50-420: DG2 can refer to Discrete Graphics 2, a graphics card made by Intel, later renamed to Intel Arc Alchemist The 2014 video game Defense Grid 2 . Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title DG2 . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
100-684: A Linux platform, the Nvidia ICD would need to be installed such that the OpenCL runtime (the ICD loader) would be able to locate the ICD for the vendor and redirect the calls appropriately. The standard OpenCL header is used by the consumer application; calls to each function are then proxied by the OpenCL runtime to the appropriate driver using the ICD. Each vendor must implement each OpenCL call in their driver. The Apple, Nvidia, ROCm , RapidMind and Gallium3D implementations of OpenCL are all based on
150-519: A computing system as consisting of a number of compute devices , which might be central processing units (CPUs) or "accelerators" such as graphics processing units (GPUs), attached to a host processor (a CPU). It defines a C-like language for writing programs. Functions executed on an OpenCL device are called " kernels ". A single compute device typically consists of several compute units , which in turn comprise multiple processing elements (PEs). A single kernel execution can run on all or many of
200-405: A device program having a main function, OpenCL C functions are marked __kernel to signal that they are entry points into the program to be called from the host program. Function pointers , bit fields and variable-length arrays are omitted, and recursion is forbidden. The C standard library is replaced by a custom set of standard functions, geared toward math programming. OpenCL C
250-422: A full matrix–vector multiplication, the OpenCL runtime maps the kernel over the rows of the matrix. On the host side, the clEnqueueNDRangeKernel function does this; it takes as arguments the kernel to execute, its arguments, and a number of work-items, corresponding to the number of rows in the matrix A . This example will load a fast Fourier transform (FFT) implementation and execute it. The implementation
300-618: A reason for Arc's delayed launch. A beta driver from October 2022 accidentally reduced the memory clock by 9% on the Arc A770 from 2187 MHz to 2000 MHz, resulting in a 17% reduction in memory bandwidth. This particular issue was later fixed. Intel provides an open source driver for Linux. As of the Alchemist generation, Arc only includes direct hardware support for the DirectX 11 & 12 and Vulkan graphics APIs, with
350-484: A smooth transition path to C++ functionality for the OpenCL kernel code developers as they can continue using familiar programming flow and even tools as well as leverage existing extensions and libraries available for OpenCL C. The language semantics is described in the documentation published in the releases of OpenCL-Docs repository hosted by the Khronos Group ;but it is currently not ratified by
400-530: A subset of C++14 , while maintaining support for the preexisting OpenCL C kernel language. Vulkan and OpenCL 2.1 share SPIR-V as an intermediate representation allowing high-level language front-ends to share a common compilation target. Updates to the OpenCL API include: AMD, ARM , Intel, HPC, and YetiWare have declared support for OpenCL 2.1. OpenCL 2.2 brings the OpenCL C++ kernel language into
450-442: Is a framework for writing programs that execute across heterogeneous platforms consisting of central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and other processors or hardware accelerators . OpenCL specifies a programming language (based on C99 ) for programming these devices and application programming interfaces (APIs) to control
500-447: Is a matrix–vector multiplication algorithm in OpenCL C. The kernel function matvec computes, in each invocation, the dot product of a single row of a matrix A and a vector x : y i = a i , : ⋅ x = ∑ j a i , j x j . {\displaystyle y_{i}=a_{i,:}\cdot x=\sum _{j}a_{i,j}x_{j}.} To extend this into
550-410: Is a real-time deep learning image upsampling technology developed primarily for use in video games as a competitor to Nvidia's DLSS and AMD's FSR technologies. Additionally, XeSS is not restricted to Arc graphics cards. It does utilize XMX instructions exclusive to Arc graphics cards, but will fall back to utilizing DP4a instructions on competing GPUs that have support for DP4a instructions. XeSS
