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75-456: D-MAC consumed too much bandwidth for many applications, so D2-MAC was designed for European cable TV systems. MAC transmits luminance and chrominance data separately in time rather than separately in frequency (as other analog television formats do, such as composite video). MAC was developed by the UK's Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) and in 1982 was adopted as the transmission format for

150-527: A chance for a comeback. In 1971, he sold ABC his first new game show, The Reel Game , which he also hosted; it ran for 13 weeks. He became a success again as a producer-host with The Joker's Wild , which ran on CBS from 1972 to 1975 and in syndication from 1977–1986 (Barry died in May 1984 and was replaced by Bill Cullen for the final two years); it also saw a revival in syndication for one season in 1990. Enright would work as Joker ' s executive producer in

225-574: A congressional investigation did affect Twenty-One during this period, the much larger ongoing investigation was the HUAC hearings into possible communists in entertainment; the show's director, Charles S. Dubin , was fired by NBC in June 1958 after he refused to answer whether he had ever been a member of the Communist Party USA . In August 1958, the popular CBS daytime game show Dotto

300-420: A course of four weeks. From 1989 to 1992, weekly winnings could not average more than £5,000 per individual contestant or £6,000 in total winnings per week. British versions of popular American quiz shows had to be adjusted – The $ 64,000 Question having a maximum prize initially of 64,000 sixpences (£1,600) in the late 1950s, and in the early 1990s of just £6,400. "The Six Thousand Four Hundred Pound Question"

375-502: A few hours before the scheduled October 16 program informed viewers that it would not be seen. A spokesman for Pharmaceuticals said, " Twenty-One was dropped because of a decline in ratings. We must admit that the investigation had something do with this decline," after the October ;9 show had the lowest rating in its history. A prime-time version of Concentration was introduced in the 8:30 time slot on October 30, with Barry as

450-419: A flashing display showing random numbers between 1 and 11. The contestant would decide whether he or she wanted the number or preferred that the computer take it, with the object of the game to either score 21 exactly first (or be closest to 21 without going over), or get the computer to bust by going over 21. Once the computer hit 17 or more, its score froze for the rest of the game, but this rule did not apply to

525-482: A game and at least two complete rounds had been played, the contestant in the lead was declared the winner and advanced to the Perfect 21 bonus round at the beginning of the next episode. Unlike the 1950s version, if the game ended in a tie, no new game was played. Instead, the contestants would be asked one question, and the first contestant to ring in could answer. If correct, he or she won the game and went on to play

600-609: A house. In 1960, two years after the quiz show scandals in America, the Independent Television Authority (predecessor of the IBA) imposed a £ 1,000 cap on the value of prizes which increased to £1,250 during the late 1970s with an occasional limit of £2,000 which rose to £2,500 by 1981. From 1981 to 1988, weekly winnings could average no more than £1,750. On occasion, said limit could increase to £3,500 over

675-457: A license from the FCC, and that if the FCC were willing to grant him a license, it would decisively demonstrate that his reputation was no longer "tainted" by the game show scandals. Soon after his acquisition of KKOP, Barry finally returned to network game-show hosting in 1969, succeeding Dennis Wholey on ABC's The Generation Gap , for which he publicly thanked the producers and ABC for giving him

750-544: A non-DBS satellite. Despite further pressure from the EU (including a further Directive originally intended to make MAC provision compulsory in TV sets, and a subsidy to broadcasters to use the MAC format), most broadcasters outside Scandinavia preferred the lower cost of PAL transmission and receiving equipment. In the 2000s, the use of D-MAC and D2-MAC ceased when the satellite broadcasts of

825-408: A result, Twenty-One became not only rigged, but almost completely choreographed as well. Contestants were cast almost as if they were actors, and in fact were active and (usually) willing partners in the deception. They were given instructions as to how to dress, what to say to the host and when, which questions to answer correctly or miss, and even when to mop their brows. The producers could shut off

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900-425: A round ended in a 21–21 tie, the scores were erased and a new game was played. Contestants were given extra time to think on any question that would bring them up to 21. After two rounds, both booths were opened and the contestants were given a chance to stop the game. If either asked to do so, the contestant in the lead would be declared the winner. The game was automatically stopped after five rounds. The winner of

