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63-490: See list Cuscuta ( / k ʌ s ˈ k juː t ə / ), commonly known as dodder or amarbel , is a genus of over 201 species of yellow, orange, or red (rarely green) parasitic plants . Formerly treated as the only genus in the family Cuscutaceae, it now is accepted as belonging in the morning glory family, Convolvulaceae , on the basis of the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group . The genus

126-403: A choice between volatiles released by the preferred host tomato and the non-host wheat, the parasite grew toward the former. Further experiments demonstrated attraction to a number of individual compounds released by host plants and repellence by one compound released by wheat. These results do not rule out the possibility that other cues, such as light, may also play a role in host location. Less

189-422: A higher VOC exposure than the two previous groups, that is, they are particularly linked to exposure to acetone, chloroform, α-pinene, 2-propanol or d-limonene. Other healthcare environments such as nursing and age care homes have been rarely a subject of study, even though the elderly and vulnerable populations may spend considerable time in these indoor settings where they might be exposed to VOCs, derived from

252-408: A host, it has to reach a green plant quickly and is adapted to grow towards the nearby plants by following chemosensory clues. If a plant is not reached within 5 to 10 days of germination, the dodder seedling will die. Before a host plant is reached, the dodder, as other plants, relies on food reserves in the embryo; the cotyledons , though present, are vestigial . After a dodder attaches itself to

315-410: A movement among higher-end hotels to be more environmentally friendly, there has been a shift to using less harsh cleaning agents. Another similar environment that exposes workers to VOCs are retail spaces. Studies have shown that retail spaces have the highest VOC concentrations compared to all other indoor spaces such as residences, offices, and vehicles. The concentration of VOCs present as well as

378-411: A non-infested crop. When dealing with an infested area, swift action is necessary. Recommendations include planting a non-host crop for several years after the infestation, pulling up host crops immediately, particularly before the dodder produces seed, and use of preemergent herbicides such as Dacthal in the spring. Examples of non-host crops include grasses and many other monocotyledons . If dodder

441-468: A number of VOCs gaseous reference standards are available from specialty gas suppliers or national metrology institutes , either in the form of cylinders or dynamic generation methods. However, for many VOCs, such as oxygenated VOCs, monoterpenes , or formaldehyde , no standards are available at the appropriate amount of fraction due to the chemical reactivity or adsorption of these molecules. Currently, several national metrology institutes are working on

504-433: A plant, it wraps itself around it. If the host contains food beneficial to dodder, the dodder produces haustoria that insert themselves into the vascular system of the host. The vestigial root of the dodder in the soil then dies. The dodder can grow and attach itself to multiple plants. In tropical areas, it can grow more or less continuously and may reach high into the canopy of shrubs and trees; in cold temperate regions, it

567-615: A public hearing in September 1995, California's ARB uses the term "reactive organic gases" (ROG) to measure organic gases. The CARB revised the definition of "Volatile Organic Compounds" used in their consumer products regulations, based on the committee's findings. In addition to drinking water , VOCs are regulated in pollutant discharges to surface waters (both directly and via sewage treatment plants) as hazardous waste, but not in non-industrial indoor air. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates VOC exposure in

630-550: A study conducted in 4 hospitals in the United States established that sterilization and disinfection workers are linked to exposures to d-limonene and 2-propanol, while those responsible for cleaning with chlorine-containing products are more likely to have higher levels of exposure to α-pinene and chloroform . Those who perform floor and other surface cleaning tasks (e.g., floor waxing) and who use quaternary ammonium, alcohol, and chlorine-based products are associated with

693-454: A sustainable biosphere–atmosphere balance. Due to recent climate change developments, such as warming and greater UV radiation, BVOC emissions from plants are generally predicted to increase, thus upsetting the biosphere–atmosphere interaction and damaging major ecosystems. A major class of VOCs is the terpene class of compounds, such as myrcene . Providing a sense of scale, a forest 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi) in area,

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756-489: A time-constant of a few years. New buildings may require intensive ventilation for the first few months, or a bake-out treatment. Existing buildings may be replenished with new VOC sources, such as new furniture, consumer products, and redecoration of indoor surfaces, all of which lead to a continuous background emission of TVOCs, and requiring improved ventilation. There are strong seasonal variations in indoors VOC emissions, with emission rates increasing in summer. This

