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73-612: Throughout history, the Douaihys endowed the community with research, faith, commerce and art. The Douaihys are also a religious family, among whom are recognized four Patriarchs, seventeen Bishops, hundreds of monks and nuns, dating from the 14th century to the present day. On January 26, 2006 the Congregation of Saints in the Vatican has proclaimed the beginning of the process for Patriarch Estephan El Douaihy ’s canonization. It

146-488: A layperson if that is impractical and the arrangements are supported by the conference of bishops and the Holy See, and in an emergency a couple can perform the ceremony themselves as long as there are two witnesses. Church doctrine says it is the couple actually conferring marriage upon each other, and the minister is merely assisting and witnessing that it has been done properly. The Catholic Church has different rules for

219-637: A local Christian, with a Greek son-in-law and an Armenian or Syriac daughter-in-law. To this day you can find many people of Crusader origin in Lebanon, the Holy Land , Jordan and Syria. The El Douaihy clan are descendants of the French who came from the northern French city of Douai , the capital of the ancient Frankish Duchy of Ostrevant (the arms of the Douai family are still used as a blason of Ostrevant). In

292-466: A person dies before the baptism ceremony is performed, the Catholic Church also recognizes baptism of desire , where a person desired to be baptized, and baptism of blood, when a person is martyred for their faith. According to canon law, a parish priest or bishop, or another priest or deacon delegated by them, ordinarily performs ("assists") Holy Matrimony , but the role can be delegated to

365-445: A strict sense—they take certain vows and are not free to marry once they have made solemn profession of vows. All female religious are non-ordained; they may be sisters living to some degree of activity in a communal state, or nuns living in cloister or some other type of isolation. The male members of religious orders, whether living in monastic communities or cloistered in isolation, and who are ordained priests or deacons constitute what

438-436: Is a pastor is responsible for the administration of a Catholic parish , typically with a single church building dedicated for worship (and usually a nearby residence), and for seeing to the spiritual needs of Catholics who belong to the parish. This involves performing ceremonies for the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church , and counseling people. He may be assisted by other diocesan priests and deacons, and serves under

511-582: Is a large and well-rooted family in the lands of Ehden, Kadisha and Khazahia, where its roots combine with the history of the Maronites for at least one thousand years. The clan had a substantial presence in the Galilee prior to 1948, but its numbers have dwindled in the Holy Land in general since then, with most Palestinian clan members moving to Europe and South America, as well as Lebanon. The Douaihy family lineage continues to contribute meaningfully on

584-518: Is called the religious or regular clergy , distinct from the diocesan or secular clergy . Those ordained priests or deacons who are not members of some sort of religious order ( secular priests ) most often serve as clergy to a specific church or in an office of a specific diocese or in Rome . Catholic priests are ordained by bishops through the sacrament of holy orders . Catholic bishops are ordained in an unbroken line of apostolic succession back to

657-488: Is concerned about the affairs of this world[.] I am saying this for your own good, not to restrict you, but that you may live in a right way in undivided devotion to the Lord. ...So then, he who marries the virgin does right, but he who does not marry her does better." From its beginnings, the idea of clerical celibacy has been contested in canon courts, in theology, and in religious practices. Celibacy for Roman Catholic priests

730-457: Is superior to the married state: "Now to the unmarried and the widows I say: It is good for them to stay unmarried, as I do... I would like you to be free from concern. An unmarried man is concerned about the Lord’s affairs—how he can please the Lord. But a married man is concerned about the affairs of this world... An unmarried woman or virgin is concerned about the Lord’s affairs; [b]ut a married woman

803-563: Is supernaturally changed by the Words of Consecration of the priest in the ritual of the Mass . At the same time, the accidents (that is, the outward appearances and attributes) remain that of bread and wine: i.e. under normal circumstances, scientific analysis of the Eucharistic elements would indicate the physical-material properties of wine and bread. Thus Catholic priests, in celebrating

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876-678: Is the Lamb provided by God himself as the sacrifice for the sins of the world. Before his death on the cross , Jesus celebrated the Passover with his disciples (the Last Supper ) and offered blessings over the bread and wine respectively, saying: " Take and eat. This is my body " and " Drink from this all of you, for this is my blood, the blood of the covenant, poured out for the forgiveness of sins ." (Matthew 26:26–28 Jerusalem Bible ). The next day Christ's body and blood were visibly sacrificed on

