47-662: The House of Dolgorukov (Russian: Долгору́ков , IPA: [dəɫɡɐˈrukəf] ) is a princely Russian family of Rurikid stock. They are a cadet branch of the Obolenskiy family (until 1494 the rulers of Obolensk , one of the Upper Oka Principalities ) and as such claiming patrilineal descent from Mikhail of Chernigov (d. 1246). The founder of the Dolgorukov branch of the Obolenskiy
94-513: A greater or lesser extent. The Russian Orthodox Church, which contains around half of all Orthodox believers, still holds its liturgies almost entirely in Church Slavonic. However, there exist parishes which use other languages (where the main problem has been a lack of good translations). Examples include: What follows is a list of modern recensions or dialects of Church Slavonic. For a list and descriptions of extinct recensions, see
141-525: A hereditary title of Russian nobility patrilineally descended from Rurik (e.g., Belozersky , Belosselsky-Belozersky , Repnin , Gorchakov ) or Gediminas (e.g., Galitzine , Troubetzkoy ). Members of Rurikid or Gedyminid families were called princes when they ruled tiny quasi-sovereign medieval principalities. After their demesnes were absorbed by Muscovy, they settled at the Moscow court and were authorised to continue with their princely titles. From
188-673: A liturgical and literary language in all Orthodox countries north of the Mediterranean region during the Middle Ages , even in places where the local population was not Slavic (especially in Romania ). In recent centuries, however, Church Slavonic was fully replaced by local languages in the non-Slavic countries. Even in some of the Slavic Orthodox countries, the modern national language is now used for liturgical purposes to
235-492: A result, the borrowings into Russian are similar to native Russian words, but with South Slavic variances, e.g. (the first word in each pair is Russian, the second Church Slavonic): золото / злато ( zoloto / zlato ), город / град ( gorod / grad ), горячий / горящий ( goryačiy / goryaščiy ), рожать / рождать ( rožat’ / roždat’ ). Since the Russian Romantic era and
282-569: Is knyaginya ( княгиня ), kneginja in Slovene and Serbo-Croatian ( Serbian Cyrillic : кнегиња ), kniahinia (княгіня) in Belarusian and kniazioŭna (князёўна) is the daughter of the prince, kniahynia (княгиня) in Ukrainian and kniazivna (князівна) is the daughter of the prince. In Russian, the daughter of a knyaz is knyazhna ( княжна ). In Russian,
329-714: Is Prince Ivan Andreevich Obolenskiy (15th century), who for his vengefulness was given the nickname of Долгорукий ( Dolgorukiy / Dolgoruky ), i.e. "far-reaching". Obolensk was incorporated into the expanding Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1494, and the house of Dolgorukov became a powerful noble family in Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire . Members of the House of Dolgorukov include: Knyaz Knyaz , also knez , knjaz or kniaz ( Old Church Slavonic : кънѧѕь , romanized: kŭnędzĭ ),
376-420: Is a historical Slavic title, used both as a royal and noble title in different times. It is usually translated into English as " prince ", " king ", or " duke " depending on specific historical context and the potentially known Latin equivalents at the time, but the word was originally derived from the common Germanic * kuningaz (king). The female form transliterated from Bulgarian and Russian
423-408: Is actually a set of at least four different dialects (recensions or redactions; Russian : извод , izvod), with essential distinctions between them in dictionary, spelling (even in writing systems), phonetics, and other aspects. The most widespread recension, Russian, has several local sub-dialects in turn, with slightly different pronunciations. These various Church Slavonic recensions were used as
470-613: Is archaic and characteristic of written high style, while the other is found in common speech. In Russia, Church Slavonic is pronounced in the same way as Russian , with some exceptions: The Old Moscow recension is in use among Old Believers and Co-Believers . The same traditional Cyrillic alphabet as in Russian Synodal recension; however, there are differences in spelling because the Old Moscow recension reproduces an older state of orthography and grammar in general (before
517-581: Is generally considered to be an early borrowing from Proto-Germanic kuningaz , a form also borrowed by Finnish and Estonian ( kuningas ). The tradition of translating Knyaz and other Slavic and Russian titles of same origin not as “King” but as "Duke" or "Prince" can be traced back to Medieval Lithuania and Poland when after invasion of Tartar Empire on the lands of Eastern Europe most part of independent Slavic and Russian Kingdoms were destroyed and their lands divided between Fathers of Rome and Rulers of their side and new, Heathen, Tartar Emperors of
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#1732787950663564-793: Is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Belarus , Bulgaria , North Macedonia , Montenegro , Poland , Ukraine , Russia , Serbia , the Czech Republic and Slovakia , Slovenia and Croatia . The language appears also in the services of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia , the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese , and occasionally in