975-499: A series of four 21–21 games, with audience interest building with each passing week and each new game, until Van Doren eventually prevailed. The film Quiz Show depicts the turning point as a question for Stempel, asking him to name the film that won the Academy Award for Best Motion Picture for 1955 . Stempel knew the correct answer to be Marty , as it was one of his favorite films. The producers ordered him to answer

1050-452: A seventh opponent started from the beginning of the chain. When the rules changed, the returning champion had won one game and $ 100,000 in his appearance on the final show under the old prize structure. Instead of being "grandfathered" under the old prize structure, he played and won his second game for $ 250,000 (the next amount after $ 100,000), and played but lost his third game for $ 500,000. Under both prize structures, champions remained on

1125-423: A similar morning show on Miami radio station WIOD, went on to national fame on both radio and television, winning a coveted Peabody Award along the way. Barry would be able to acquire another radio station in the late-1960s: a Los Angeles -area radio station (KKOP 93.5 FM, Redondo Beach , later renamed KFOX, now KDAY ). Barry would later say he bought the station specifically because it would require him to have

1200-470: A stepping stone from analogue PAL and Secam formats to the eventual high definition and digital television of the future, with European TV manufacturers in a privileged position to provide the equipment required. However, the Astra satellite system was also starting up at this time (the first satellite, Astra 1A was launched in 1989) and that operated outside of the EU's MAC requirements, due to being

1275-409: A total of $ 129,000 (the equivalent of $ 1,399,436 today). In the meantime, Stempel, disgruntled over being ordered to lose, attempted to blow the whistle on Twenty-One , even going so far as to have a federal investigator look into the show. Initially, little came of these investigations and Stempel's accusations were dismissed as jealousy because there was no hard evidence to back up his claims. While

1350-551: A very "hands-on" approach and placed the interests of the viewer before anything else. For example, if two ITV licensees wanted to merge, or another wanted to change its broadcast name, this would require approval by the IBA. This direct approach also extended to programmes; the IBA could (and did) place limits on how many soap episodes could be shown per week, if they believed programme quality would be compromised. As well as setting guidelines on advertising content (some guidelines only,

1425-548: The Channel Islands . During the early 1980s, the E&;D Department designed and manufactured the specialised broadcast receiving and monitoring equipment used to build the national broadcast network for Channel Four . Subsequently, E&D's engineers proposed a system of analogue television encoding known as MAC (Multiplexed Analogue Component) to provide a standard for the forthcoming satellite television broadcasts that

1500-586: The European Broadcasting Union was passed to United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting (UKIB) . Such was the sense of purpose and camaraderie amongst former employees of the IBA that they still meet up near Winchester for an annual reunion in late January, typically boasting an attendance of over fifty. The engineering staff of the IBA contributed many papers to international standards groups and conferences over many years. The IBA also operated an Engineering Information service in support of

1575-435: The 11-point questions); accumulating three strikes resulted in an automatic loss. This rule change meant that games could end without a winner, as the rounds were played to completion. If one contestant had struck out on his or her turn and the second contestant had two strikes, the latter could also lose the game on an incorrect answer. However, a contestant did not know how an opponent had struck out unless explicitly told so by

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1650-525: The 24th volume published in November 1988. One reason for the termination of the publications was the abolition of the IBA in 1990 and the subsequent privatisation of the Engineering activities as National Transcommunications Limited [NTL]; the government white paper proposing this was published in the autumn of 1988. These reviews are valuable in recording the activities of the various departments of

1725-750: The IBA but some articles were written by others from the Independent Television companies and by external specialists. The first volume was published in September 1972 when the Engineering Division was located in Brompton Road, London prior to its move to Crawley Court near Winchester in 1973. Other members of the Division staffed the transmitting stations and maintenance bases spread across the UK. The series ended with

1800-475: The IBA's engineering function, except for a limited number of quality control engineers, was transferred to a newly set-up private company, National Transcommunications Limited (NTL), which continued to run the former IBA transmitter masts. These assets are now within the portfolio operated by Arqiva . In 2008 the IBA's extensive archive was lodged with the University of Bournemouth . The IBA's membership of

1875-555: The Mutual Spanish Network and the Mutual Southwest Network. Under Little's administration, Mutual became the first commercial broadcasting entity to use satellite technology for program delivery. During his tenure as head of Mutual, Little hired Larry King to host an all-night phone-in talk show Little had created. King was a one-time announcer for Little at WGMA. King, who had previously hosted