949-412: Is the true priest, the others being only his ministers." Thus, Catholic clergy share in the one, unique, Priesthood of Christ as his instruments. The canon law of the Catholic Church holds that the priesthood is a sacred and perpetual vocational state, not just a profession (which is a reason for, and symbolized by, the state of celibacy). There are programs of formation and studies which aim to enable

1022-765: The Eastern Catholic Churches it shares and defines the so-called First seven ecumenical councils . The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches are 23 Eastern Christian sui iuris (autonomous) particular churches of the Catholic Church, in full communion with the Bishop of Rome . Although they are distinct theologically, liturgically, and historically from

1095-658: The Eastern Orthodox Church which is now entirely separate). The issue of mandatory celibacy in the Latin Church continues to be debated. Bishops, priests, and deacons who want to become priests are also required to recite the principal and minor offices of the Liturgy of the Hours , or Divine Office , daily, a practice which is also followed by non-ordained people in some religious orders. A priest who

1168-474: The Eucharist in place of the bishop in the multiple communities in each region. The diaconate evolved as the liturgical assistants of the bishop and his delegate for the administration of church funds and programmes for the poor. Today, the rank of "presbyter" is typically what one thinks of as a priest, although church catechism considers both a bishop and a presbyter as "priests". The Pentarchic Church of

1241-467: The Eucharist , take confession , and perform Anointing of the Sick . Deacons may distribute Holy Communion after a priest or bishop has consecrated the bread and wine, and, in extraordinary circumstances, lay people, called "Extraordinary Ministers of Holy Communion", may do so as well. Priests and deacons ordinarily perform Baptism , but any Catholic can baptize in emergency circumstances. In cases where

1314-594: The Holy Land , is complicated and depends on oral traditions much more than written ones. In the Middle Ages when Tripoli was governed by the Crusaders , a mixed people lived in the area, a result of the intermarriages between the Christians from Europe and the local Christians (Maronites, Melkites, etc.). It was not unusual for a Tripolitan to be of French origin (but of local Christian culture), married to

1387-582: The Twelve Apostles depicted in the Catholic Bible . The ceremony of Eucharist , which can only be confected by priests, in particular derives from the story of the Last Supper , when Jesus Christ distributed bread and wine in the presence of the Twelve Apostles , in some versions of the Gospel of Luke commanding them to "do this in memory of me". (Some Protestant critics have challenged

1460-860: The Union of Utrecht after the Union of Utrecht began ordaining women and blessing same-sex unions. It is after this it has expanded to include the Nordic Catholic Church . The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Congregation of the East holds apostolic succession, but is not in communion with either the Oriental Orthodox Congregation in full communion with the Roman or the Eastern Orthodox Church. In contrast to

1533-524: The priesthood of all believers , the idea that all baptized Christians are equally part of the sacred priesthood and that ministerial priesthood has no real authority beyond that of the congregation. This was a complex and controversial matter, contributing to further schisms within the Reformation movement of the Church . The Lutheran-Evangelical Swedish Church maintains the sacrament of ordination and

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1606-528: The religious orders . A priest of the regular clergy is commonly addressed with the title "Father" (contracted to Fr, in the Catholic and some other Christian churches). Catholics living a consecrated life or monasticism include both the ordained and unordained. Institutes of consecrated life , or monks , can be deacons, priests, bishops, or non-ordained members of a religious order . The non-ordained in these orders are not to be considered laypersons in

1679-502: The "common priesthood", which can be confused with the ministerial priesthood of the consecrated clergy. The church has different rules for priests in the Latin Church –the largest Catholic particular church –and in the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches . Notably, priests in the Latin Church must take a vow of celibacy , whereas most Eastern Catholic Churches permit married men to be ordained. Deacons are male and usually belong to

1752-567: The 1990s and 2000s, the cases of sexual abuse by Catholic priests gained worldwide attention, with thousands of accused priests and tens of thousands of alleged victims. The church estimated that over the 50 years ending in 2009, between 1.5% and 5% of Catholic priests had a sexual encounter with a minor, and Thomas Plante estimated a figure of 4%. Public anger was fueled by the revelation that many accused priests were transferred to another parish rather than being removed from ministry or reported to police. The scandal caused some Catholics to leave

1825-609: The Americas and Australia, this tension led to bans on married Eastern Catholic priests, all of which were overturned by Pope Francis in 2014. Within the lands of the Eastern Christendom , priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a tightly-knit hereditary caste among some Eastern Christian communities. Worldwide, the number of priests has remained fairly steady since 1970, decreasing by about 5,000. This stagnation