611-668: Is the continuation of the liturgical tradition introduced by two Thessalonian brothers, Saints Cyril and Methodius , in the late 9th century in Nitra , a principal town and religious and scholarly center of Great Moravia (located in present-day Slovakia ). There the first Slavic translations of the Scripture and liturgy from Koine Greek were made. After the Christianization of Bulgaria in 864, Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum of Preslav were of great importance to
658-645: Is the use of Ґ in the Rusyn variant. Г is pronounced as h and Ґ is pronounced as G. For example, Blagosloveno is Blahosloveno in Rusyn variants. Typographically, Serbian and Ukrainian editions (when printed in traditional Cyrillic) are almost identical to the Russian ones. Certain visible distinctions may include: The variant differences are limited to the lack of certain sounds in Serbian phonetics (there are no sounds corresponding to letters ы and щ, and in certain cases
705-731: The Croatian , Slovak and Ruthenian Greek Catholics, as well as by the Roman Catholic Church (Croatian and Czech recensions). In the past, Church Slavonic was also used by the Orthodox Churches in the Romanian lands until the late 17th and early 18th centuries, as well as by Roman Catholic Croats in the Early Middle Ages . Church Slavonic represents a later stage of Old Church Slavonic , and
752-1049: The Eastern Orthodox faith and the Old Church Slavonic liturgy in the First Bulgarian Empire . The success of the conversion of the Bulgarians facilitated the conversion of the East Slavs . A major event was the development of the Cyrillic script in Bulgaria at the Preslav Literary School in the 9th century. The Cyrillic script and the liturgy in Old Church Slavonic, also called Old Bulgarian , were declared official in Bulgaria in 893. By
799-787: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Following the union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , kniaź became a recognised title in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . By the 1630s – apart from the title pan , which indicated membership of the large szlachta noble class – kniaź was the only hereditary title that was officially recognised and officially used in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Notable holders of
846-609: The Latin alphabet (a method used in Austro-Hungary and Czechoslovakia) just contain the letter "i" for yat. Other distinctions reflect differences between palatalization rules of Ukrainian and Russian (for example, ⟨ч⟩ is always "soft" (palatalized) in Russian pronunciation and "hard" in the Ukrainian one), different pronunciation of letters ⟨г⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ , etc. Another major difference
893-408: The Russian Empire of 1809–1917, Finland was officially called Grand Principality of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta , Swedish : Storfurstendömet Finland , Russian : Великое Княжество Финляндское , romanized : Velikoye Knyazhestvo Finlyandskoye ). As noted above, the title knyaz or kniaz became a hereditary noble title in the Grand Duchy of Moscow and
940-429: The Tsardom of Russia gained dominion over much of former Kievan Rus' , velikii kniaz (великий князь) ( Great Kniaz ) Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as Tsar . From the mid-18th century onwards, the title Velikii Kniaz was revived to refer to (male-line) sons and grandsons of Russian Emperors. See titles for Tsar's family for details. Kniaz ( Russian : князь , IPA: [ˈknʲæsʲ] ) continued as
987-436: The 1650s). The most easily observable peculiarities of books in this recension are: A main difference between Russian and Ukrainian recension of Church Slavonic as well as the Russian " Civil Script " lies in the pronunciation of the letter yat (ѣ). The Russian pronunciation is the same as е [je] ~ [ʲe] whereas the Ukrainian is the same as и [i] . Greek Catholic variants of Church Slavonic books printed in variants of
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#17327879506631034-725: The 1760s, Lomonosov argued that Church Slavonic was the so-called "high style" of Russian, during the nineteenth century within Russia, this point of view declined. Elements of Church Slavonic style may have survived longest in speech among the Old Believers after the late-seventeenth century schism in the Russian Orthodox Church. Russian has borrowed many words from Church Slavonic. While both Russian and Church Slavonic are Slavic languages, some early Slavic sound combinations evolved differently in each branch. As
1081-567: The 18th century onwards, the title was occasionally granted by the Tsar, for the first time by Peter the Great to his associate Alexander Menshikov , and then by Catherine the Great to her lover Grigory Potemkin . After 1801, with the incorporation of Georgia into the Russian Empire , various titles of numerous local nobles were controversially rendered in Russian as "kniazes". Finally, within
1128-421: The 19th century. Those are officially called gradonačelnik (градоначелник) (Serbia) and gradonachalnik (градоначалник) or kmet (кмет) (Bulgaria). In early medieval Bosnia knez ( knjaz, књаз ) was a title used, along župan and duke ( vojvoda ) titles, for Bosnian rulers. One of the first such ruler, recorded in historic documents and later historiography, was Stephen, Duke of Bosnia . Later it
