Misplaced Pages

#399600

50-689: The Dolphin Gas Project was conceived in 1999 to produce, process, and transport natural gas from Qatar's North Field to the UAE and Oman. Despite the Qatar diplomatic crisis and the temporary severing of Qatar—UAE ties in 2017, the pipeline was unaffected and continued normal operations. The project involves: Dolphin Energy entered the business of gas supply in January 2004 when the company commissioned

100-662: A ferro-alloy production plant, methanol production facilities, and expansion of petrochemical and fertilizer operations. Qatar rapidly expanded its production and exports from North Dome Field. Here are a number of milestones: Subsequent phases of the North field development provided feedstock to LNG plants at Ras Laffan Industrial City . Based on the current Qatar planned projects, production of LNG from North Dome Field may reach to 23 billion cubic feet (650 million cubic metres) to 27 billion cubic feet (760 million cubic metres) per day by 2012, any further increase in

150-462: A gas sweetening plant and sulfur processing unit were added. Phase one was online by early 1991. Gas from North Field phase one has been primarily used for local demand, and injection into the Dukhan field. Phase two was expected to involve selling North Field gas to its neighbors, possibly through a Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) gas grid. Phase three involved exporting to Europe and Asia. Even before

200-562: A pipeline. The government of Mr Ahmadinejad, who came to power in 2005, has favoured local firms over foreign companies in the energy and other sectors. By the beginning of 2008, phases 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 have been brought to production and by the end of 2008, phases 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 will be on stream. Phases 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 27 and 28 are under different development stages. As of December 2010, about $ 30 billion have been invested in South Pars gas fields' development plan. It

250-405: A subsidiary of Eni . The 80-kilometre (50 mi) long sealines were laid in 2006. The Ras Laffan gas processing and compression plant is located at 25°55′31″N 51°30′58″E  /  25.92528°N 51.51611°E  / 25.92528; 51.51611 . It was designed by JGC Middle East FZE, a subsidiary of JGC Corporation . Ras Laffan is the single largest gas processing plant in

300-632: Is a Russian engineering construction company in the field of oil and gas industry . The company was founded in 1990. It was originally a subsidiary of Gazprom , but now controlled by Gennady Timchenko though his Volga Group SICAV SIF SA fund. The company has been added to the Specially Designated Nationals List on the US Department of the Treasury site because of connections to the annexation of Crimea by

350-794: Is a common field and the reservoir is highly homogenous, the ultimate recoverable reserves of each country may vary from this technical assessment which only considers the static data and does not include rate of gas migration. So, it is better to say that the ultimate recoverable reserves of each country would be a factor of cumulative gas production by each of them. The Iranian section also holds 18 billion barrels (2.9 billion cubic metres) of condensate in place of which some 9 billion barrels (1.4 billion cubic metres) are believed to be recoverable, while Qatari section believed to contains some 30 billion barrels (4.8 × 10  m ) of condensate in place and at least some 10 billion barrels (1.6 billion cubic metres) of recoverable condensate. The field

400-487: Is estimated that the amount will reach over $ 40 billion by 2015. The Ministry of Petroleum in Iran said in a revised statement in 2011 that Iran will invest some $ 90 billion between 2011 and 2015 ($ 60 billion will be allocated to the upstream sector and the rest to the downstream sector). In 2024, Iran scheduled a $ 70 billion plan to maintain gas pressure and keep vital petrol production. Economic studies show with

450-414: Is forecasted to continue at least for the short term: by the end of 2011, Qatar's total cumulative production from the field will reach 41 trillion cubic feet (1.2 trillion cubic metres) of natural gas, while Iran's will stand at 21 trillion cubic feet (590 billion cubic metres) of natural gas in the same year. The ratio is maintained mainly because Qatar's annual production is almost twice

500-729: Is in Qatari territorial waters. The field is 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) below the seabed at a water depth of 65 metres (213 ft), and consists of two independent gas-bearing formations: Kangan ( Triassic ) and Upper Dalan ( Permian ). Each formation is divided into two different reservoir layers, separated by impermeable barriers. The field consists of four independent reservoir layers K1, K2, K3, and K4. The K1 and K3 units are mainly composed of dolomites and anhydrites, while K2 and K4, which constitute major gas reservoirs, comprise limestone and dolomite. A massive anhydrite (the Nar member) separates

550-415: Is not only due to its shared nature with Qatar, but also with huge capability of the field to add significant liquid production to Iranian liquid export capacity. On 27 February 2009, one of the members of Iranian Parliaments criticized lack of attention on the importance of acceleration of South Pars field development and the field development delays. By the end of 2008, Qatar's cumulative production from

SECTION 10

#1732772965400

600-399: Is planned to start production in 2011. Around 1.6 billion cubic feet per day (45 × 10 ^  m /d) of natural gas will be supplied from the North field to the project. Shell has 100% of the equity in the integrated upstream and plant project. Table 3. North Field production plan (million cubic feet per day). Stroytransgaz OAO Stroytransgaz ( Russian : Стройтрансгаз )