819-645: A vapour pressure of 0.01 kPa or more, or having a corresponding volatility under the particular conditions of use;". The VOC Solvents Emissions Directive was the main policy instrument for the reduction of industrial emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the European Union. It covers a wide range of solvent-using activities, e.g. printing, surface cleaning, vehicle coating, dry cleaning and manufacture of footwear and pharmaceutical products. The VOC Solvents Emissions Directive requires installations in which such activities are applied to comply either with

882-426: Is gas chromatography (GC). GC instruments allow the separation of gaseous components. When coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) GCs can detect hydrocarbons at the parts per trillion levels. Using electron capture detectors , GCs are also effective for organohalide such as chlorocarbons. The second major technique associated with VOC analysis is mass spectrometry , which is usually coupled with GC, giving

945-479: Is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine which is believed to strengthen the liver and kidneys. Cuscuta species are also used as medicine in Himalayan regional medical traditions. List of Cuscuta species This is a list of the 216 accepted species in the genus Cuscuta : Volatile organic compound Anthropogenic VOCs are regulated by law, especially indoors, where concentrations are

1008-407: Is an annual plant and is restricted to relatively low vegetation that can be reached by new seedlings each spring. Dodder is parasitic on a very wide variety of plants, including a number of agricultural and horticultural crop species, such as alfalfa , lespedeza , flax , clover , potatoes , chrysanthemum , dahlia , helenium , trumpet vine , ivy and petunias . It is an ectoparasite and

1071-577: Is attached to more than one plant. This is of economic concern in agricultural systems, where an annual drop of 10% yield can be devastating. There has been an emphasis on dodder vine control in order to manage plant diseases in the field. A report published in Science in 2006 demonstrated that dodder use airborne volatile organic compound cues to locate their host plants. Seedlings of C. pentagona exhibit positive growth responses to volatiles released by tomato and other species of host plants. When given

1134-446: Is between 7000 and 10,500 m/Δm, thus it is possible to separate most common isobaric VOCs and quantify them independently. The exhaled human breath contains a few thousand volatile organic compounds and is used in breath biopsy to serve as a VOC biomarker to test for diseases, such as lung cancer . One study has shown that "volatile organic compounds ... are mainly blood borne and therefore enable monitoring of different processes in

1197-516: Is by ensuring there is proper air ventilation. Employers can ensure proper ventilation by placing furniture in a way that enhances air circulation, as well as checking that the HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system is working properly to remove pollutants from the air. Workers can make sure that air vents are not blocked. Obtaining samples for analysis is challenging. VOCs, even when at dangerous levels, are dilute, so preconcentration

1260-445: Is categorized as holoparasitic plant, or a plant that is non-photosynthetic and is completely dependent on a host. Dodder ranges in severity based on its species and the species of the host, the time of attack, and whether any viruses are also present in the host plant. By debilitating the host plant, dodder decreases the ability of plants to resist viral diseases, and dodder can also spread plant diseases from one host to another if it

1323-505: Is found before it chokes a host plant, it may be simply removed from the soil. If choking has begun, the host plant must be pruned significantly below the dodder infestation, as dodder is versatile and able to grow back from its haustoria . C. chinensis seeds ( simplified Chinese : 菟丝子 ; traditional Chinese : 菟絲子 ; pinyin : túsīzǐ ) have long been used for osteoporosis in China and some other Asian countries. C. chinensis

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1386-573: Is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world, with the greatest species diversity in subtropical and tropical regions; the genus becomes rare in cool temperate climates , with only four species native to northern Europe . Folk names include strangle tare, strangleweed, scaldweed, beggarweed, lady's laces, fireweed, wizard's net, devil's guts, devil's hair, devil's ringlet, goldthread, hailweed, hairweed, hellbine, love vine, pull-down, angel hair, and witch's hair. Cuscuta can be identified by its thin stems appearing leafless, with

