A model is an informative representation of an object, person, or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin modulus , a measure.
83-646: A doll is a model typically of a human or humanoid character, often used as a toy for children. Dolls have also been used in traditional religious rituals throughout the world. Traditional dolls made of materials such as clay and wood are found in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Europe. The earliest documented dolls go back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt , Greece , and Rome . They have been made as crude, rudimentary playthings as well as elaborate art . Modern doll manufacturing has its roots in Germany, from
166-527: A Dutch Doll , by Nora Pitt-Taylor, pictured by Gladys Hall. Rag dolls have featured in a number of children's stories, such as the 19th century character Golliwogg in The Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and a Golliwogg by Bertha Upton and Florence K. Upton and Raggedy Ann in the books by Johnny Gruelle , first published in 1918. The Lonely Doll is a 1957 children's book by Canadian author Dare Wright . The story, told through text and photographs,
249-581: A basic source, but made several significant additions: Firstly, Daoxuan adds more detail concerning Bodhidharma's origins, writing that he was of "South Indian Brahman stock" (南天竺婆羅門種 nán tiānzhú póluómén zhŏng ). Secondly, more detail is provided concerning Bodhidharma's journeys. Tanlin's original is imprecise about Bodhidharma's travels, saying only that he "crossed distant mountains and seas" before arriving in Wei. Daoxuan's account, however, implies "a specific itinerary": "He first arrived at Nan-yüeh during
332-468: A body of leather, cloth, wood, or composite materials , such as papier-mâché or composition , a mix of pulp, sawdust, glue and similar materials. With the advent of polymer and plastic materials in the 20th century, doll making largely shifted to these materials. The low cost, ease of manufacture, and durability of plastic materials meant new types of dolls could be mass-produced at a lower price. The earliest materials were rubber and celluloid . From
415-639: A central role in magic and religious rituals and have been used as representations of deities. Dolls have also traditionally been toys for children. Dolls are also collected by adults, for their nostalgic value, beauty, historical importance or financial value. Antique dolls originally made as children's playthings have become collector's items. Nineteenth-century bisque dolls made by French manufacturers such as Bru and Jumeau may be worth almost $ 22,000 today. Dolls have traditionally been made as crude, rudimentary playthings as well as with elaborate, artful design. They have been created as folk art in cultures around
498-585: A certain threshold of human-like appearance, its non-human characteristics will stand out, and be disturbing. A doll hospital is a workshop that specializes in the restoration or repair of dolls. Doll hospitals can be found in countries around the world. One of the oldest doll hospitals was established in Lisbon , Portugal in 1830, and another in Melbourne , reputedly the first such establishment in Australia,
581-608: A defining characteristic of Chan. The latter interpretation is particularly common among those working from a Chan standpoint. There have also, however, been interpretations of "wall-gazing" as a non-meditative phenomenon. Jeffrey Broughton points out that where Bodhidharma's teachings appear in Tibetan translation among the Dunhuang manuscripts , the Chinese phrase "in a coagulated state abides in wall-examining" (ning chu pi-kuan)
664-491: A distinction between china dolls , made of glazed porcelain , and bisque dolls , made of unglazed bisque or biscuit porcelain . A typical antique china doll has a white glazed porcelain head with painted molded hair and a body made of cloth or leather . The name comes from china being used to refer to the material porcelain. They were mass-produced in Germany , peaking in popularity between 1840 and 1890 and selling in
747-562: A former South Indian Tamil prince who had awakened his kundalini and renounced royal life to become a monk. The Tibetan version similarly characterises him as a dark-skinned siddha from South India. Conversely, the Japanese tradition generally regards Bodhidharma as a red-haired Persian . Bodhidharma is traditionally seen as introducing a Mahayana Buddhist practice of dhyana (meditation) in China . According to modern scholars, like
830-422: A head made from dried apples. In Inca mythology , Sara Mama was the goddess of grain . She was associated with maize that grew in multiples or was similarly strange. These strange plants were sometimes dressed as dolls of Sara Mama. Corn husk dolls are traditional Native American dolls made out of the dried leaves or husk of a corncob . Traditionally, they do not have a face. The making of corn husk dolls