1898-411: The Americas faster than the number of local Catholics is declining. This has resulted in some African and Asian priests being recruited to European and American churches, reversing the historical practice of Catholic missionaries being sent from Western countries to the rest of the world. Only men are allowed to receive holy orders, and the church does not allow any transgender people to do so. In

1971-662: The Catholic Church Norms at the same time recognizes as valid the Holy Service of denominations practicing the Symbolum Nicaenum , also known as the Nicene Creed, and deem illicit and therefore find the ordination of priests "objectively sacrilegious" in denominations separated from the one, holy, apostolic and catholic (i.e. universal) Church . holding an unbroken apostolic succession. With

2044-766: The Eucharist, join each offering of the Eucharistic elements in union with the sacrifice of Christ. Through their celebration of the Holy Eucharist, they make present the one eternal sacrifice of Christ on the cross. The Catholic Church teaches that the Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacrifice of Christ on the Cross are one and the same sacrifice (as decrees in the Council of Trent affirmed); " The sacrifice of Christ and

2117-535: The Eucharist. An unmarried person, once ordained, could not marry. Additionally, the Christian East required that, before becoming a bishop, a priest separate from his wife (she was permitted to object), with her typically becoming a nun. In the East, more normally, bishops are chosen from those priests who are monks and are thus unmarried. In the West, the law of celibacy became mandatory by Pope Gregory VII at

2190-619: The Evangelical-Lutheran religion of Denmark and Norway, the Church of Sweden practices Apostolic Succession, and holds Ordination as a sacrament. Recognition of the ordination of Anglican Church priests was denied in 1896 by Pope Leo XIII through the papal bull Apostolicae curae , over a dispute in the wording of the Anglican ceremony starting in the 1500s. In the time of National Socialism there were countless priests who offered resistance. In many cases they acted against

2263-624: The First Crusade, Count Anselme II De Ribemont d’Ostrevant was the “right hand” of Godfroi de Bouillon in the East, so one would assume that his progenitors were related to the De Ribemont d’Ostrevant family. If Jeremiah Al-Amshiti had been one of the Douai clan, as Patriarch Estephan El Douaihy claimed, the family progenitors would have been “easternized” just after the First Crusade 1096 -1099. The Douaihy clan spread across

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2336-787: The King of the , in opposition to similar practices and has developed a more Catholic theology. The Nordic Catholic Church includes the Christ-Catholic Church of German in Germany as a daughter-church, which traces its history through the Old Catholics of the Union of Utrecht and the Polish-Catholic Church of the Republic of Poland . In AD2008 the Old Catholics of the Union of Scranton broke away from

2409-554: The Latin Church, they are all in full communion with it and with each other. The Coptic Catholic Church among these 23 is not identical with the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria . The US-based expatriate Polish National Catholic Church is an Old Catholic Congregation not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church, or any other, except from their trace of Apostolic Succession with

2482-546: The Levant, including to Syria and Israel. Estephan El Douaihy Istifan al-Duwayhi or Estephan El Douaihy ( Arabic : اسطفانوس الثاني بطرس الدويهي / ALA-LC : Isṭifānūs al-thānī Buṭrus al-Duwayhī ; French : Étienne Douaihi ; Latin : Stephanus Dovaihi ; Italian : Stefano El Douaihy ; 2 August 1630 – 3 May 1704) was the 57th Patriarch of the Maronite Church , serving from 1670 until his death. He

2555-760: The Maronite peasantry lived, and raising the level of general education. Al-Duwayhi established a college in Aleppo, which became the base for the development of renewed monastic orders. As with his educational policy, his monastic renewal was a success, and still bears fruit today. Of the many works of Patriarch al-Duwayhi, the vast bulk are still available only in Arabic . A selection has been translated into French by Youakim Moubarac in Pentalogie antiochenne/domaine Maronite . That selection focusses upon his discussion of

2628-706: The Old Catholics of the Netherlands, yet part of is a communion of Old Catholic churches established in 2008 by the Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC) of the United States, after the Union of Utrecht began ordaining women and blessing same-sex unions. Since then, it has expanded to include the Nordic Catholic Church (NCC), begun by people who had separated from the Church of Norway, a Lutheran-Evangelical church under sovereignty of

2701-459: The Roman Synod of 1074. This law mandated that, in order to become a candidate for ordination, a man could not be married. The law remains in effect in the Latin Church, although not for those who are priests of the Eastern Catholic Churches , who remain under their own discipline. (These churches either remained in or returned to full communion with Rome after the schism, unlike for example