1449-638: Is heated and terpenes can be released when spices are prepared and/or cooked. Cleaning products contain a range of VOCs, including monoterpenes , sesquiterpenes , alcohols and esters . Once released into the air, VOCs can undergo reactions with ozone and hydroxyl radicals to produce other VOCs, such as formaldehyde. Some VOCs are emitted directly indoors, and some are formed through the subsequent chemical reactions. The total concentration of all VOCs (TVOC) indoors can be up to five times higher than that of outdoor levels. New buildings experience particularly high levels of VOC off-gassing indoors because of

1512-497: Is known about host defenses against dodder and other parasitic plants than is known about plant defenses against herbivores and pathogens. In one study, tomato plants were found to employ complex mechanisms to defend against dodder. Two pathways, using jasmonic acid and salicylic acid , were activated in response to attack by Cuscuta pentagona . Dodder attack was also found to induce production of volatiles, including 2- carene , α-pinene , limonene , and β-phellandrene . It

1575-1084: Is largely due to the rate of diffusion of VOC species through materials to the surface, increasing with temperature. This leads to generally higher concentrations of TVOCs indoors in summer. Measurement of VOCs from the indoor air is done with sorption tubes e. g. Tenax (for VOCs and SVOCs) or DNPH -cartridges (for carbonyl-compounds) or air detector. The VOCs adsorb on these materials and are afterwards desorbed either thermally (Tenax) or by elution (DNPH) and then analyzed by GC–MS / FID or HPLC . Reference gas mixtures are required for quality control of these VOC measurements. Furthermore, VOC emitting products used indoors, e.g. building products and furniture, are investigated in emission test chambers under controlled climatic conditions. For quality control of these measurements round robin tests are carried out, therefore reproducibly emitting reference materials are ideally required. Other methods have used proprietary Silcosteel-coated canisters with constant flow inlets to collect samples over several days. These methods are not limited by

1638-484: Is not known if or how these volatiles defend the host, but they could potentially interfere with the dodder's ability to locate and select hosts. Also, the presence of trichomes on the tomato stem effectively blocks the dodder from attaching to the stem. Many countries have laws prohibiting import of dodder seed, requiring crop seeds to be free of dodder seed contamination. Before planting, all clothes should be inspected for dodder seed when moving from an infested area to

1701-513: Is typically required. Many components of the atmosphere are mutually incompatible, e.g. ozone and organic compounds, peroxyacyl nitrates and many organic compounds. Furthermore, collection of VOCs by condensation in cold traps also accumulates a large amount of water, which generally must be removed selectively, depending on the analytical techniques to be employed. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques are used to collect VOCs at low concentrations for analysis. As applied to breath analysis,

1764-532: The EPA's National Primary Drinking Water Regulations and China's National Drinking Water Standards set by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment . The presence of VOCs in the air and in groundwater has prompted more studies. Several studies have been performed to measure the effects of dermal absorption of specific VOCs. Dermal exposure to VOCs like formaldehyde and toluene downregulate antimicrobial peptides on

1827-654: The United States , several standards exist; California Standard CDPH Section 01350 is the most common one. These regulations and standards changed the marketplace, leading to an increasing number of low-emitting products. Respiratory , allergic , or immune effects in infants or children are associated with man-made VOCs and other indoor or outdoor air pollutants. Some VOCs, such as styrene and limonene , can react with nitrogen oxides or with ozone to produce new oxidation products and secondary aerosols, which can cause sensory irritation symptoms. VOCs contribute to

1890-468: The leaves reduced to minute scales. In these respects it closely resembles the similarly parasitic, but unrelated genus, Cassytha . From mid-summer to early autumn, the vines can produce small fruit that take the same color as the vine, and are approximately the size of a common pea. It has very low levels of chlorophyll ; some species such as Cuscuta reflexa can photosynthesize slightly, while others such as C. europaea are entirely dependent on

1953-689: The Blue Sky Defence War released by the State Council in July 2018 creates an action plan to reduce 2015 VOC emissions 10% by 2020. The Central Pollution Control Board of India released the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act in 1981, amended in 1987, to address concerns about air pollution in India . While the document does not differentiate between VOCs and other air pollutants,

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2016-557: The CPCB monitors "oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), fine particulate matter (PM10) and suspended particulate matter (SPM)". The definitions of VOCs used for control of precursors of photochemical smog used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state agencies in the US with independent outdoor air pollution regulations include exemptions for VOCs that are determined to be non-reactive, or of low-reactivity in