913-1130: A licensed character – Scarlett O'Hara from Gone with the Wind . Contemporary dollhouses have their roots in European baby house display cases from the 17th century. Early dollhouses were all handmade, but, following the Industrial Revolution and World War II , they were increasingly mass-produced and became more affordable. Children's dollhouses during the 20th century have been made of tin litho , plastic, and wood. Contemporary houses for adult collectors are typically made of wood. The earliest modern stuffed toys were made in 1880. They differ from earlier rag dolls in that they are made of plush fur-like fabric and commonly portray animals rather than humans. Teddy bears first appeared in 1902–1903. Black dolls have been designed to resemble dark-skinned persons varying from stereotypical to more accurate portrayals. Rag dolls made by American slaves served as playthings for slave children. Golliwogg
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#1732773128610996-486: A model but in this context distinguished from a conceptual model ) is a smaller or larger physical representation of an object , person or system . The object being modelled may be small (e.g., an atom ) or large (e.g., the Solar System ) or life-size (e.g., a fashion model displaying clothes for similarly-built potential customers). The geometry of the model and the object it represents are often similar in
1079-428: A model should not be confused with a theory : while a model seeks only to represent reality with the purpose of better understanding or predicting the world, a theory is more ambitious in that it claims to be an explanation of reality. As a noun, model has specific meanings in certain fields, derived from its original meaning of "structural design or layout ": A physical model (most commonly referred to simply as
1162-475: A spell on someone is documented in African, Native American, and European cultures. Examples of such magical devices include the European poppet and the nkisi or bocio of West and Central Africa. In European folk magic and witchcraft , poppet dolls are used to represent a person for casting spells on that person. The intention is that whatever actions are performed upon the effigy will be transferred to
1245-430: A subject the model represents. Abstract or conceptual models are central to philosophy of science , as almost every scientific theory effectively embeds some kind of model of the physical or human sphere . In some sense, a physical model "is always the reification of some conceptual model; the conceptual model is conceived ahead as the blueprint of the physical one", which is then constructed as conceived. Thus,
1328-550: A toy. In the United States, dollmaking became an industry in the 1860s, after the Civil War. Matryoshka dolls are traditional Russian dolls, consisting of a set of hollow wooden figures that open up and nest inside each other. They typically portray traditional peasants and the first set was carved and painted in 1890. In Germany, clay dolls have been documented as far back as the 13th century, and wooden doll making from
1411-539: Is The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang ( Chinese : 洛陽伽藍記 Luòyáng Qiélánjì ) which was compiled in 547 by Yang Xuanzhi ( 楊衒之 ), a writer and translator of Mahayana sutras into Chinese. Yang gave the following account: At that time there was a monk of the Western Region named Bodhidharma, a Persian Central Asian . He traveled from the wild borderlands to China. Seeing
1494-485: Is a fear of dolls or similar objects. Psychologist Ernst Jentsch theorized that uncanny feelings arise when there is an intellectual uncertainty about whether an object is alive or not. Sigmund Freud further developed on these theories. Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori expanded on these theories to develop the uncanny valley hypothesis: if an object is obviously enough non-human, its human characteristics will stand out and be endearing; however, if that object reaches
1577-536: Is a hinged dancing doll, which is popular among the Lur people of Iran . The name Layli is originated from the Middle East folklore and love story, Layla and Majnun . Layli is the symbol of the beloved who is spiritually beautiful. Layli also represents and maintains a cultural tradition, which is gradually vanishing in urban life. During the 19th century, dolls' heads were often made of porcelain and combined with
1660-576: Is a poppet originating in Northern Europe. It resembles a stereotypical witch or crone and is displayed in residential kitchens as a means to provide good luck and ward off bad spirits. Hopi Kachina dolls are effigies made of cottonwood that embody the characteristics of the ceremonial Kachina , the masked spirits of the Hopi Native American tribe. Kachina dolls are objects meant to be treasured and studied in order to learn