2774-566: The ancient Hebraic priesthood as well, since the Catholic priesthood is considered the fulfillment of the priesthood of the Old Covenant . A priest is one who presides over a sacrifice and offers that sacrifice and prayers to God on behalf of believers. Jewish priesthood which functioned at the temple in Jerusalem offered animal sacrifices at various times throughout the year for a variety of reasons. In Christian theology, Jesus

2847-660: The candidates lie prostrate before the altar, while the assembled faithful kneel and pray for the help of all the saints in the singing of the Litany of the Saints . The essential part of the rite is when the bishop silently lays his hands upon each candidate (followed by all priests present), before offering the consecratory prayer, addressed to God the Father , invoking the power of the Holy Spirit upon those being ordained. After

2920-514: The celibate state. However, some Christian traditions place a higher spiritual value on chastity. According to the Bible, the Apostle Peter had a spouse from Gospel stories of Peter's mother-in-law sick with fever (Matt 8:14, Mark 1:29, Luke 4:38) and from Paul's mention that Peter took along a believing wife in his ministry (1 Cor 9:5). In I Corinthians 7, Paul makes it clear that celibacy

2993-497: The church, made recruitment of new priests more difficult, and resulted in billions of dollars in lawsuit settlements and bankruptcies that increased financial pressure to close parishes with declining membership. In February 2019, clerical abuse of nuns , including sexual slavery , has been acknowledged by the Pope . The theology of the Catholic priesthood is rooted in the priesthood of Christ and to some degree shares elements of

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3066-482: The consecratory prayer, the newly ordained is vested with the stole and chasuble of those belonging to the Ministerial Priesthood and then the bishop anoints his hands with chrism before presenting him with the chalice and paten which he will use when presiding at the Eucharist. The earliest Christians were Jews and Jewish tradition has always deemed the married state as more spiritual than

3139-404: The cross. Catholics believe that it is this same body, sacrificed on the cross and risen on the third day and united with Christ's divinity, soul and blood which is made present in the offering of each Eucharistic sacrifice which is called the Eucharist . The Catholic Church teaches the doctrine of transubstantiation , which states that the substances, or underlying reality, of the bread and wine

3212-469: The diocesan clergy, but, unlike almost all Latin Church (Western Catholic) priests and all bishops from Eastern or Western Catholicism, they may marry as laymen before their ordination as clergy. Priesthood is open only to men; women are excluded. The Catholic Church teaches that when a man participates in priesthood after the Sacrament of Holy Orders , he acts in persona Christi Capitis , representing

3285-469: The doctrine of Apostolic Succession, as does the Anglican Church . The doctrine is interpreted in various ways by different Protestant denominations, with some dropping apostolic succession and holy orders as a sacrament, as per example the Church of Norway and Denmark who keep their respective Monarchs as Pontifexes , sovereign heads of the church-hierarchy. There are different requirements for

3358-547: The explicit approval of the bishop. The Rite of Ordination is what makes one a priest, having already been a deacon and with the minister of Holy Orders being a validly ordained bishop. The Rite of Ordination occurs within the context of Holy Mass. After being called forward and presented to the assembly, the candidates are interrogated. Each promises to diligently perform the duties of the Priesthood and to respect and obey his ordinary (bishop or religious superior). Then

3431-465: The future priest to effectively serve his ministry. These programs are demanded by canon law (in the Latin Church, canons 232–264) which also refers to the Bishops' Conferences for local more detailed regulation. As a general rule, education is extensive and lasts at least five or six years, depending on the national Programme of Priestly Formation. Regardless of where a person prepares for ordination,

3504-513: The historical accuracy of the claim of unbroken succession. ) Catholic tradition says the apostles in turn selected other men to succeed them as the bishops ( episkopoi , Greek for "overseers") of the Christian communities, with whom were associated presbyters ( presbyteroi , Greek for "elders") and deacons ( diakonoi , Greek for "servants"). As communities multiplied and grew in size, the bishops appointed more and more presbyters to preside at

3577-401: The instructions of their church superiors. Many were executed or sent to concentration camps. The Austrian priest Heinrich Maier , who saw himself as Miles Christi, headed a resistance group which, among other things, passed on plans and production sites for V-2 rockets , Tiger tanks , Messerschmitt Bf 109 , Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft to the Allies, which were crucial for