2079-535: The VOCs emitted from the product, including some chemical compounds that may be relevant for indoor air quality. Each ounce of colorant added to tint paint may contain between 5 and 20 grams of VOCs. A dark color, however, could require 5–15 ounces of colorant, adding up to 300 or more grams of VOCs per gallon of paint. VOCs are also found in hospital and health care environments. In these settings, these chemicals are widely used for cleaning, disinfection, and hygiene of

2142-406: The abundant new materials (building materials, fittings, surface coverings and treatments such as glues, paints and sealants) exposed to the indoor air, emitting multiple VOC gases. This off-gassing has a multi-exponential decay trend that is discernible over at least two years, with the most volatile compounds decaying with a time-constant of a few days, and the least volatile compounds decaying with

2205-427: The adsorbing properties of materials like Tenax. In most countries, a separate definition of VOCs is used with regard to indoor air quality that comprises each organic chemical compound that can be measured as follows: adsorption from air on Tenax TA, thermal desorption, gas chromatographic separation over a 100% nonpolar column ( dimethylpolysiloxane ). VOC (volatile organic compounds) are all compounds that appear in

2268-552: The body." And it appears that VOC compounds in the body "may be either produced by metabolic processes or inhaled/absorbed from exogenous sources" such as environmental tobacco smoke . Chemical fingerprinting and breath analysis of volatile organic compounds has also been demonstrated with chemical sensor arrays , which utilize pattern recognition for detection of component volatile organics in complex mixtures such as breath gas. To achieve comparability of VOC measurements, reference standards traceable to SI units are required. For

2331-417: The common use of cleaning agents, sprays and fresheners. In one study, more than 200 chemicals were identified, of which 41 have adverse health effects, 37 of them being VOCs. The health effects include skin sensitization, reproductive and organ-specific toxicity, carcinogenicity , mutagenicity , and endocrine-disrupting properties. Furthermore, in another study carried out in the same European country, it

2394-493: The concentrations found in indoor air, benzene , toluene , and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) were found in samples of human milk and increase the concentrations of VOCs that we are exposed to throughout the day. A study notes the difference between VOCs in alveolar breath and inspired air suggesting that VOCs are ingested, metabolized, and excreted via the extra-pulmonary pathway. VOCs are also ingested by drinking water in varying concentrations. Some VOC concentrations were over

2457-417: The different areas. Thus, health professionals such as nurses, doctors, sanitation staff, etc., may present with adverse health effects such as asthma ; however, further evaluation is required to determine the exact levels and determinants that influence the exposure to these compounds. Concentration levels of individual VOCs such as halogenated and aromatic hydrocarbons vary substantially between areas of

2520-532: The emission limit values set out in the Directive or with the requirements of the so-called reduction scheme. Article 13 of The Paints Directive, approved in 2004, amended the original VOC Solvents Emissions Directive and limits the use of organic solvents in decorative paints and varnishes and in vehicle finishing products. The Paints Directive sets out maximum VOC content limit values for paints and varnishes in certain applications. The Solvents Emissions Directive

2583-476: The extent and nature of the health effect will depend on many factors including level of exposure and length of time exposed. Eye and respiratory tract irritation, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, and memory impairment are among the immediate symptoms that some people have experienced soon after exposure to some organics. At present, not much is known about what health effects occur from the levels of organics usually found in homes. While null in comparison to

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2646-627: The following modalities are employed for sampling: gas sampling bags, syringes, evacuated steel and glass containers. In the U.S., standard methods have been established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and another by U.S. OSHA. Each method uses a single component solvent; butanol and hexane cannot be sampled, however, on the same sample matrix using the NIOSH or OSHA method. VOCs are quantified and identified by two broad techniques. The major technique

2709-599: The form of VOCs. The majority of VOCs are produced by plants, the main compound being isoprene . Small amounts of VOCs are produced by animals and microbes. Many VOCs are considered secondary metabolites , which often help organisms in defense, such as plant defense against herbivory . The strong odor emitted by many plants consists of green leaf volatiles , a subset of VOCs. Although intended for nearby organisms to detect and respond to, these volatiles can be detected and communicated through wireless electronic transmission, by embedding nanosensors and infrared transmitters into