1743-421: Is about a doll named Edith and two teddy bears. Physical model Models can be divided into physical models (e.g. a ship model or a fashion model) and abstract models (e.g. a set of mathematical equations describing the workings of the atmosphere for the purpose of weather forecasting). Abstract or conceptual models are central to philosophy of science . In scholarly research and applied science,
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#17327731286101826-503: Is apparently of older provenance than the surviving Chinese version), states that Bodhidharma is not the first ancestor of Zen, but instead the second. This text instead claims that Guṇabhadra , the translator of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra , is the first ancestor in the lineage. It further states that Bodhidharma was his student. The Tibetan translation is estimated to have been made in the late eighth or early ninth century, indicating that
1909-518: Is extant, and subsequent accounts became layered with legend and unreliable details. According to the principal Chinese sources, Bodhidharma came from the Western Regions , which typically refers to Central Asia but can also include the Indian subcontinent , and is described as either a " Persian Central Asian" or a " South Indian [...] the third son of a great Indian king." Aside from
1992-472: Is impossible in the real situation; In Iran for example during Qajar era , people criticised the politics and social conditions of Ahmad-Shah's reign via puppetry without any fear of punishment. According to the Islamic rules, the act of dancing in public especially for women, is a taboo. But dolls or puppets have free and independent identities and are able to do what is not feasible for the real person. Layli
2075-460: Is often used for these design efforts. Instrumented physical models can also examine internal flows, for the design of ductwork systems, pollution control equipment, food processing machines, and mixing vessels. Transparent flow models are used in this case to observe the detailed flow phenomenon. These models are scaled in terms of both geometry and important forces, for example, using Froude number or Reynolds number scaling (see Similitude ). In
2158-434: Is replaced in Tibetan with "rejects discrimination and abides in brightness " (rtogs pa spangs te | lham mer gnas na). Broughton sees this as a curious divergence, as Tibetan translations of Chinese Chan texts are usually quite literal. He concludes that in early Tibet, "wall examining" did not refer to a literal practice of sitting cross-legged facing a wall. There are early texts which explicitly associate Bodhidharma with
2241-589: The Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall states that Bodhidharma died at the age of 150. He was then buried on Mount Xiong'er (熊耳山), to the west of Luoyang. However, three years after the burial, in the Pamir Mountains , Song Yun ( 宋雲 )—an official of one of the later Wei kingdoms—encountered Bodhidharma, who claimed to be returning to India and was carrying a single sandal. Bodhidharma predicted
2324-517: The Ashanti people , whose akuaba have large, disc-like heads. Other tribes in the region have their own distinctive style of akuaba . There is a rich history of Japanese dolls dating back to the Dogū figures (8000–200 BCE). and Haniwa funerary figures (300–600 AD). By the eleventh century, dolls were used as playthings as well as for protection and in religious ceremonies. During Hinamatsuri ,
2407-525: The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra . Daoxuan, for example, in a late recension of his biography of Bodhidharma's successor Huike , has the sūtra as a basic and important element of the teachings passed down by Bodhidharma: In the beginning, Dhyana Master Bodhidharma took the four-roll Laṅkā Sūtra , handed it over to Huike, and said: "When I examine the land of China, it is clear that there is only this sutra. If you rely on it to practice, you will be able to cross over
2490-594: The Liu Song dynasty (420–479 CE) and later accounts dating his arrival to the Liang dynasty (502–557 CE). Bodhidharma was primarily active in the territory of the Northern Wei (386–534 CE). Modern scholarship dates him to about the early 5th century CE. Bodhidharma's teachings and practice centered on meditation and the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra . The Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall (952) identifies Bodhidharma as
2573-842: The Sung period . From there, he turned north and came to the Kingdom of Wei" This implies that Bodhidharma had travelled to China by sea and that he had crossed over the Yangtze . Thirdly, Daoxuan suggests a date for Bodhidharma's arrival in China. He writes that Bodhidharma makes landfall in the time of the Song, thus making his arrival no later than the time of the Song's fall to the Southern Qi in 479. Finally, Daoxuan provides information concerning Bodhidharma's death. Bodhidharma, he writes, died at