1950-539: The Sound Broadcasting Act 1972 gave the Independent Television Authority responsibility for organising the new Independent Local Radio (ILR) stations. The Independent Television Commission formally replaced the IBA on 1 January 1991 in regulatory terms; however, the authority itself was not officially dissolved until 2003. The IBA appointed and regulated a number of regional programme TV contractors and local radio contractors, and built and operated

2025-474: The UK's forthcoming direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television services (eventually provided by British Satellite Broadcasting ). The following year MAC was adopted by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) as the standard for all DBS. By 1986, despite there being two standards, D-MAC and D2-MAC, favoured by different countries in Europe, an EU Directive imposed MAC on the national DBS broadcasters, to provide

2100-417: The above" was an option. Questions worth 11 points had two correct answers out of five, and both were required. As with the original series, host Povich did not tell either contestant about the other's score or performance. Incorrect answers no longer deducted points from a contestant's score. Instead, contestants received a strike for each incorrect response (or for failing to provide both correct responses on

2175-435: The air conditioning to either booth in order to make the contestants sweat more, making them appear to be under great stress. College professor Charles Van Doren (1926–2019) was introduced as a contestant on Twenty-One on November 28, 1956, as a challenger to champion Herbert Stempel (1926–2020), a dominant contestant who had become somewhat unpopular with viewers and eventually the sponsor. Van Doren and Stempel played to

2250-456: The bonus round; an incorrect answer gave the opponent a chance to respond. If both contestants missed the question, a new one was asked, with play continuing until a winner was determined. Losing challengers received $ 1,000 as a consolation prize. Rather than receiving a dollar value multiplied by the point difference after winning each game, champions received progressively larger amounts for each opponent defeated. All amounts are cumulative; in

2325-438: The challenger answered correctly, the points were added to his or her score; a miss subtracted the points, but the score could never go below zero. The challenger's booth was then closed and the champion's opened so that the champion could take a turn. Barry would not tell either contestant about the other's score or performance. The goal was to earn a total of 21 points. If the challenger reached this score first, his or her booth

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2400-480: The champion could still strike out. In the event of a challenger's strikeout, the champion automatically won if he or she either had no strikes, or had one strike and had used the Second Chance. Games were still played to a maximum of five rounds, and beginning with the second episode, contestants had the option to stop the game after the second round if neither contestant had reached 21. If time ran out during

2475-571: The channels concern changed to DVB-S format. Independent Broadcasting Authority The Independent Broadcasting Authority ( IBA ) was the regulatory body in the United Kingdom for commercial television ( ITV and Channel 4 and limited satellite television regulation – cable television was the responsibility of the Cable Authority ) – and commercial and independent radio broadcasts. The IBA came into being when

2550-460: The contestant. The bonus-round prize was $ 2,000 and a trip. A board game based on the original 1956–1958 version was released by Lowell in 1957. A paperback quiz book featuring 1–11 point questions in each of the 45 categories was released by Pyramid in 1958. Twenty-One is one of only three Barry & Enright game shows known to have foreign adaptations, the others being Tic-Tac-Dough and Concentration . Thirty-two episodes are held by

2625-508: The course of each day – by 1971 it was limited to 8 hours per day, with exemptions for schools, adult educational, religious programming, state occasions and outdoor sporting coverage. For ITV this meant they could start a proper daytime television schedule, allowing the smaller ITV companies to produce and sell programming to the network. The IBA ensured that along with the new daytime schedules which launched on Monday 16 October 1972 that their public service remit programming would continue after

2700-585: The depiction of events in Quiz Show . Stempel was finally defeated in the next game. The surviving kinescope of the broadcast shows Stempel failing to come up with the title of William Allen White 's August 15, 1896 editorial in the Emporia Gazette titled "What's the Matter with Kansas?" After the missed question, Van Doren quit with 18 points, which was enough to win. Van Doren's victory began one of

2775-400: The division during a period of considerable change in broadcasting. IBA staff members were active not only in designing, building and operating transmitter networks they also made significant contributions to new digital broadcasting standards and their implementation. The laboratories of the IBA were in the forefront of the development of digital television technology, as can be seen in some of

2850-440: The end of the show were not guaranteed to return on the following show, although some did appear on the show multiple times before being selected to play. The champion was asked a maximum of six true/false questions in a single category, starting at one point and increasing by one per question, to a maximum value of six. After any correct answer, the champion could stop playing and receive $ 10,000 per point; an incorrect answer ended