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#1732797443340600-632: Is also a performance gap between DirectX 11 and DirectX 12. A December 2022 driver update improved Arc compatibility and performance with DirectX 9-based games. According to Intel, the driver update made Arc GPUs up to 1.8x faster in DirectX 9 games. A February 2023 driver update further improved Arc's performance on DirectX 9-based games. Intel Arc requires the a UEFI BIOS with resizable BAR support for optimal performance. OpenCL#OpenCL 3.0 support OpenCL C 3.0 revision V3.0.11 C++ for OpenCL 1.0 and 2021 OpenCL ( Open Computing Language )
650-420: Is also considering Vulkan-like loader and layers and a "flexible profile" for deployment flexibility on multiple accelerator types. OpenCL consists of a set of headers and a shared object that is loaded at runtime. An installable client driver (ICD) must be installed on the platform for every class of vendor for which the runtime would need to support. That is, for example, in order to support Nvidia devices on
700-710: Is extended to facilitate use of parallelism with vector types and operations, synchronization, and functions to work with work-items and work-groups. In particular, besides scalar types such as float and double , which behave similarly to the corresponding types in C, OpenCL provides fixed-length vector types such as float4 (4-vector of single-precision floats); such vector types are available in lengths two, three, four, eight and sixteen for various base types. Vectorized operations on these types are intended to map onto SIMD instructions sets, e.g., SSE or VMX , when running OpenCL programs on CPUs. Other specialized types include 2-d and 3-d image types. The following
750-491: Is fully compatible with the OpenCL 3.0 standard. A work in progress draft of the latest C++ for OpenCL documentation can be found on the Khronos website. C++ for OpenCL supports most of the features (syntactically and semantically) from OpenCL C except for nested parallelism and blocks. However, there are minor differences in some supported features mainly related to differences in semantics between C++ and C. For example, C++
800-597: Is more strict with the implicit type conversions and it does not support the restrict type qualifier. The following C++ features are not supported by C++ for OpenCL: virtual functions, dynamic_cast operator, non-placement new / delete operators, exceptions, pointer to member functions, references to functions, C++ standard libraries. C++ for OpenCL extends the concept of separate memory regions ( address spaces ) from OpenCL C to C++ features – functional casts, templates, class members, references, lambda functions, and operators. Most of C++ features are not available for
850-469: Is shown below. The code asks the OpenCL library for the first available graphics card, creates memory buffers for reading and writing (from the perspective of the graphics card), JIT-compiles the FFT-kernel and then finally asynchronously runs the kernel. The result from the transform is not read in this example. The actual calculation inside file "fft1D_1024_kernel_src.cl" (based on "Fitting FFT onto
900-417: Is trained with 64 samples per pixel as opposed to Nvidia DLSS's 16 samples per pixel ( 16K reference images). Performance on Intel Arc GPUs has suffered from poor driver support, particularly at launch. An investigation by Gamers Nexus discovered 43 known driver issues with Arc GPUs, prompting a response and acknowledgement of the issues from Intel. Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger also blamed driver problems as
950-403: Is used to write compute kernels is called kernel language. OpenCL adopts C / C++ -based languages to specify the kernel computations performed on the device with some restrictions and additions to facilitate efficient mapping to the heterogeneous hardware resources of accelerators. Traditionally OpenCL C was used to program the accelerators in OpenCL standard, later C++ for OpenCL kernel language
1000-597: Is very attractive to the library developers. C++ for OpenCL sources can be compiled by OpenCL drivers that support cl_ext_cxx_for_opencl extension. Arm has announced support for this extension in December 2020. However, due to increasing complexity of the algorithms accelerated on OpenCL devices, it is expected that more applications will compile C++ for OpenCL kernels offline using stand alone compilers such as Clang into executable binary format or portable binary format e.g. SPIR-V. Such an executable can be loaded during
