven T. Seagle ) and was produced by Cartoon Network Studios . The group worked on the concept of Ben 10 and its title character roughly three years before Cartoon Network picked up the series. Dave Johnson also helped in the design development. Gwen was originally developed to be
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#17327837597962756-436: Was developed, originally called Zener cards – now called ESP cards. They bear the symbols circle, square, wavy lines, cross, and star. There are five of each type of card in a pack of 25. In a telepathy experiment, the "sender" looks at a series of cards while the "receiver" guesses the symbols. To try to observe clairvoyance, the pack of cards is hidden from everyone while the receiver guesses. To try to observe precognition,
2809-705: Was exposed by Harry Houdini as a fraud. Argamasilla peeked through his simple blindfold and lifted the edge of the box, so he could look inside it without others noticing. Science writer Martin Gardner has written that the ignorance of blindfold deception methods has been widespread in investigations into objects at remote locations from persons who claim to possess second sight. Gardner documented various conjuring techniques psychics such as Rosa Kuleshova, Lina Anderson and Nina Kulagina have used to peek from their blindfolds to deceive investigators into believing they used second sight. Arachnophobia Arachnophobia
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