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2656-481: The Two Entrances and Four Practices , the term "wall-gazing" is given as follows: Those who turn from delusion back to reality, who meditate on walls , the absence of self and other, the oneness of mortal and sage, and who remain unmoved even by scriptures are in complete and unspoken agreement with reason. Daoxuan states, "the merits of Mahāyāna wall-gazing are the highest". These are the first mentions in
2739-594: The 15th century. Beginning about the 15th century, increasingly elaborate dolls were made for Nativity scene displays, chiefly in Italy. Dolls with detailed, fashionable clothes were sold in France in the 16th century, though their bodies were often crudely constructed. The German and Dutch peg wooden dolls were cheap and simply made and were popular toys for poorer children in Europe from the 16th century. Wood continued to be
2822-406: The 15th century. With industrialization and new materials such as porcelain and plastic , dolls were increasingly mass-produced. During the 20th century, dolls became increasingly popular as collectibles . The earliest dolls were made from available materials such as clay , stone, wood , bone , ivory , leather , or wax . Archaeological evidence places dolls as the foremost candidate for
2905-456: The 1960s. Fashion dolls are primarily designed to be dressed to reflect fashion trends and are usually modeled after teen girls or adult women. The earliest fashion dolls were French bisque dolls from the mid-19th century. Contemporary fashion dolls are typically made of vinyl . Barbie , from the American toy company Mattel , dominated the market from her inception in 1959. Bratz was
2988-486: The 19th century were often made as children's playthings, but contemporary bisque dolls are predominantly made directly for the collectors market. Realistic, lifelike wax dolls were popular in Victorian England . Up through the middle of the 19th century, European dolls were predominantly made to represent grown-ups. Childlike dolls and the later ubiquitous baby doll did not appear until around 1850. But, by
3071-581: The 27th patriarch in India. After a three-year journey, Bodhidharma reached China in 527, during the Liang (as opposed to the Song in Daoxuan's text). The Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall includes Bodhidharma's encounter with Emperor Wu of Liang , which was first recorded around 758 in the appendix to a text by Shenhui ( 神會 ), a disciple of Huineng. Finally, as opposed to Daoxuan's figure of "over 180 years,"
3154-528: The 28th Patriarch of Buddhism in an uninterrupted line that extends back to the Gautama Buddha himself. His name means " dharma of awakening ( bodhi )" in Sanskrit . There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma. According to these sources, Bodhidharma came from the Western Regions , and is described as either a "Persian Central Asian" or a "South Indian [...]
3237-502: The Chinese accounts, several popular traditions also exist regarding Bodhidharma's origins. Throughout Buddhist art , Bodhidharma is depicted as an ill-tempered, large-nosed, profusely-bearded, wide-eyed non-Chinese person . He is referred to as "The Blue-Eyed Barbarian" ( Chinese : 碧眼胡 ; pinyin : Bìyǎnhú ) in Chan texts. The accounts also differ on the date of his arrival, with one early account claiming that he arrived during
3320-538: The Japanese scholar of Chan Yanagida Seizan, generally hold that the Two Entrances and Four Practices ( 二入四行論 ) is the only extant work that can be attributed to Bodhidharma and as such, this is the main source for our knowledge of his teaching. According to this text, Bodhidharma taught two "entrances" to the Dharma. The first is a subitist teaching that directly apprehends the ultimate principle, that is,
3403-516: The Mahayana path, and so he put aside his white layman's robe for the black robe of a monk […] Lamenting the decline of the true teaching in the outlands, he subsequently crossed distant mountains and seas, traveling about propagating the teaching in Han and Wei. Tanlin's account was the first to mention that Bodhidharma attracted disciples, specifically mentioning Daoyu ( 道育 ) and Dazu Huike ( 慧可 ),