3650-408: The local diocesan bishop , who is in charge of the many parishes in the territory of the diocese or archdiocese. In some cases due to the shortage of priests and the expense of a full-time priest for depopulated parishes, a team of priests in solidum may share the management of several parishes. According to Catholic doctrine, a priest or bishop is necessary in order to perform the ceremony of

3723-423: The moment of publication of the decree. Some of the miracles attributed to him have been collected by M.S. El Douaihy. A miracle attributed to his intercession was investigated and was subject to a diocesan investigation; the miracle received formal ratification from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 30 January 2014. Pope Francis approved the miracle required for his beatification on 17 March 2024, and he

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3796-424: The national and international scene as professors, academics, artists, diplomats, police and army generals, healthcare representatives, parliament members and minister.The family slogan, known by many as "Ana la min?" (Who am I for?), is being upheld by the rightful heir of the family, Duks III, who carries the torch of this legacy. Genealogy in the Middle East, especially of Christian families in Syria , Lebanon and

3869-442: The parish of Ardeh . In 1662, he was again sent to Aleppo, where he remained until 21 May 1668. On his return, he went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land . On 8 July 1668 he was appointed and consecrated bishop of the Maronite Diocese of Cyprus by Patriarch George Beseb'ely . He travelled to Cyprus for a pastoral visit in 1669. As bishop, and later as Patriarch, he undertook reforms of the Maronite Church and its monks. El Douaihy

3942-410: The performance of the Eucharistic ceremony to be valid among different kinds of Christian denominations, in regard of who are to oversee the sanctity of the Eucharist and stand as guarantor that the Holy Service is properly performed. There are significant differences particularly regarding the strictness/liberality of whom are welcome to receive the sacraments. Through the principle of church economy ,

4015-481: The person of Christ. Unlike usage in English, "the Latin words sacerdos and sacerdotium are used to refer in general to the ministerial priesthood shared by bishops and presbyters. The words presbyter , presbyterium and presbyteratus refer to priests in the English use of the word or presbyters." According to the Annuario Pontificio 2016, as of December 31, 2014, there were 415,792 Catholic priests worldwide, including both diocesan priests and priests in

4088-435: The priesthood in the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches than those in the Latin Church. The chief difference is that most of the Eastern Catholic Churches ordain married men , whereas the Latin Church, with very few exceptions, enforces mandatory clerical celibacy . This issue has caused tension among Catholics in some situations where Eastern churches established parishes in countries with established Latin Catholic populations. In

4161-432: The proceedings with a decree dated 8 November 2002. The Positio for the beatification cause was published in 2005 and it received the approval of the Historical Commission of the Congregation of the Causes of Saints on 24 January 2006. On 3 July 2008 Pope Benedict XVI authorised the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to draw up a decree on the heroic virtues of Patriarch al-Duwayhi who will be referred to as Venerable from

4234-453: The process includes not only academic but also human, social, spiritual and pastoral formation. The purpose of seminary education is ultimately to prepare men to be pastors of souls. In the end, however, each individual Ordinary (such as a bishop or Superior General ) is responsible for the official call to priesthood, and only a bishop may ordain. Any ordinations done before the normally scheduled time (before study completion) must have

4307-573: The rites and ceremonies of the Maronite Church. However, his major work is a general history book, Tarikh Al Azminah , available in several versions. Priesthood (Catholic Church) The priesthood is the office of the ministers of religion, who have been commissioned (" ordained ") with the Holy orders of the Catholic Church . Technically, bishops are a priestly order as well; however, in layman's terms priest refers only to presbyters and pastors (parish priests). The church's doctrine also sometimes refers to all baptised ( lay ) members as

4380-419: The sacrifice of the Eucharist are one single sacrifice ," whereas the Jewish concept of memorial states ".. the memorial is not merely a recollection of past events....these events become in a certain way present and real " and thus "... the sacrifice Christ offered once and for all on the cross remains ever present ." Properly speaking, in Catholic theology, as expressed by Saint Thomas Aquinas , "Only Christ

4453-433: The three first Holy Synods share the tradition of the sacrament of ordination by which the grace of apostolic succession is secured; this includes the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (split from the Catholic Church in 424), the Oriental Orthodoxy (split in 451) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (split with the East–West Schism of 1054). During the Protestant Reformation , Martin Luther and William Tyndale advocated