2925-416: The first playout structure, winning four games would be worth $ 1,000,000. After winning a fourth game, the contestant started the chain again at $ 100,000 for defeating a fifth opponent, $ 200,000 for defeating a sixth, and so on. After a few early episodes, the number of matches required to win $ 1,000,000 increased; winning seven games would now be worth at least $ 2,675,000. As before, any contestant who defeated

3000-403: The game received $ 500 for each point of the margin of victory (e.g., a 21–15 win paid $ 3,000). Whenever a game ended in a tie, the stakes were raised by $ 500 per point and a new game was played. Champions could choose to leave the show with the winnings earned up to that point or to play again, basing the decision on a small amount of information about the next challenger. A champion could not leave

3075-475: The higher vote played against the champion; the other person would be one of the two potential challengers to be voted upon for the next game. In the first episode, there were three potential opponents to face the champion. After the sixth episode, the process was changed to a random selection. At the beginning of the show, six potential challengers would be introduced, and would be selected randomly from that group for each new game. People who had not been selected by

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3150-410: The host and Pharmaceuticals' Geritol as the sponsor. NBC revived the show in 2000 with talk show host Maury Povich as host, after ABC's Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , FOX's Greed , and CBS' Winning Lines proved that big-money game shows had once again become viable prime-time network fare. NBC aired first-run episodes through the end of May sweeps , after which the network declined to renew

3225-431: The host. Each contestant could call for a "Second Chance" once per game, allowing an opportunity to receive help from a friend or family member before answering. An incorrect response on a Second Chance penalized the contestant with two strikes instead of one. If the challenger struck out, and the champion had either one or two strikes and had not yet used his or her Second Chance, the round was played to completion because

3300-526: The late 1980s the IBA was appointed as regulator and transmitter operator for the first DBS ( direct broadcasting by satellite ) service for the UK and awarded the franchise to BSB ( British Satellite Broadcasting ). A year before the launch of BSB, the rival Sky Television was able to launch an analogue service, and intended to overshadow BSB by leasing transponders from Société Européenne des Satellites ' RCA Astro -built satellite, Astra 1A. Just over six months after BSB's launch, Sky merged with BSB. The IBA

3375-444: The longest and most storied runs of any champion in the history of television game shows. His popularity soared as a result of his success, earning him a place on the cover of Time magazine and even a regular feature spot on NBC's Today show; at one point, the program even surpassed CBS ' I Love Lucy in the ratings. He was finally unseated as champion by Vivienne Wax Nearing (1926–2007) on March 11, 1957, after having won

3450-474: The makers of Geritol . The series finished at #21 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1957–1958 season. In 1958, Elfrida von Nardroff won $ 220,500 on the game show Twenty-One , more money than any other contestant on the show. After starting the 1958–59 season with an 8:30 Thursday night time slot, Twenty-One ran on October 2 and on October 9 before being abruptly canceled. An announcement broadcast

3525-415: The network of transmitters distributing these programmes through its Engineering Division. It established and part-funded a National Broadcasting School to train on-air and engineering staff. The IBA's approach to regulation was more robust than that of its successors, and it assumed the ultimate role of the broadcaster (whereas today, TV licensees are termed "broadcasters in their own right"). The IBA took

3600-413: The occupant could hear the host in the headphones and could speak using the booth's microphone. The other booth would be "closed", with its microphone disabled and the headphones playing music to prevent the contestant from hearing the game. After each question, sounds of laughter and applause were played through the headphones of the contestant in the closed booth in order to prevent him or her from learning

3675-433: The outcome of the opponent's turn. The game was played in rounds, with Barry announcing the category for each round as it was dispensed from a machine on his podium; there were over 100 possible categories. The challenger played first in each round, with his or her booth open and the champion's closed, and selected a point value from 1 to 11. Higher-value questions were more difficult, and questions often had several parts. If

3750-501: The question with 1954 's Best Motion Picture winner, On the Waterfront . Stempel later recalled that there was a moment in the booth when his conscience and sense of fair play warred with his sense of obligation. He almost disrupted the scripted outcome by giving the correct answer. Stempel answered incorrectly as he was instructed, but redeemed himself by staying in the game and earning enough points to tie Van Doren's score, unlike