1050-802: The Xe-HPG variant . Alchemist supports hardware-based ray tracing , XeSS or supersampling based on neural networks (similar to Nvidia's DLSS and AMD's FSR ), and DirectX 12 Ultimate . Also supported are DisplayPort 2.0 and overclocking . AV1 fixed-function hardware encoder is included in Alchemist GPUs as part of the Intel Quick Sync Video core. Intel confirmed ASTC support has been removed from hardware starting with Alchemist and future Arc GPU microarchitectures will also not support it. Arc Alchemist does not support SR-IOV or Direct3D 9 natively, instead falling back on
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#17327974433401100-506: The Arc Pro workstation GPUs on August 8, 2022. According to Intel, the brand is named after the concept of story arcs found in video games. Each generation of Arc is named after character classes sorted by each letter of the Latin alphabet in ascending order. They begin with A, then B, then C, and so on. The first generation is named Alchemist, while Battlemage, Celestial and Druid are
1150-614: The D3D9On12 wrapper which translates Direct3D 9 calls to their Direct3D 12 equivalents. Arc support OpenCL 3.0 for example, this GPU can work in the grid World Community Grid . Display connections: DisplayPort 2.0 (40 Gbit/s bandwidth) and HDMI 2.1 Intel also revealed future generations of Intel Arc GPUs under development: Battlemage (based on Xe ), Celestial (based on Xe ), and Druid. Battlemage will succeed Alchemist. Intel revealed that Meteor Lake and later generations of CPU SoCs uses an Intel Arc Tile GPU. Intel XeSS
1200-530: The G80 Architecture"): A full, open source implementation of an OpenCL FFT can be found on Apple's website. In 2020, Khronos announced the transition to the community driven C++ for OpenCL programming language that provides features from C++17 in combination with the traditional OpenCL C features. This language allows to leverage a rich variety of language features from standard C++ while preserving backward compatibility to OpenCL C. This opens up
1250-609: The Khronos Group announced the ratification and public release of the finalized OpenCL 2.0 specification. Updates and additions to OpenCL 2.0 include: The ratification and release of the OpenCL 2.1 provisional specification was announced on March 3, 2015, at the Game Developer Conference in San Francisco. It was released on November 16, 2015. It introduced the OpenCL C++ kernel language, based on
1300-470: The Khronos Group. The C++ for OpenCL language is not documented in a stand-alone document and it is based on the specification of C++ and OpenCL C. The open source Clang compiler has supported C++ for OpenCL since release 9. C++ for OpenCL has been originally developed as a Clang compiler extension and appeared in the release 9. As it was tightly coupled with OpenCL C and did not contain any Clang specific functionality its documentation has been re-hosted to
1350-503: The Khronos OpenCL Working Group, improved Vulkan Interop with semaphores and memory sharing. Last minor update was 3.0.14 with bugfix and a new extension for multiple devices. When releasing OpenCL 2.2, the Khronos Group announced that OpenCL would converge where possible with Vulkan to enable OpenCL software deployment flexibility over both APIs. This has been now demonstrated by Adobe's Premiere Rush using
1400-447: The OpenCL 1.0 specification to its GPU Computing Toolkit. On October 30, 2009, IBM released its first OpenCL implementation as a part of the XL compilers . Acceleration of calculations with factor to 1000 are possible with OpenCL in graphic cards against normal CPU. Some important features of next Version of OpenCL are optional in 1.0 like double- or half-precision operations. OpenCL 1.1
1450-534: The OpenCL C language and deprecates the OpenCL C++ Kernel Language, replacing it with the C++ for OpenCL language based on a Clang / LLVM compiler which implements a subset of C++17 and SPIR-V intermediate code. Version 3.0.7 of C++ for OpenCL with some Khronos openCL extensions were presented at IWOCL 21. Actual is 3.0.11 with some new extensions and corrections. NVIDIA, working closely with
1500-478: The OpenCL applications execution using a dedicated OpenCL API. Binaries compiled from sources in C++ for OpenCL 1.0 can be executed on OpenCL 2.0 conformant devices. Depending on the language features used in such kernel sources it can also be executed on devices supporting earlier OpenCL versions or OpenCL 3.0. Aside from OpenCL drivers kernels written in C++ for OpenCL can be compiled for execution on Vulkan devices using clspv compiler and clvk runtime layer just