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3486-1105: The Roman girls to Venus , but if they died before marriage their dolls were buried with them. Rag dolls are traditionally home-made from spare scraps of cloth material. Roman rag dolls have been found dating back to 300 BC. Traditional dolls are sometimes used as children's playthings, but they may also have spiritual, magical and ritual value. There is no defined line between spiritual dolls and toys. In some cultures dolls that had been used in rituals were given to children. They were also used in children's education and as carriers of cultural heritage. In other cultures dolls were considered too laden with magical powers to allow children to play with them. African dolls are used to teach and entertain; they are supernatural intermediaries, and they are manipulated for ritual purposes. Their shape and costume vary according to region and custom. Dolls are frequently handed down from mother to daughter. Akuaba are wooden ritual fertility dolls from Ghana and nearby areas. The best known akuaba are those of
3569-668: The Wei official indicates a date of death no later than 554, three years before the fall of the Western Wei . Subsequent to the Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall , the only dated addition to the biography of Bodhidharma is in the Jingde Records of the Transmission of the Lamp (景德傳燈錄 Jĭngdé chuándēng lù , published 1004 CE ), by Daoyuan ( 道原 ), in which it is stated that Bodhidharma's original name had been Bodhitāra but
3652-674: The advent of the Internet, collectible dolls are customized and sold or displayed online. Reborn dolls are vinyl dolls that have been customized to resemble a human baby with as much realism as possible. They are often sold online through sites such as eBay . Asian ball-jointed dolls (BJDs) are cast in polyurethane synthetic resin in a style that has been described as both realistic and influenced by anime . Asian BJDs and Asian fashion dolls such as Pullip and Blythe are often customized and photographed. The photos are shared in online communities. Since ancient times, dolls have played
3735-572: The banks of the Luo River , where he was interred by his disciple Dazu Huike, possibly in a cave. According to Daoxuan's chronology, Bodhidharma's death must have occurred prior to 534, the date of the Northern Wei's fall, because Dazu Huike subsequently leaves Luoyang for Ye . Furthermore, citing the shore of the Luo River as the place of death might possibly suggest that Bodhidharma died in
3818-446: The body by a spring or hook in such a way that the head bobbles. They often portray baseball players or other athletes. With the introduction of computers and the Internet, virtual and online dolls appeared. These are often similar to traditional paper dolls and enable users to design virtual dolls and drag and drop clothes onto dolls or images of actual people to play dress up. These include KiSS , Stardoll and Dollz . Also with
3901-532: The characteristics of each Kachina. Inuit dolls are made out of soapstone and bone , materials common to the Inuit . Many are clothed with animal fur or skin. Their clothing articulates the traditional style of dress necessary to survive cold winters, wind, and snow. The tea dolls of the Innu people were filled with tea for young girls to carry on long journeys. Apple dolls are traditional North American dolls with
3984-559: The death of Song Yun's ruler, a prediction which was borne out upon the latter's return. Bodhidharma's tomb was then opened, and only a single sandal was found inside. According to the Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall , Bodhidharma left the Liang court in 527 and relocated to Mount Song near Luoyang and the Shaolin Monastery, where he "faced a wall for nine years, not speaking for the entire time", his date of death can have been no earlier than 536. Moreover, his encounter with
4067-477: The distant Buddha-realms lack this." He chanted homage and placed his palms together in salutation for days on end. The account of Bodhidharma in the Luoyan Record does not particularly associate him with meditation, but rather depicts him as a thaumaturge capable of mystical feats. This may have played a role in his subsequent association with the martial arts and esoteric knowledge. The second account
4150-553: The doll festival, hina dolls ( 雛人形 , hina-ningyō ) are displayed. These are made of straw and wood, painted, and dressed in elaborate, many-layered textiles. Daruma dolls are spherical dolls with red bodies and white faces without pupils. They represent Bodhidharma , the East Indian who founded Zen , and are used as good luck charms. Wooden Kokeshi dolls have no arms or legs, but a large head and cylindrical body, representing little girls. The use of an effigy to perform
4233-425: The dolls by folding tabs. They often reflect contemporary styles, and 19th century ballerina paper dolls were among the earliest celebrity dolls . The 1930s Shirley Temple doll sold millions and was one of the most successful celebrity dolls. Small celluloid Kewpie dolls , based on illustrations by Rose O'Neill , were popular in the early 20th century. Madame Alexander created the first collectible doll based on