2772-734: The formation of tropospheric ozone and smog . Health effects include eye, nose, and throat irritation ; headaches , loss of coordination, nausea, hearing disorders and damage to the liver , kidney, and central nervous system . Some VOCs are suspected or known to cause cancer in humans. Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include conjunctival irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, dyspnea , declines in serum cholinesterase levels, nausea, vomiting, nose bleeding, fatigue, dizziness. The ability of organic chemicals to cause health effects varies greatly from those that are highly toxic to those with no known health effects. As with other pollutants,

2835-630: The gas chromatogram between and including n -hexane and n -hexadecane . Compounds appearing earlier are called VVOC (very volatile organic compounds); compounds appearing later are called SVOC (semi-volatile organic compounds). France , Germany (AgBB/DIBt), Belgium , Norway (TEK regulation) and Italy (CAM Edilizia) have enacted regulations to limit VOC emissions from commercial products. European industry has developed numerous voluntary ecolabels and rating systems, such as EMICODE , M1, Blue Angel , GuT (textile floor coverings), Nordic Swan Ecolabel, EU Ecolabel , and Indoor Air Comfort . In

2898-449: The highest. Most VOCs are not acutely toxic , but may have long-term chronic health effects. Some VOCs have been used in pharmaceutical settings , while others are the target of administrative controls because of their recreational use . The high vapor pressure of VOCs correlates with a low boiling point , which relates to the number of the sample's molecules in the surrounding air, a trait known as volatility . Diverse definitions of

2961-437: The host plants for nutrition. Dodder flowers range in color from white to pink to yellow to cream. Some flower in the early summer, others later, depending on the species. The seeds are minute and produced in large quantities. They have a hard coating, and typically can survive in the soil for 5–10 years, sometimes longer. Dodder seeds sprout at or near the surface of the soil. Although dodder germination can occur without

3024-538: The hyphenated technique of GC-MS. Direct injection mass spectrometry techniques are frequently utilized for the rapid detection and accurate quantification of VOCs. PTR-MS is among the methods that have been used most extensively for the on-line analysis of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs. PTR-MS instruments based on time-of-flight mass spectrometry have been reported to reach detection limits of 20 pptv after 100 ms and 750 ppqv after 1 min. measurement (signal integration) time. The mass resolution of these devices

3087-425: The main drivers of eye and upper respiratory tract irritation while cancer risks were driven by chloroform and formaldehyde. Some solvent-based products have also been shown to cause damage to the kidneys and reproductive organs. One study showed that the star rating of the hotel may influence VOC exposure, as hotels with lower star ratings tend to have lower quality materials for the furnishings. Additionally, due to

3150-565: The many sources. VOCs are emitted by thousands of indoor products. Examples include: paints, varnishes, waxes and lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning and personal care products, pesticides, building materials and furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper , graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers, and photographic solutions. Human activities such as cooking and cleaning can also emit VOCs. Cooking can release long-chain aldehydes and alkanes when oil

3213-961: The most common VOC found in hospitality settings are alkanes, which are a major ingredient in cleaning products (35%). Other products present in hospitality that contain alkanes are laundry detergents, paints, and lubricants. Housekeepers in particular may also be exposed to formaldehyde, which is present in some fabrics used to make towels and bedding, however exposure decreases after several washes. Some hotels still use bleach to clean, and this bleach can form chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Fragrances are often used in hotels and are composed of many different chemicals. There are many negative health outcomes associated with VOC exposure in hospitality. VOCs present in cleaning supplies can cause skin, eye, nose, and throat irritation, which can develop into dermatitis. VOCs in cleaning supplies can also cause more serious conditions, such as respiratory diseases and cancer. One study found that n-nonane and formaldehyde were

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3276-482: The plant materials themselves. Emissions are affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, which determines rates of volatilization and growth, and sunlight, which determines rates of biosynthesis . Emission occurs almost exclusively from the leaves, the stomata in particular. VOCs emitted by terrestrial forests are often oxidized by hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere; in the absence of NO x pollutants, VOC photochemistry recycles hydroxyl radicals to create

