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27-666: The Gymnasium illustre was founded in 1586 by Ernest Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach . It was located in the center of Durlach between the Stadtkirche Durlach and the Basler Tor . The margrave, who had a strict Lutheran upbringing, leaned towards Calvinism and employed Calvinist teachers at the grammar school. He had a theological book printed in the Staffort Castle , the Staffort Book , which

54-524: A fresh division of their inheritance. It would be the first of several partitions, establishing the two main lines of the House of Baden – Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach (Baden-Pforzheim until 1565) – which would last until 1771. However, the relations between the two lines were not peaceful and the constant partitioning did not help. During the Reformation, several branches, led by Baden-Baden, remained on

81-450: A minor. Ernest Frederick and Charles II's second oldest son, James , both wanted to own dominions. Charles II's last will and testament forbade that, but it had not been signed and sealed, so the remaining guardians decided to give them their way and divide the country. Ernest Frederick received Lower Baden , including the large towns of Durlach and Pforzheim . His younger brothers James and George Frederick also received parts of

108-723: The Black Forest , north to the Murg river and south to the Breisgau . The fourth margrave of Baden-Baden, Herman V, Margrave of Baden-Baden (reigned 1190–1243), founded the cities of Backnang , Durlach , Stuttgart , Ettlingen , and Pforzheim and several monasteries, including the Lichtenthal Abbey , which became the burial place of his descendants. In 1219 he moved his seat of power to Pforzheim. He had to abandon his claims to Zähringen and Braunschweig , but he gained

135-598: The German-French War , the school moved into the newly built school building in Bismarckstraße, where the grammar school is still located today. The principal at this time was Gustav Wendt, who reformed the school system in the spirit of Alexander von Humboldt . In 1938, the grammar school was renamed Bismarck-Gymnasium . The oldest grammar school in Karlsruhe generated Carl Benz , the inventor of

162-844: The House of Baden , were a line of the Swabian House of Zähringen . During the 11th century, the Duchy of Swabia lacked a powerful central authority and was under the control of various comital dynasties, the strongest of them being the House of Hohenstaufen , the House of Welf , the Habsburgs and the House of Zähringen. Emperor Henry III had promised the ducal throne to the Zähringen scion Berthold , however, upon Henry's death in 1056 his widow Agnes of Poitou appointed Rudolf of Rheinfelden Duke of Swabia. Berthold renounced his rights and

189-567: The War of the First Coalition broke out between France and Austria . The Badeners fought for Austria, leaving Baden devastated when they lost. Charles Frederick had to pay an indemnity and cede his territories on the left bank of the Rhine to France. He had his second chance a few years later, as an enemy of Napoleon , on the side of Alexander I of Russia . In 1803, because of the efforts of

216-904: The Emperor – the consequences of which damaged Lower Baden and ultimately also led to losses of territory. Ernest Frederick was the eldest son of the Margrave Charles II of Baden-Durlach and Anna of Veldenz . From 1577 onwards, he received his education at the court of his guardian, the Lutheran Duke Louis III of Württemberg. After his father's death, a regency council was formed, consisting of his mother Anna, Elector Palatine Louis VI, Elector Palatine (until 1583), Duke Philip Louis of Neuburg and Duke Louis "the Pious" of Württemberg. The council ruled Margraviate of Baden-Durlach on his behalf when he inherited it as

243-438: The acquisitions in 1391. A soldier of some renown, Bernard continued the mission of his predecessors, and gained several more districts, including Baden-Pforzheim and Baden-Hochberg. Since 1291, Baden-Pforzheim had its own margraviate, but in 1361 it ran out of heirs, falling back to the House of Baden-Baden. Baden-Hochberg fared little better. Founded in 1190, it lasted until 1418, when it too died with no male heirs. Bernard, being

270-856: The automobile, as well as Karl Freiherr von Drais , the inventor of the bicycle and the typewriter. Bismarck-Gymnasium also offers extracurricular activities, including various study groups, sports tournaments and festivals. The study groups at Bismarck-Gymnasium are also successful at national level: the chess club came 5th in WK IV at the German School Chess Championships in 2019, and WK II came 3rd. Digitalisat ). Ernest Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach Ernest Frederick of Baden-Durlach (born 17 October 1560 in Durlach – died 14 April 1604 in Remchingen ) ruled

297-465: The closest heir, claimed Baden-Hochberg. Baden-Sausenberg continued its own margraviate until 1503, when the lack of its own heirs sent it back to the House of Baden-Baden. The consolidation of the margraviate came in 1442. In that year, one-half of the dominions of Lahr and Mahlberg was brought into the fold, creating the link between the two main areas, the Breisgau in the south and Baden-Baden in

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324-455: The country, so that the land was further divided beyond the existing division into Baden-Durlach, Baden-Baden. The Margraviate of Baden-Hachberg fell back to Ernest Frederick in 1590 after James's death. His youngest brother George Frederick was able to reunite the whole Margraviate of Baden-Durlach after's Ernest Frederick's death. Margrave Ernest Frederick married on 21 December 1585 Anna of East Frisia (26 June 1562 – 21 April 1621),

351-535: The daughter of Count Edzard II of East Frisia and widow of his guardian. The marriage produced no children. Margraviate of Baden The Margraviate of Baden ( German : Markgrafschaft Baden ) was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire . Spread along the right banks of the Upper Rhine in south-western Germany , it was named a margraviate in 1112 and existed until 1535, when it