1550-427: The OpenCL back-end. More recently Khronos Group has ratified SYCL , a higher-level programming model for OpenCL as a single-source eDSL based on pure C++17 to improve programming productivity . People interested by C++ kernels but not by SYCL single-source programming style can use C++ features with compute kernel sources written in "C++ for OpenCL" language. OpenCL defines a four-level memory hierarchy for
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1600-561: The OpenCL standard consists of a library that implements the API for C and C++, and an OpenCL C compiler for the compute devices targeted. In order to open the OpenCL programming model to other languages or to protect the kernel source from inspection, the Standard Portable Intermediate Representation (SPIR) can be used as a target-independent way to ship kernels between a front-end compiler and
1650-483: The OpenCL-Docs repository from the Khronos Group along with the sources of other specifications and reference cards. The first official release of this document describing C++ for OpenCL version 1.0 has been published in December 2020. C++ for OpenCL 1.0 contains features from C++17 and it is backward compatible with OpenCL C 2.0. In December 2021, a new provisional C++ for OpenCL version 2021 has been released which
1700-641: The PEs in parallel. How a compute device is subdivided into compute units and PEs is up to the vendor; a compute unit can be thought of as a " core ", but the notion of core is hard to define across all the types of devices supported by OpenCL (or even within the category of "CPUs"), and the number of compute units may not correspond to the number of cores claimed in vendors' marketing literature (which may actually be counting SIMD lanes ). In addition to its C-like programming language, OpenCL defines an application programming interface (API) that allows programs running on
1750-450: The clspv open source compiler to compile significant amounts of OpenCL C kernel code to run on a Vulkan runtime for deployment on Android. OpenCL has a forward looking roadmap independent of Vulkan, with 'OpenCL Next' under development and targeting release in 2020. OpenCL Next may integrate extensions such as Vulkan / OpenCL Interop, Scratch-Pad Memory Management, Extended Subgroups, SPIR-V 1.4 ingestion and SPIR-V Extended debug info. OpenCL
1800-469: The compute device: Not every device needs to implement each level of this hierarchy in hardware. Consistency between the various levels in the hierarchy is relaxed, and only enforced by explicit synchronization constructs, notably barriers . Devices may or may not share memory with the host CPU. The host API provides handles on device memory buffers and functions to transfer data back and forth between host and devices. The programming language that
1850-483: The core specification for significantly enhanced parallel programming productivity. It was released on May 16, 2017. Maintenance Update released in May 2018 with bugfixes. The OpenCL 3.0 specification was released on September 30, 2020, after being in preview since April 2020. OpenCL 1.2 functionality has become a mandatory baseline, while all OpenCL 2.x and OpenCL 3.0 features were made optional. The specification retains
1900-530: The high-margin gaming PC market. The brand also covers Intel's consumer graphics software and services. Arc competes with Nvidia 's GeForce and AMD 's Radeon lines. The Arc-A series for laptops was launched on March 30, 2022, with the A750 and A770 both released in Q3 2022. Intel missed their initial Q2 2022 release target, with most discrete Arc GPUs not launching until October 2022. Intel officially launched
1950-512: The host to launch kernels on the compute devices and manage device memory, which is (at least conceptually) separate from host memory. Programs in the OpenCL language are intended to be compiled at run-time , so that OpenCL-using applications are portable between implementations for various host devices. The OpenCL standard defines host APIs for C and C++ ; third-party APIs exist for other programming languages and platforms such as Python , Java , Perl , D and .NET . An implementation of
2000-454: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DG2&oldid=1076032434 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Arc Alchemist series Intel Arc is a brand of graphics processing units designed by Intel . These are discrete GPUs mostly marketed for