3825-472: The radio and television trade. These broadcasts were shown on ITV until May 1983 after which they were shown on Channel 4 and S4C, with the final broadcast taking place on 31 July 1990. Regional programming on ITV was a major concern for the IBA, particularly in the 1980 franchise round. The IBA was determined each franchise provided the best possible local service, so the South of England transmission region

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3900-413: The receiver industry and the general public offering information and advice about the transmitter networks and reception issues. Its lasting legacy is a set of IBA Technical Reviews published over a period of 16 years from 1972 to 1988. The complete set of these reviews, as well as some other documents and records, is available for free download. The reviews were primarily written by the technical staff of

3975-638: The remainder being the responsibility of the ASA ), quantity and timings, the IBA also operated monitoring systems for the quality of programme content and the technical quality of programme play-out. On 19 January 1972, the British government announced the lifting of all restrictions and limits on the number of broadcasting hours per day that both the BBC and ITV could air. Until 1972, both the BBC and ITV were limited to how many normal programming hours they could air during

4050-406: The restrictions were lifted. Schools programming were now placed in a new 2.5 hour slot each weekday from 9.30am along with the continued production of religious programming and adult education. There were also limits on the value of prizes that could be given away – this dated from the broadcast of the UK version of Twenty-One in 1958 in which a contestant won enough money to buy both a car and

4125-531: The reviews but, after the abolition of the IBA, NTL continued to contribute significantly to the development and implementation of the successor technology that underlies modern Freeview transmissions. Copyright in these documents originally vested in the IBA. On its abolition, its assets were distributed between the Independent Television Commission (ITC) and NTL, each of which has subsequently been absorbed by other bodies. The ITC

4200-425: The round and forfeited this money. Correctly answering all six questions won the top prize of $ 210,000. Under the first payoff structure, Rahim Oberholtzer was the biggest winner, collecting $ 1,120,000 (at the time, the all-time game show winnings record) over four victories, three of which were the result of his opponents having struck out. David Legler won $ 1,765,000 over six wins with the new payout structure, and

4275-400: The series. The initial broadcast of Twenty-One was played honestly, with no manipulation of the game by the producers. That broadcast was, in the words of Enright, "a dismal failure"; the first two contestants were not successful at answering questions. Show sponsor Geritol, upon seeing this opening-night performance, reportedly became furious with the results and demanded improvements. As

4350-400: The show aired on NBC in 2000 with Maury Povich as host. Two contestants, typically a returning champion and a challenger, entered separate isolation booths and donned pairs of headphones. The arrangement of the booths and the studio lighting prevented the contestants from seeing or hearing each other or the audience. At any given moment during the game, one booth would be "open", meaning that

4425-559: The show during a series of ties. However, if the challenger won the next game, winnings for that game were paid out of the defeated champion's total. Contestants stayed on the show until they either chose to leave or were defeated. Questions were still worth 1 to 11 points, but all main-game questions were multiple-choice, with no multiple-part questions. Questions worth six or fewer points had one correct answer out of three choices. Questions worth seven to ten points had one correct answer out of four choices; for ten-point questions, "all/none of

4500-434: The show featured two contestants playing against each other in separate isolation booths , answering general-knowledge questions to earn 21 total points. The program became notorious when it was found to be rigged as part of the 1950s quiz show scandals , which nearly caused the demise of the entire genre in the wake of United States Senate investigations. The 1994 film Quiz Show is based on these events. A new version of

4575-426: The show until being defeated, as in the original version. However, unlike the original show, new champions' winnings were not deducted from the totals of dethroned ones. During the first six episodes, the audience chose the winner's next opponent. The audience would be presented with two potential challengers to face the current champion, and the audience would vote for an opponent using keypads. The person who received

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4650-406: The show's final year on CBS, and the two revived their partnership full-time in 1976, reviving Tic-Tac-Dough , which ran until 1986. It was revived once more but was canceled after a few months. Enright died in 1992. An unsold pilot was made in 1982 with Jim Lange as host and Charlie O'Donnell announcing, but it was not picked up. In the pilot, a bonus round was introduced, which consisted of

4725-570: Was abruptly canceled after a contestant found a notebook containing the answers to every question that was to be asked to the show's current champion, future journalist Marie Winn . Stempel's allegations about Twenty-One began to gain credibility. A grand jury was convened in Autumn 1958 to investigate Dotto and other possible game-show fixing, investigated by Joseph Stone, the assistant district attorney of New York. Stone said in his book Prime Time and Misdemeanors that question writer Glorianne Rader