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#17327731286104316-545: The dominant material for dolls in Europe until the 19th century. Through the 18th and 19th centuries, wood was increasingly combined with other materials, such as leather, wax and porcelain and the bodies made more articulate. It is unknown when dolls' glass eyes first appeared, but brown was the dominant eye color for dolls up until the Victorian era when blue eyes became more popular, inspired by Queen Victoria . Dolls, puppets and masks allow ordinary people to state what
4399-402: The first doll to challenge Barbie's dominance, reaching forty percent of the market in 2006. Plastic action figures , often representing superheroes , are primarily marketed to boys. Fashion dolls and action figures are often part of a media franchise that may include films, TV, video games and other related merchandise. Bobblehead dolls are collectible plastic dolls with heads connected to
4482-738: The globe, and, in the 20th century, art dolls began to be seen as high art . Artist Hans Bellmer made surrealistic dolls that had interchangeable limbs in 1930s and 1940s Germany as opposition to the Nazi party's idolization of a perfect Aryan body. East Village artist Greer Lankton became famous in the 1980s for her theatrical window displays of drug addicted, anorexic and mutant dolls. Lifelike or anatomically correct dolls are used by health professionals, medical schools and social workers to train doctors and nurses in various health procedures or investigate cases of all sexual abuse of children. Artists sometimes use jointed wooden mannequins in drawing
4565-436: The golden disks on the pole on top of Yǒngníng's stupa reflecting in the sun, the rays of light illuminating the surface of the clouds, the jewel-bells on the stupa blowing in the wind, the echoes reverberating beyond the heavens, he sang its praises. He exclaimed: "Truly this is the work of spirits." He said: "I am 150 years old, and I have passed through numerous countries. There is virtually no country I have not visited. Even
4648-456: The graves of Roman children. Like children today, the younger members of Roman civilization would have dressed their dolls according to the latest fashions. In Greece and Rome, it was customary for boys to dedicate their toys to the gods when they reached puberty and for girls to dedicate their toys to the goddesses when they married. At marriage the Greek girls dedicated their dolls to Artemis and
4731-403: The historical record of what may be a type of meditation being ascribed to Bodhidharma. Exactly what sort of practice Bodhidharma's "wall-gazing" was remains uncertain. Nearly all accounts have treated it either as an undefined variety of meditation, as Daoxuan and Dumoulin, or as a variety of seated meditation akin to the zazen ( Chinese : 坐禪 ; pinyin : zuòchán ) that later became
4814-773: The human figure. Many ordinary doll brands are also anatomically correct, although most types of dolls are degenitalized. Egli-Figuren are a type of doll that originated in Switzerland in 1964 for telling Bible stories . In Western society, a gender difference in the selection of toys has been observed and studied. Action figures that represent traditional masculine traits are popular with boys, who are more likely to choose toys that have some link to tools , transportation , garages , machines and military equipment . Dolls for girls tend to represent feminine traits and come with such accessories as clothing , kitchen appliances, utensils , furniture and jewelry . Pediophobia
4897-476: The late 19th century, baby and childlike dolls had overtaken the market. By about 1920, baby dolls typically were made of composition with a cloth body. The hair, eyes, and mouth were painted. A voice box was sewn into the body that cried ma-ma when the doll was tilted, giving them the name Mama dolls. During 1923, 80% of all dolls sold to children in the United States were Mama dolls. Paper dolls are cut out of paper, with separate clothes that are usually held onto
4980-562: The latter of whom would later figure very prominently in the Bodhidharma literature. Although Tanlin has traditionally been considered a disciple of Bodhidharma, it is more likely that he was a student of Huike. The Record of the Masters and Students of the Laṅka (Léngqié Shīzī Jì 楞伽師資記), which survives both in Chinese and in Tibetan translation (although the surviving Tibetan translation
5063-530: The mass executions at Heyin ( 河陰 ) in 528. Supporting this possibility is a report in the Chinese Buddhist canon stating that a Buddhist monk was among the victims at Héyīn. In the Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall (祖堂集 Zǔtángjí ) of 952, the elements of the traditional Bodhidharma story are in place. Bodhidharma is said to have been a disciple of Prajñātāra , thus establishing the latter as
