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29-581: About 1931 the glider manufacturer Alexander Schleicher went to Hans Jacobs , then at the RRG ( Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft ) on the Wasserkuppe , for a glider design that, like the RRG Fafnir designed by Alexander Lippisch , would be capable of making long cross country flights by travelling quickly between thermals but could be put into series production making it cheaper to build. Jacobs responded with

58-732: A marine joiner may work with materials other than wood such as linoleum, fibreglass, hardware, and gaskets. The terms joinery and joiner are in common use in Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand. The term is not in common use in America, although the main trade union for American carpenters is called the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America . In the UK, an apprentice of wood occupations could choose to study bench joinery or site carpentry and joinery. Bench joinery

87-412: A general respiration rate; a generally-assumed time length for acclimating a board to its locale is 1 year per inch of thickness. In preparing raw wood for eventual usage as furniture or structures, one must account for uneven respiration and changes in the wood's dimensions, as well as cracking or checking. Wood is stronger when stressed along the grain (longitudinally) than it is when stressed across

116-556: A rented workshop in Remmerz . Schleicher continued to design aircraft for the firm until the outbreak of World War II , and again when German civil aviation resumed in 1951. During the years of the Allied occupation, he returned to his roots and designed furniture for the company to manufacture. He personally managed the firm until his death in Fulda in 1968. Joiner Joinery

145-539: A sprung skid. At the 1932 Rhön the Rhönadler, flown by Peter Riedel , did not win but impressed enough to go into series production as the Rhönadler 32, with the prototype's wing span slightly shortened, its vertical tail leading edge smoothed by a shorter rudder balance and its tailplane raised. This sold well, though production numbers are uncertain. The 1935 version's alterations included a fully enclosed transparent canopy. Schleicher built sixty-five of them, making it

174-413: A torsion-resisting D-box formed by ply skin ahead of the single spar . Aft of the spar the wings were fabric covered. The Rhönadler wing root used a version of the thick Göttingen 652 section, modified by a reduction of its high camber ; further outboard this turned into the progressively lower camber Göttingen 535 and Clark Y airfoils. Dihedral was constant, to avoid the constructional complication of

203-434: Is a part of woodworking that involves joining pieces of wood , engineered lumber , or synthetic substitutes (such as laminate ), to produce more complex items. Some woodworking joints employ mechanical fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements (such as dowels or plain mortise and tenon fittings). The characteristics of wooden joints—strength, flexibility, toughness, appearance, etc.—derive from

232-459: Is considered a form of carpentry . Many traditional wood joinery techniques use the distinctive material properties of wood , often without resorting to mechanical fasteners or adhesives. While every culture of woodworking has a joinery tradition, wood joinery techniques have been especially well-documented, and are celebrated, in the Indian, Chinese , European, and Japanese traditions. Because of

261-564: Is only distantly related to the modern practice of woodworking joints , which are the work of carpenters. This new technique developed over several centuries and joiners started making more complex furniture and panelled rooms. Cabinetmaking became its own distinct furniture-making trade too, so joiners (under that name) became more associated with the room panelling trade. By the height of craft woodworking (late 18th century), carpenters, joiners, and cabinetmakers were all distinct and would serve different apprenticeships . In British English ,

290-480: Is the preparation, setting out, and manufacture of joinery components while site carpentry and joinery focus on the installation of the joinery components, and on the setting out and fabrication of timber elements used in construction . In Canada, joinery is considered a separate trade from carpentry. Both having their own apprenticeship path and red-seal certification. In the history of technology in Europe, joinery

319-721: The Weltensegler aircraft factory in Baden-Baden in 1923. Two years later, he arrived at the Wasserkuppe and worked in the workshop of the Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft building sailplanes. He also learned to fly, and in 1926 won a major prize in the annual gliding championships held on the Wasserkuppe. He used this money to found his own company, beginning in the Huhnrain dance hall, and later at

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348-433: The leading edge level with the top of the canopy. The high aspect ratio , all-moving horizontal tail was of similar construction to the wing, with most of the taper on the trailing edge where there was a deep cut-out at the root. The tailplane was low set on the prototype but raised just above the dorsal fuselage line on production aircraft. The broad chord, balanced rudder was also fabric covered. Landings were made on

377-572: The Eastern societies, though later, did not attempt to "hide" their joints. The Japanese and Chinese traditions in particular required the use of hundreds of types of joints. The reason was that nails and glues used did not stand up well to the vastly fluctuating temperatures and humid weather conditions in most of Central and South-East Asia. As well, the highly resinous woods used in traditional Chinese furniture do not glue well, even if they are cleaned with solvents and attached using modern glues. As

406-459: The Fafnir's gull wing . The ailerons were very long, occupying more than half the span. Though neither the prototype nor later production aircraft came with spoilers or airbrakes such devices, opening above the wing, were often retro-fitted. The Rhönadler's fuselage was quite slender and entirely ply covered, including the fin , the balancing part of the rudder and a small tail bumper. On