1175-966: The Catholic title " monsignor " for a priest. Today the term knez is still used as the most common translation of "prince" in Slovenian , Bosnian , Croatian and Serbian literature . Knez is also found as a surname in former Yugoslavia . The word is ultimately a cognate of the English King , the German König , and the Swedish Konung . The proto-Slavic form was * kъnędzь , kŭnędzĭ ; Church Slavonic : кънѧѕь , kŭnędzĭ ; Bulgarian : княз , knyaz ; Old East Slavic : князь , knyazĭ ; Polish : książę ; Serbo-Croatian Latin : knez / Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic : кнез ; Czech : kníže ; Slovak : knieža ; etc. It
1222-615: The East that’s why Slavic and Russian Rulers became subdued to Latin, European Kings and Emperors of Holy Roman Empire, their titles became equal to semidependent Dukes and Princes. The rulers of the Duchy of Poland bore the title of książę , which was rendered as dux or princeps in Latin, and later adopted krol (from Karl , the name of Charlemagne ) and its equivalent rex following Bolesław I 's coronation in 1025. Similarly,
1269-525: The Russian recension). Many, but not all, occurrences of the imperfect tense have been replaced with the perfect. Miscellaneous other modernisations of classical formulae have taken place from time to time. For example, the opening of the Gospel of John , by tradition the first words written down by Saints Cyril and Methodius , (искони бѣаше слово) "In the beginning was the Word", were set as "искони бѣ слово" in
1316-518: The addition of letter ⟨ě⟩ for yat ) or in Glagolitic script. Sample editions include: Church Slavonic is in very limited use among Czech Catholics. The recension was developed by Vojtěch Tkadlčík in his editions of the Roman missal: Although the various recensions of Church Slavonic differ in some points, they share the tendency of approximating the original Old Church Slavonic to
1363-652: The article on the Old Church Slavonic language. The Russian recension of New Church Slavonic is the language of books since the second half of the 17th century. It generally uses traditional Cyrillic script ( poluustav ); however, certain texts (mostly prayers) are printed in modern alphabets with the spelling adapted to rules of local languages (for example, in Russian/Ukrainian/Bulgarian/Serbian Cyrillic or in Hungarian/Slovak/Polish Latin). Before
1410-401: The corpus of work of the great Russian authors (from Gogol to Chekhov , Tolstoy , and Dostoevsky ), the relationship between words in these pairs has become traditional. Where the abstract meaning has not commandeered the Church Slavonic word completely, the two words are often synonyms related to one another, much as Latin and native English words were related in the nineteenth century: one
1457-449: The degree of centralization grew, the ruler acquired the title Velikii Knyaz (Великий Князь) (translated as Grand Prince or Grand Duke , see Russian Grand Dukes ). He ruled a Russian : Великое Княжеcтво , romanized : Velikoye Knyazhestvo or Ukrainian : Велике Князiвcтво , romanized : Velyke Knyazivstvo ( Grand Duchy ), while a ruler of its vassal constituent ( udel , udelnoe knyazivstvo or volost )
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1504-781: The early 12th century, individual Slavic languages started to emerge, and the liturgical language was modified in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and orthography according to the local vernacular usage. These modified varieties or recensions (e.g. Serbian Church Slavonic, Russian Church Slavonic , Ukrainian Church Slavonic in Early Cyrillic script, Croatian Church Slavonic in Croatian angular Glagolitic and later in Latin script , Czech Church Slavonic, Slovak Church Slavonic in Latin script, Bulgarian Church Slavonic in Early Cyrillic and Bulgarian Glagolitic scripts, etc.) eventually stabilized and their regularized forms were used by
1551-502: The eighteenth century, Church Slavonic was in wide use as a general literary language in Russia . Although it was never spoken per se outside church services, members of the priesthood, poets, and the educated tended to slip its expressions into their speech. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it was gradually replaced by the Russian language in secular literature and was retained for use only in church. Although as late as
1598-438: The fall of the yers is fully reflected, more or less to the Russian pattern, although the terminal ъ continues to be written. The yuses are often replaced or altered in usage to the sixteenth- or seventeenth-century Russian pattern. The yat continues to be applied with greater attention to the ancient etymology than it was in nineteenth-century Russian. The letters ksi , psi , omega , ot , and izhitsa are kept, as are
1645-435: The letter-based denotation of numerical values, the use of stress accents, and the abbreviations or titla for nomina sacra . The vocabulary and syntax, whether in scripture, liturgy, or church missives, are generally somewhat modernised in an attempt to increase comprehension. In particular, some of the ancient pronouns have been eliminated from the scripture (such as етеръ /jeter/ "a certain (person, etc.)" → нѣкій in