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#17327731286105146-453: The mid-20th century, soft vinyl became the dominant material, in particular for children's dolls. Beginning in the 20th century, both porcelain and plastic dolls are made directly for the adult collectors market. Synthetic resins such as polyurethane resemble porcelain in texture and are used for collectible dolls. Colloquially the terms porcelain doll , bisque doll and china doll are sometimes used interchangeably. But collectors make
5229-408: The millions. Parian dolls were also made in Germany, from around 1860 to 1880. They are made of white porcelain similar to china dolls but the head is not dipped in glaze and has a matte finish. Bisque dolls are characterized by their realistic, skin-like matte finish. They had their peak of popularity between 1860 and 1900 with French and German dolls. Antique German and French bisque dolls from
5312-462: The oldest known toy . Wooden paddle dolls have been found in Egyptian tombs dating to as early as the 21st century BC. Dolls with movable limbs and removable clothing date back to at least 200 BC. Archaeologists have discovered Greek dolls made of clay and articulated at the hips and shoulders. Rag dolls and stuffed animals were probably also popular, but no known examples of these have survived to
5395-701: The original Chinese text was written at some point before that. Tanlin's preface has also been preserved in Jingjue's (683–750) Lengjie Shizi ji "Chronicle of the Laṅkāvatāra Masters", which dates from 713 to 716. /ca. 715 He writes, The teacher of the Dharma, who came from South India in the Western Regions, the third son of a great Brahman king." In the 7th-century historical work "Further Biographies of Eminent Monks" (續高僧傳 Xù gāosēng zhuàn ), Daoxuan ( 道宣 ) possibly drew on Tanlin's preface as
5478-460: The pre-computer era, the UK economy was modelled with the hydraulic model MONIAC , to predict for example the effect of tax rises on employment. A conceptual model is a theoretical representation of a system, e.g. a set of mathematical equations attempting to describe the workings of the atmosphere for the purpose of weather forecasting. It consists of concepts used to help understand or simulate
5561-415: The present day. Stories from ancient Greece around 100 AD show that dolls were used by little girls as playthings. Greeks called a doll κόρη, literally meaning "little girl", and a wax-doll was called δάγυνον, δαγύς and πλαγγών. Often dolls had movable limbs and were called νευρόσπαστα, they were worked by strings or wires. In ancient Rome , dolls were made of clay, wood or ivory. Dolls have been found in
5644-826: The purpose of finding one's way in the city (pragmatism). Additional properties have been proposed, like extension and distortion as well as validity . The American philosopher Michael Weisberg differentiates between concrete and mathematical models and proposes computer simulations (computational models) as their own class of models. Bodhidharma The way The "goal" Background Chinese texts Classical Post-classical Contemporary Zen in Japan Seon in Korea Thiền in Vietnam Western Zen Bodhidharma (Sanskrit; Chinese Dámó , Japanese Daruma )
5727-510: The regions west of Yumen Pass , most often Central Asia or sometimes, more specifically, the easternmost portion of it (e.g. Altishahr or the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang ). Sometimes, it was used more generally to refer to other regions to the west of China as well, such as the Indian subcontinent (as in the novel Journey to the West ). The earliest text mentioning Bodhidharma
5810-435: The sense that one is a rescaling of the other. However, in many cases the similarity is only approximate or even intentionally distorted. Sometimes the distortion is systematic, e.g., a fixed scale horizontally and a larger fixed scale vertically when modelling topography to enhance a region's mountains. An architectural model permits visualization of internal relationships within the structure or external relationships of
5893-436: The structure to the environment. Another use is as a toy . Instrumented physical models are an effective way of investigating fluid flows for engineering design. Physical models are often coupled with computational fluid dynamics models to optimize the design of equipment and processes. This includes external flow such as around buildings, vehicles, people, or hydraulic structures . Wind tunnel and water tunnel testing
5976-485: The subject through sympathetic magic . The practice of sticking pins in voodoo dolls have been associated with African-American Hoodoo folk magic. Voodoo dolls are not a feature of Haitian Vodou religion, but have been portrayed as such in popular culture, and stereotypical voodoo dolls are sold to tourists in Haiti. Likely the voodoo doll concept in popular culture is influenced by the European poppet. A kitchen witch