3339-433: The same hospital. Generally, ethanol , isopropanol , ether , and acetone are the main compounds in the interior of the site. Following the same line, in a study conducted in the United States, it was established that nursing assistants are the most exposed to compounds such as ethanol, while medical equipment preparers are most exposed to 2-propanol . In relation to exposure to VOCs by cleaning and hygiene personnel,

3402-641: The size of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania , is estimated to emit 3.4 million kg (7.5 million lb) of terpenes on a typical August day during the growing season. Maize produces the VOC (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and other plant hormones. Anthropogenic sources emit about 142 teragrams (1.42 × 10 kg, or 142 billion kg) of carbon per year in the form of VOCs. The major source of man-made VOCs are: Due to their numerous sources indoors, concentrations of VOCs indoors are consistently higher in indoor air (up to ten times higher) than outdoors due to

3465-476: The skin like cathelicidin LL-37, human β-defensin 2 and 3.   Xylene and formaldehyde worsen allergic inflammation in animal models. Toluene also increases the dysregulation of filaggrin : a key protein in dermal regulation. this was confirmed by immunofluorescence to confirm protein loss and western blotting to confirm mRNA loss. These experiments were done on human skin samples. Toluene exposure also decreased

3528-674: The smog formation process. Prominent is the VOC regulation issued by the South Coast Air Quality Management District in California and by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). However, this specific use of the term VOCs can be misleading, especially when applied to indoor air quality because many chemicals that are not regulated as outdoor air pollution can still be important for indoor air pollution. Following

3591-412: The task. One study found that workers were exposed to peak total VOC concentrations when they were removing the plastic film off of new products. This peak was 7 times higher than total VOC concentration peaks of all other tasks, contributing greatly to retail workers’ exposure to VOCs despite being a relatively short task. One way that VOC concentrations can be kept minimal within retail and hospitality

3654-418: The term VOC are in use. Some examples are presented below. Health Canada classifies VOCs as organic compounds that have boiling points roughly in the range of 50 to 250 °C (122 to 482 °F). The emphasis is placed on commonly encountered VOCs that would have an effect on air quality. The European Union defines a VOC as "any organic compound as well as the fraction of creosote , having at 293.15 K

3717-486: The types depend on the type of store, but common sources of VOCs in retail spaces include motor vehicle exhaust, building materials, cleaning products, products, and fragrances. One study found that VOC concentrations were higher in retail storage spaces compared to the sales areas, particularly formaldehyde. In retail spaces, formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 8.0 to 19.4 µg m compared to 14.2 to 45.0 µg m in storage spaces. Occupational exposure to VOCs also depends on

3780-436: The water in the trans-epidermal layer allowing for vulnerability in the skin's layers. Limit values for VOC emissions into indoor air are published by AgBB , AFSSET , California Department of Public Health , and others. These regulations have prompted several companies in the paint and adhesive industries to adapt with VOC level reductions their products. VOC labels and certification programs may not properly assess all of

3843-731: The workplace. Volatile organic compounds that are classified as hazardous materials are regulated by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration while being transported. Most VOCs in Earth's atmosphere are biogenic, largely emitted by plants. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) encompass VOCs emitted by plants, animals, or microorganisms, and while extremely diverse, are most commonly terpenoids , alcohols, and carbonyls (methane and carbon monoxide are generally not considered). Not counting methane , biological sources emit an estimated 760 teragrams of carbon per year in

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3906-427: Was found that there is a significant association between breathlessness in the elderly population and elevated exposure to VOCs such as toluene and o-xylene , unlike the remainder of the population. Workers in hospitality are also exposed to VOCs from a variety of sources including cleaning products (air fresheners, floor cleaners, disinfectants, etc.), building materials and furnishings, as well as fragrances. One of

3969-522: Was replaced by the Industrial Emissions Directive from 2013. The People's Republic of China defines a VOC as those compounds that have "originated from automobiles, industrial production and civilian use, burning of all types of fuels, storage and transportation of oils, fitment finish, coating for furniture and machines, cooking oil fume and fine particles (PM 2.5)", and similar sources. The Three-Year Action Plan for Winning

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