1692-509: The local Slavic vernacular. Inflection tends to follow the ancient patterns with few simplifications. All original six verbal tenses, seven nominal cases, and three numbers are intact in most frequently used traditional texts (but in the newly composed texts, authors avoid most archaic constructions and prefer variants that are closer to modern Russian syntax and are better understood by the Slavic-speaking people). In Russian recension,
1739-674: The pagan title 'khan' of his predecessors. The new titles were applied to his sons Vladimir Rasate (889-893) and Simeon I (893–927), however knyaz Simeon took the higher title of tsar soon in 913. According to Florin Curta , the primary sources have a variety of names for the rulers of the Bulgars before christianisation - such as including ‘rex’, ‘basileus’ and ‘khagan’. Omurtag (814–831) and his son Malamir (831–836) are mentioned in inscriptions as ' kanasubigi '. However, secondary sources are almost always ' khan '. In Kievan Rus', as
1786-526: The palatalization is impossible to observe, e.g. ть is pronounced as т etc.). The medieval Serbian recension of Church Slavonic was gradually replaced by the Russian recension since the early 18th century. Nowadays in Serbia, Church Slavonic is generally pronounced according to the Russian model. This is in limited use among Croatian Catholics. Texts are printed in the Croatian Latin alphabet (with
1833-454: The ruler of the Duchy of Lithuania , called kunigaikštis (also derived from kuningaz ) in Polish, was called magnus dux instead of the Polish word for "king", karalius (also derived from Karl ). Medieval German records, however, translated knyaz as koning (king) until at least the 15th century. The meaning of the term changed over the course of history. Initially the term
1880-691: The scribes to produce new translations of liturgical material from Koine Greek , or Latin in the case of Croatian Church Slavonic. Attestation of Church Slavonic traditions appear in Early Cyrillic and Glagolitic script . Glagolitic has nowadays fallen out of use, though both scripts were used from the earliest attested period. The first Church Slavonic printed book was the Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483) in angular Glagolitic, followed shortly by five Cyrillic liturgical books printed in Kraków in 1491. The Church Slavonic language
1927-903: The services of the Orthodox Church in America . In addition, Church Slavonic is used by some churches which consider themselves Orthodox but are not in communion with the Orthodox Church, such as the Montenegrin Orthodox Church and the Russian True Orthodox Church . The Russian Old Believers and the Co-Believers also use Church Slavonic. Church Slavonic is also used by Greek Catholic Churches in Slavic countries , for example
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1974-592: The son of a knyaz is knyazhich ( княжич in its old form). The title is pronounced and written similarly in different European languages . In Serbo-Croatian and some West Slavic languages , the word has later come to denote "lord", and in Czech , Polish and Slovak also came to mean "priest" ( kněz , ksiądz , kňaz ) as well as "prince/duke" ( knez , kníže , książę , knieža ). In Sorbian it means simply "Mister" (from "Master". Compare French monsieur from mon sieur "my lord"), and
2021-469: The title knez was Pavle Radinović of Radinović-Pavlović noble family, while other include several noblemen from Radojević-Mirković family , such as Batić Mirković . Further families that bear this title are for example Šantić noble family and most members of Hrvatinić . The title used in Macedonian historiography for Medieval local leaders. Church Slavonic language Church Slavonic
2068-460: The title kniaź include Jeremi Wiśniowiecki . In the 19th century, the Serbian term knez (кнез) and the Bulgarian term knyaz (княз) were revived to denote semi-independent rulers of those countries, such as Alexander Karađorđević and Alexander of Battenberg . In parts of Serbia and western Bulgaria, knez was the informal title of the elder or mayor of a village or zadruga until around
2115-472: Was called udelny knyaz or simply knyaz . When Kievan Rus' became fragmented in the 13th century, the title Knyaz continued to be used in East Slavic states, including Kiev's Principality , Chernigov's Principality , Novgorod Republic and its princes , Pereiaslavl Principality , Vladimir-Suzdal , Muscovy , Tver's Principality , Kingdom of Ruthenia , and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . As
2162-527: Was held by several of most powerful magnates (in Bosnia vlastelin ) of the era, sometime along with an office title given to a person through service to the monarch, such as Grand Duke of Bosnia ( Veliki vojvoda bosanski ), which was office of the supreme military commander of the realm. Other noble titles included the knez , the duke ( vojvoda ) and the župan . The title knez is equivalent to that of prince . Among most influential of Bosnian nobleman with
2209-508: Was used to denote the chieftain of a Slavic tribe . Later, with the development of feudal statehood, it became the title of a ruler of a state, and among East Slavs ( Russian : княжество ( knyazhestvo ), Ukrainian : князівство , romanized : kniazivstvo ) traditionally translated as duchy or principality , for example, of Kievan Rus' . In First Bulgarian Empire , Boris I of Bulgaria (852–889) changed his title to knyaz after his conversion to Christianity in 864, abandoning
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