6059-622: The sudden enlightenment thought of Tao-sheng ; while the four practices are a reworking of the " four foundations of mindfulness ", which were popular in the late Six Dynasties period Buddhist meditation circles. Tanlin, in the preface to Two Entrances and Four Practices , and Daoxuan , in the Further Biographies of Eminent Monks , mentions a practice of Bodhidharma's termed "wall-gazing" (壁觀 bìguān ). Both Tanlin and Daoxuan associate this "wall-gazing" with "quieting [the] mind" ( Chinese : 安心 ; pinyin : ānxīn ). In
6142-420: The term refers to models that are formed after a conceptualization or generalization process. According to Herbert Stachowiak , a model is characterized by at least three properties: For example, a street map is a model of the actual streets in a city (mapping), showing the course of the streets while leaving out, say, traffic signs and road markings (reduction), made for pedestrians and vehicle drivers for
6225-474: The third son of a great Indian king." Later sources draw on these two sources, adding additional details, including a change to being descended from a Brahmin king, which accords with the reign of the Pallavas , who "claim[ed] to belong to a brahmin lineage." The Western Regions was a historical name specified in the Chinese chronicles between the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD that referred to
6308-399: The true nature or buddha-nature . The second entrance deals with four practices: (1) accepting all our sufferings as the fruit of past karma, (2) accept our circumstances with equanimity, (3) to be without craving, and (4) to let go of wrong thoughts and practice the six perfections. According to Yanagida Seizan, the first "entrance of principle", was a subitist teaching which derives from
6391-472: The world." Another early text, the " Record of the Masters and Disciples of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra " ( Chinese : 楞伽師資記 ; pinyin : Léngqié Shīzī Jì ) of Jingjue (淨覺; 683–750), also mentions Bodhidharma in relation to this text. Jingjue's account also makes explicit mention of "sitting meditation" or zazen: For all those who sat in meditation, Master Bodhi[dharma] also offered expositions of
6474-413: Was a children's book rag doll character in the late 19th century that was widely reproduced as a toy. The doll has very black skin, eyes rimmed in white, clown lips, and frizzy hair, and has been described as an anti-black caricature . Early mass-produced black dolls were typically dark versions of their white counterparts. The earliest American black dolls with realistic African facial features were made in
6557-607: Was a semi-legendary Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th or 6th century CE. He is traditionally credited as the transmitter of Chan Buddhism to China , and is regarded as its first Chinese patriarch . He is also popularly regarded as the founder of Shaolin kung fu , an idea popularized in the 20th century, but based on the 17th century Yijin Jing and the Daoist association of daoyin gymnastics with Bodhidharma. Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma
6640-534: Was adopted by early European settlers in the United States. Early settlers also made rag dolls and carved wooden dolls, called Pennywoods . La última muñeca , or "the last doll", is a tradition of the Quinceañera , the celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday in parts of Latin America . During this ritual the quinceañera relinquishes a doll from her childhood to signify that she is no longer in need of such
6723-477: Was changed by his master Prajñātāra. The same account is given by the Japanese master Keizan's 13th-century work of the same title. Several contemporary popular traditions also exist regarding Bodhidharma's origins. An Indian tradition regards Bodhidharma to be the third son of a Pallava king from Kanchipuram . This is consistent with the Southeast Asian traditions which also describe Bodhidharma as
6806-503: Was founded in 1888. There is a Doll Doctors Association in the United States. Henri Launay, who has been repairing dolls at his shop in northeast Paris for 43 years, says he has restored over 30,000 dolls in the course of his career. Most of the clients are not children, but adults in their 50s and 60s. Some doll brands, such as American Girl and Madame Alexander , also offer doll hospital services for their own dolls. Many books deal with dolls tales, including Wilhelmina. The Adventures of
6889-659: Was written by Tanlin (曇林; 506–574). Tanlin's brief biography of the " Dharma Master" is found in his preface to the Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices , a text traditionally attributed to Bodhidharma and the first text to identify him as South Indian : The Dharma Master was a South Indian of the Western Region. He was the third son of a great Indian king. His ambition lay in
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