4800-566: Was absorbed by Ofcom and the original NTL has evolved into an independent company, Arqiva . The copyright is now vested in Ofcom. Notable IBA locations included: Notable ex-IBA employees include: John Whitney (Director General 1982–89), Gareth Mitchell , Julian Prictoe, Nic Robertson Twenty-One (game show) Twenty-One is an American game show originally hosted by Jack Barry that initially aired on NBC from 1956 to 1958. Produced by Jack Barry-Dan Enright Productions ,

4875-448: Was canceled after its broadcast of October 17, 1958, amid plummeting ratings. A nighttime version of Concentration took over its time slot the following week. Further eroding Barry and Enright's claims of honesty, another former contestant, James Snodgrass, came forward with corroborating proof that the show had been rigged: using a series of registered letters that he had mailed to himself, Snodgrass documented every answer for which he

4950-591: Was coached prior to airtime. He testified before Congress in 1959. The scandal forced producers Barry and Enright into virtual exile. Barry did not host another national TV show for more than a decade, and Enright moved to Canada to continue his production career. The scandal also caused the Federal Communications Commission to mandate the sale of Barry-Enright's radio station in Hollywood, Florida , WGMA (now WLQY). The station

5025-774: Was disbanded as part of the Broadcasting Act 1990 , being replaced on New Year's Day 1991 by the Independent Television Commission (ITC) (which also absorbed the Cable Authority), and the Radio Authority (RAu), which have since been merged with other regulators such as the Broadcasting Standards Commission (BSC) and Oftel (Office of Telecommunications) to form one regulator, Ofcom . All of

5100-546: Was instructed by Dan Enright and associate producer Albert Freedman , who had chosen the categories for the next broadcast earlier in the week, to place the questions in Barry's dispensing machine a few minutes before airtime; this was done to avoid any slip-ups in the planned outcome. Stone contacted former Twenty-One contestants, including Richard Jackman, who confessed to the fixing of the show. Three days after Jackman's confession, and without advance public warning, Twenty-One

5175-418: Was left open to hear the champion's turn, but the challenger would be cautioned not to speak or give away any information. Barry would not tell the champion that the challenger had already reached 21 unless the champion asked for a question that would tie the score if answered correctly. If the champion failed to match that score, the challenger won. The champion won by reaching 21 first on his or her own turn. If

5250-546: Was more robust than an extension of the existing PAL system used for terrestrial broadcasts. E&D's engineers also designed and built some of the first digital audio equipment for satellite broadcasting including systems using data packets. E&D's engineers made many important contributions to digital television data-rate reduction whereby the encoding of a standard analogue PAL colour signal requiring some 130 Megabits/second has been reduced to less than 4 Megabits/second as used on current digital television broadcasting . In

5325-435: Was only asked every other week, so as not to break the regulatory £6,000/week maximum. The Independent Television Commission abolished such limits in 1993. Throughout its history until just before its demise, the IBA put out a short weekly programme under the title Engineering Announcements , transmitted outside normal programme hours, and not otherwise advertised. These provided valuable technical information for members of

5400-561: Was purchased by its general manager, C. Edward Little, who promptly affiliated the station with the Mutual Broadcasting System . After serving for a time as the head of Mutual's affiliates association, Little became the president of Mutual from 1972 to 1979. During this time Little created the Mutual Black Network , the first U.S. broadcast network catering exclusively to African-Americans, in addition to

5475-419: Was responsible for much leading-edge research into broadcasting technology as well as being responsible for the design and manufacture of specialist equipment that could not be procured from commercial manufacturers. In particular, the IBA's E&D Department developed SABRE (Steerable Adaptable Broadcast Receiving Equipment) that enabled mainland broadcast television channels to be received for re-broadcasting in

5550-533: Was split in two, with the successful applicant required to provide separate news services for the South and South East, while in the Midlands ATV 's commitment to regional output in the Midlands had been a long-running issue for the IBA; in 1980, they were allowed to keep their franchise, but with several tough conditions. The Experimental and Development Department, as part of the IBA's Engineering Division,

5625-467: Was the top winner in American game show history until 2001; he is now the eighth-highest winner . Twenty-One was originally conceived by host Jack Barry and producing partner Dan Enright as a weekly half-hour program for CBS ' 1956–1957 schedule. The show was ultimately picked up by NBC and ran from September 12, 1956, to October 9, 1958, under the sponsorship of Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,

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