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4526-455: The war. The Group informed very early about the mass murder of Jews. Like Maier, many priests were brutally tortured by the Gestapo and in the concentration camps. In 1965, the Second Vatican Council released Presbyterorum Ordinis on the ministry and life of priests, and Optatam Totius on the training of priests. Since 1970, the number of Catholic priests in the world has decreased by about 5,000, to 414,313 priests as of 2012. but

4599-423: The worldwide Catholic population has nearly doubled, growing from 653.6 million in 1970 to 1.229 billion in 2012. This has resulted in a worldwide shortage of Catholic priests . In 2014, 49,153 Catholic parishes had no resident priest pastor. The number of priests is increasing in Africa and Asia, but not keeping pace with growth in Catholic populations there. The number of priests is falling in Europe and

4672-421: Was beatified at a ceremony held in Bkerké, Lebanon. El Douaihy was born to a noble family ( El Douaihy ). At the age of sixteen, recognized as a brilliant young talent, he was sent to the Maronite College (Seminary) in Rome. He studied there for fourteen years, from 1641 to 1655, being cured of a serious condition that almost led to blindness. El Douaihy believed that the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary

4745-409: Was beatified on August 2, 2024 in Bkerke, Lebanon. Al-Duwayhi strongly believed in the social importance of education and science (being an amateur scientist himself). Given the importance of learning, and his experience in how far European education exceeded Oriental, he pursued a successful policy of sending as many Maronites to Rome as possible, to become capable of returning to the villages in which

4818-485: Was born in Ehden , Lebanon . He is considered one of the major Lebanese historians of the 17th century and was known as “The Father of Maronite History”, “Pillar of the Maronite Church”, “The Second Chrysostom ”, “Splendor of the Maronite Nation”, and “The Glory of Lebanon and the Maronites”. After his death, he was declared a Servant of God by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints . On 3 July 2008 Pope Benedict XVI declared him Venerable . On August 2, 2024, he

4891-414: Was considered by many Maronites of Lebanon, but particularly in North Lebanon and in Zgharta , Ehden to have been a saint. The Congregation of the Causes of Saints issued the decree of nulla osta for his beatification cause on 5 December 1996. The Patriarchate of Antioch of the Maronites proceeded with the diocesan investigation and, at its culmination, submitted the results to congregation, which validated

4964-415: Was elected Patriarch on 20 May 1670, when he was only 40 years old, but was confirmed by Rome only on 8 August 1672. This is universally seen as an acknowledgment of his personal moral qualities, his extraordinary learning, and his keen appreciation of the issues the Maronites faced. He paid particular attention to the traditions of the Maronite Church, and favoured a de-Latinisation of rites and ceremonies. He

5037-420: Was hounded by Ottoman authorities, who resented his principled appeals for justice for the Maronites. In particular, they were frustrated by his resistance to their oppressive taxation policies: policies which saw the abandonment of many villages by peasants unable to pay their taxes. It was also a period when Maronites and, in particular, their clergy, were liable to sudden arrest, assault and murder. The Patriarch

5110-499: Was not exempt, being assaulted himself. He was accordingly obliged to move from place to place, however he maintained his writing. El Douaihy traveled throughout the Maronite world, including Cyprus and Aleppo. This is partly because Aleppo was at that time a focus for the international overland trade, the only trade where the Ottoman Empire had any opening, given the European domination of the sea routes. Almost immediately after his death, on 3 May 1704 in Qannubine, Kadisha Valley , he

5183-468: Was not mandated under canon law for the universal church until the Second Lateran Council in 1139. The Council of Elvira in Spain ( c.  305–306 ) was the first council to call for clerical celibacy. In February 385, Pope Siricius wrote the Directa decretal , which was a long letter to Spanish bishop Himerius of Tarragona , replying to the bishop's requests on various subjects, which had been sent several months earlier to Pope Damasus I . It

5256-534: Was responsible for his cure. While in Italy, he traveled as widely as possible seeking manuscripts dealing with Maronite history and liturgy. When he returned to Lebanon at the age of 25, he continued his research. On 25 March 1656 he was ordained priest by Patriarch Safrawy . In 1658, he was sent to serve the Maronite parish in Aleppo . He was appointed apostolic visitor in countryside Lebanon, and later he served in

5329-597: Was the first of a series of documents published by the church's magisterium that claimed apostolic origin for clerical celibacy . Within a century of the Great Schism of 1054, the Churches of the East and West arrived at different disciplines as to abstaining from sexual contact during marriage. In the East, candidates for the priesthood could be married with permission to have regular sexual relations with their wives, but were required to abstain before celebrating

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