435-618: The Rhönadler (in English, Rhön eagle), ready for the 1932 Rhön competition. The following year both Jacobs and Lippisch had to transfer to the state owned DFS ( Deutsche Forschungsanstalt Für Segelflug ) at Darmstadt , where Jacobs continued to refine the Rhönbussard, hence the DFS Rhönadler name. The Rhönadler was a wood-framed aircraft with plywood and fabric covering. In plan its high wing wings were straight tapered with

464-561: The following names: A joiner is an artisan and tradesperson who builds things by joining pieces of wood , particularly lighter and more ornamental work than that done by a carpenter , including furniture and the "fittings" of a house, ship, etc. Joiners may work in a workshop, because the formation of various joints is made easier by the use of non-portable, powered machinery, or on job site. A joiner usually produces items such as interior and exterior doors, windows, stairs, tables, bookshelves, cabinets, furniture, etc. In shipbuilding

493-414: The grain (radially and tangentially). Wood is a natural composite material; parallel strands of cellulose fibers are held together by a lignin binder. These long chains of fibers make the wood exceptionally strong by resisting stress and spreading the load over the length of the board. Furthermore, cellulose is tougher than lignin, a fact demonstrated by the relative ease with which wood can be split along

522-524: The grain compared to across it. Different species of wood have different strength levels, and the exact strength may vary from sample to sample. Species also may differ on their length, density and parallelism of their cellulose strands. Timber expands and contracts in response to humidity , usually much less so longitudinally than in the radial and tangential directions. As tracheophytes , trees have lignified tissues which transport resources such as water, minerals and photosynthetic products up and down

551-401: The introduced spanning material make use of the item's cellulose fibers to resist breakage. Biscuits or dominos may provide only slight strength improvement while still forming a strong alignment guide for the joint's pieces. Most-commonly referenced joints carried forward from historical Western traditions. When material is removed to create a woodworking joint , the resulting surfaces have

580-526: The joint is destined to fail. Gluing boards with the grain running perpendicular to each other is often the reason for split boards, or broken joints. Some furniture from the 18th century, while made by master craftsmen, did not take this into account. The result is a masterful work that may suffer from broken bracket feet, which was often attached with a glued block, which ran perpendicular to the base pieces. The glue blocks were fastened with both glue and nails, resulting in unequal expansion and contraction between

609-430: The original version, even the cockpit canopy was a ply structure, with small, unglazed apertures for vision. This was progressively modified with increasing glazing into the 1935 variant's multi-framed conventional canopy. To avoid the wing root aerodynamic interference that the Fafnir's gull wing was intended to avoid, the Rhönadler's wing was mounted just above the fuselage on a low, narrow neck or pedestal which placed

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638-530: The physical existence of Indian and Egyptian examples, we know that furniture from the first several dynasties show the use of complex joints, like the Dovetail, over 5,000 years ago. This tradition continued to other later Western styles. The 18th-century writer Diderot included over 90 detailed illustrations of wood joints for building structures alone, in his comprehensive encyclopedia published in 1765. While Western techniques focused on concealment of joinery,

667-422: The pieces. This was also the cause of splitting of wide boards, which were commonly available and used during that period. In modern woodworking it is even more critical, as heating and air conditioning causes more severe respiration demands between the environment and the wood's interior fibers. All woodworking joints must take these changes into account, and allow for the resulting movement. Each wood species has

696-401: The plant. While lumber from a harvested tree is no longer alive, these tissues still absorb and expel water causing swelling and shrinkage of the wood in kind with change in humidity. When the dimensional stability of the wood is paramount, quarter-sawn or rift-sawn lumber is preferred because its grain pattern is consistent and thus reacts less to humidity. All reinforcements using wood as

725-452: The properties of the materials involved and the purpose of the joint. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to construct a house can be different from that used to make cabinetry or furniture , although some concepts overlap. In British English joinery is distinguished from carpentry, which is considered to be a form of structural timber work; in other locales joinery

754-499: The top selling German high performance glider; several were exported. A measure of the popularity of the Rhönadler is the number at the 1935 Rhön competition, twenty-three out of sixty contestants. In the 1980s a new Rhönadler was built from original plans and flown. It is now in the Wasserkuppe museum. Data from Die berümtesten Segelflugzeuge General characteristics Performance Alexander Schleicher Alexander Schleicher (May 22, 1901 – April 26, 1968)

783-510: The trade modernized new developments have evolved to help speed, simplify, or improve joinery. Alongside the integration of different glue formulations, newer mechanical joinery techniques include "biscuit" and "domino" joints, and pocket screw joinery. Many wood joinery techniques either depend upon or compensate for the fact that wood is anisotropic : its material properties are different along different dimensions. This must be taken into account when joining wood parts together, otherwise

812-427: Was a German pioneer of sailplane design. The company that he founded and which bears his name - Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co - is today one of the world's leading sailplane manufacturers. Schleicher was born in Huhnrain, the son of a joiner . From the time he was fourteen years old, he worked with his father and learned his trade. As an apprentice, he worked at a furniture factory before commencing work at

841-444: Was the medieval development of frame and panel construction, as a means of coping with timber 's movement owing to moisture changes. Framed panel construction was utilised in furniture making. The development of joinery gave rise to "joyners", a group of woodworkers distinct from the carpenters and arkwrights (arks were an intermediate stage between a carpenter's boarded chest and a framed chest). The original sense of joinery

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