2050-633: The kernel functions e.g. overloading or templating, arbitrary class layout in parameter type. The following code snippet illustrates how kernels with complex-number arithmetic can be implemented in C++ for OpenCL language with convenient use of C++ features. C++ for OpenCL language can be used for the same applications or libraries and in the same way as OpenCL C language is used. Due to the rich variety of C++ language features, applications written in C++ for OpenCL can express complex functionality more conveniently than applications written in OpenCL C and in particular generic programming paradigm from C++
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2100-445: The older DirectX 9 & 10 and OpenGL APIs being supported via a real-time compatibility layer built into Intel's graphics driver . As a result, Alchemist GPUs perform noticeably worse than competing Nvidia and AMD GPUs in software that can only use these older APIs, including multiple DirectX 9-based esports games such as Counter-Strike: Global Offensive , League of Legends and StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty . There
2150-658: The platform and execute programs on the compute devices . OpenCL provides a standard interface for parallel computing using task- and data-based parallelism . OpenCL is an open standard maintained by the Khronos Group , a non-profit , open standards organisation. Conformant implementations (passed the Conformance Test Suite) are available from a range of companies including AMD , ARM , Cadence , Google , Imagination , Intel , Nvidia , Qualcomm , Samsung , SPI and Verisilicon . OpenCL views
2200-461: The respective names for the second, third and fourth Arc generations. Developed under the previous codename "DG2", the first generation of Intel Arc GPUs (codenamed "Alchemist") released on March 30, 2022. It comes in both add-on desktop card and laptop form factors. TSMC manufactures the die, using their N6 process. Alchemist uses the Intel Xe GPU architecture, or more specifically,
2250-412: The same way as OpenCL C kernels. C++ for OpenCL is an open language developed by the community of contributors listed in its documentation. New contributions to the language semantic definition or open source tooling support are accepted from anyone interested as soon as they are aligned with the main design philosophy and they are reviewed and approved by the experienced contributors. OpenCL
2300-442: The technical details of the specification for OpenCL 1.0 by November 18, 2008. This technical specification was reviewed by the Khronos members and approved for public release on December 8, 2008. OpenCL 1.0 released with Mac OS X Snow Leopard on August 28, 2009. According to an Apple press release: Snow Leopard further extends support for modern hardware with Open Computing Language (OpenCL), which lets any application tap into
2350-510: The vast gigaflops of GPU computing power previously available only to graphics applications. OpenCL is based on the C programming language and has been proposed as an open standard. AMD decided to support OpenCL instead of the now deprecated Close to Metal in its Stream framework . RapidMind announced their adoption of OpenCL underneath their development platform to support GPUs from multiple vendors with one interface. On December 9, 2008, Nvidia announced its intention to add full support for
2400-418: Was developed that inherited all functionality from OpenCL C but allowed to use C++ features in the kernel sources. OpenCL C is a C99 -based language dialect adapted to fit the device model in OpenCL. Memory buffers reside in specific levels of the memory hierarchy , and pointers are annotated with the region qualifiers __global , __local , __constant , and __private , reflecting this. Instead of
2450-533: Was initially developed by Apple Inc. , which holds trademark rights, and refined into an initial proposal in collaboration with technical teams at AMD , IBM , Qualcomm , Intel , and Nvidia . Apple submitted this initial proposal to the Khronos Group . On June 16, 2008, the Khronos Compute Working Group was formed with representatives from CPU, GPU, embedded-processor, and software companies. This group worked for five months to finish
2500-442: Was ratified by the Khronos Group on June 14, 2010, and adds significant functionality for enhanced parallel programming flexibility, functionality, and performance including: On November 15, 2011, the Khronos Group announced the OpenCL 1.2 specification, which added significant functionality over the previous versions in terms of performance and features for parallel programming. Most notable features include: On November 18, 2013,
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