378-689: The king of France, Louis XII . In 1479, the seat of the Margraviate of Baden was moved from Hohenbaden Castle to New Castle ( Neues Schloss ) of Baden-Baden, built by Christoph I. In 1503, the Baden-Sausenberg died without male heirs and all the Badener lands were united by Christoph himself. Before his death, Christoph divided the margraviate between his three sons. Philip succeeded him in 1515 but died childless in 1533, and his share went to his brothers, Bernard and Ernest . In 1535, they made

405-662: The north. Throughout the Late Middle Ages , Baden grew its administration, finances and armies until it became one of the biggest and strongest states of the Holy Roman Empire in southwestern Germany, especially after it gained the Habsburg possessions in the rest of the Ortenau and the Breisgau. In 1462 the dispute over the election of the new Archbishop of Mainz sent Charles I (reigned 1453–1475) to fight

432-403: The northern part of the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach . He came to power when he came of age in 1584. He founded the first Gymnasium Illustre in the margraviate. Ernst Friedrich, who had a strict Lutheran upbringing, started a reconciliation between Lutheranism and Calvinism with the publication of the Staffort Book in 1599 His occupation of Upper Baden caused serious conflicts – even with

459-448: The occasion by adopting the title of a Margrave of Baden. Because Baden was the capital, the new margraviate was also known as Baden. Herman II would continue to be margrave until his death in 1130. His son and grandson, Hermann III (reigned 1130–1160) and Herman IV (reigned 1160–1190), added to their territories. Around 1200, these lands were divided for the first time. Two lines, Baden-Baden and Baden-Hochberg , were founded. The latter

486-629: The rivalling Hohenstaufen dynasty, and about 1098 was enfeoffed with immediate territory by Emperor Henry IV. Like his father, Herman II insisted on his margravial title. He chose to establish his residence in Germany, as he had been born and raised there. His lordship of choice was Baden (present-day Baden-Baden), where his father had gained the right to rule by marrying the heiress, Judit von Backnang-Sulichgau, Countess of Eberstein - Calw . In Baden, Herman II had Hohenbaden Castle built. Construction began about 1100, and when completed in 1112, he marked

513-538: The side of the Catholics , the others joining with Baden-Durlach on the Protestant side. The Thirty Years' War made matters worse for all the branches. Many of them were exiled to other countries. Baden suffered severely during the war. The 1648 Treaty of Westphalia restored the branches and their churches to their own lands. Gradually the rivalry subsided. During the wars of Louis XIV , the "Sun King" of France,

540-487: The third and last time, all the Badener lands became united under a single ruler. Although Baden was finally united, its domains were fragmented and widespread on both sides of the Upper Rhine river, with the total area of 1,350 sq mi (3,500 km ). When Charles Frederick became the margrave in 1738, he made it his personal mission to fill the gaps in his territories. His first opportunity came in 1792, when

567-431: The title of Graf [Count] von Ortenau and Breisgau, named for the two valleys in southern Baden. His son and grandson, Herman VI, Margrave of Baden (reigned 1243–1250) and Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (reigned 1250–1268), claimed the ducal titles of Austria and Styria . The Austrians rejected them as they did not want to be ruled by outsiders. Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (reigned 1391–1431) united all of

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594-556: The two margraviates were ravaged by the French troops. The forces of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Margrave of Baden-Baden, "Turkish Louis" William (reigned 1677–1707) fought against France. In 1771, Augustus George became the last Margrave of Baden-Baden when he died without sons. All his territories passed to his 6th cousin twice removed and nearest heir – the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, Charles Frederick (reigned 1738–1811). For

621-534: The war against Frederick I, Elector Palatine . Known as the "Mainz Archbishops' Feud", it was brief, lasting only a few months, but the effects were ruinous for the loser – Charles. He had to surrender several of his territories to the Electoral Palatinate and its allies. These territories were recovered by his son and successor, Christoph I (reigned 1475–1515). He tried to keep them united under one of his sons, Philip , but his efforts were foiled by

648-726: Was compensated with the Duchy of Carinthia and the March of Verona in Italy . Not able to establish himself, he finally lost both territories, when he was deposed by King Henry IV of Germany during the Investiture Controversy in 1077. Berthold retired to his Swabian home territory, where he died the next year. The Veronese margravial title was nevertheless retained by his eldest son Herman I Herman II , son of Herman I and grandson of Berthold II, had concluded an agreement with

675-408: Was divided about a hundred years later to create the third line – Baden-Sausenberg . In the 12th and 13th centuries Baden was a loyal and steadfast supporter of the House of Hohenstaufen , even against its own relatives from Zähringen-Swabia. In return for its services, it was permitted to spread its rule throughout southwestern Germany, west across the Rhine river into Alsace , east to the edges of

702-567: Was intended to reconcile the two denominations. Between 1808 and 1814, the poet , philologist and Protestant theologian Johann Peter Hebel was director of the Lyceum and set a high point in German calendar history with his calendar reform, his contributions and a renaming of the calendar to. In 1872, the Lyceum was given the name "Großherzoglich Badisches Gymnasium". In 1874, after the end of

729-630: Was split into the two margraviates of Baden-Durlach and Baden-Baden . The two parts were reunited in 1771 under Margrave Charles Frederick , even if the three parts of the state maintained their distinct seats to the Reichstag . The restored Margraviate of Baden was elevated to the status of electorate in 1803. In 1806, the Electorate of Baden , receiving territorial additions, became the Grand Duchy of Baden . The rulers of Baden , known as

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