650-550: Is planning to develop the field in 24 to 30 phases, capable of producing about 25 billion cubic feet (710 million cubic metres) to 30 billion cubic feet (850 million cubic metres) of natural gas per day. Each standard phase is defined for daily production of 1 billion cubic feet (28 million cubic metres) of natural gas, 40,000 barrels (6,400 m ) of condensate, 1500 tonnes of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and 200 tonnes of sulfur , however some phases have some different production plans. Each of

700-440: Is rich in liquids and yields approximately 40 barrels (6.4 m ) of condensate per 1 million cubic feet (28 × 10 ^  m ) of gas. It has also very high level of well productivity which in average stands for 100 million cubic feet (2.8 × 10 ^  m ) per day per well, while the average natural gas well productivity in Iran is 1.5 million cubic meters per day per well. In 2005, QatarEnergy became worried

750-570: Is the longest overland natural gas pipeline in the United Arab Emirates. Five companies were invited to bid by 7 May 2008 for design and construction, and on 22 July 2008, the $ 418 million contract was awarded to Stroytransgaz . Coated line pipes are supplied by Salzgitter Mannesmann International. The construction started in March 2009. On May 6, 2010, the second stage of the pipeline was completed and test deliveries started through

800-432: Is the world's largest gas field. In-place volumes are estimated to be around 1,800 trillion cubic feet (51 trillion cubic metres) gas in place and some 50 billion barrels (7.9 billion cubic metres) of natural gas condensate in place. With in place volumes equivalent to 360 billion barrels (57 billion cubic metres) of oil (310 billion boe of gas and 50 billion boe of natural gas condensate)

850-510: The Persian Gulf War , this phase ran into trouble. To justify the investment, QatarEnergy needed two large-scale long-term supply contracts. Despite efforts from QP managing director Jaber al-Marri, contracts were not forthcoming. This switched emphasis to domestic outlets. In 1988, a firm of international consultants presented a plan to QP for developing domestic projects to utilize Qatari gas. Suggestions included an aluminum smelter,

900-462: The list of natural gas fields it has almost as much recoverable reserves as all the other fields combined. It has significant geostrategic influence. This gas field covers an area of 9,700 square kilometres (3,700 sq mi), of which 3,700 square kilometres (1,400 sq mi) (South Pars) is in Iranian territorial waters and 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) (North Dome)

950-709: The 128-kilometre (80 mi) section. Construction of TFP was completed in November 2010. The Dolphin Gas Project is developed and operated by Dolphin Energy Limited, a company established in Abu Dhabi . It is the operator of all upstream, midstream, and downstream phases of the project. Dolphin Energy is 51% owned by Mubadala Investment Company , on behalf of the Government of Abu Dhabi , and 24.5% each owned by Total SE of France and Occidental Petroleum of

1000-401: The Iranian production level. In 2011, Qatar will reach an annual production capacity 8 trillion cubic feet (230 billion cubic metres) of natural gas per year, while in that year Iran's production capacity will reach 4 trillion cubic feet (110 billion cubic metres) per year. If Iran could implement all of its South Pars planned development projects on time, then it would reach

1050-539: The K4 from the underlying K5 unit which has poor reservoir qualities. The gross pay zone in the South Pars field is approximately 450 m thick, extending from depths of approximately 2750 to 3200 m. Reservoir strata dip gently to the NE. The average thickness of the reservoir units declines from South Pars (some 450 metres (1,480 ft)) to North field (385 metres (1,263 ft)). As in other reservoir structures in neighboring areas,

SECTION 20

#1732772965400

1100-532: The Kangan–Dalan Formations constitute very extensive natural gas reservoirs in the field and Persian Gulf area, which composed of carbonate–evaporite series also known as the Khuff Formation. Permian–Early Triassic has been divided into Faraghan (Early Permian), Dalan (Late Permian) and Kangan (Early Triassic) Formations. According to International Energy Agency (IEA), the combined structure

1150-463: The Khuff reserves, developing the North field became imperative. In 1984 it was decided that development would occur in phases. Phase 1 involved installing production, processing, and transport facilities for 800 million cubic feet (23 million cubic metres) of natural gas per day to serve local utilities and produce 5,000 tons per day of propane , butane , gasoline , and naphtha . In 1989

1200-542: The North Dome's reserves were being developed too quickly, which could reduce reservoir pressure and possibly damage its long-term production potential. In early 2005, the government placed a moratorium on additional development projects at the North Dome pending a study of the field's reservoirs. This assessment is not expected to end until after 2009, meaning new projects are unlikely to be signed before 2010. However, this did not affect projects approved or underway before

1250-593: The Russian Federation . The company is involved in the engineering and construction of pipeline systems, oil and gas production facilities, underground gas storages, power stations, as well as civil and industrial structures and facilities. In addition to Russia, the company is active in the CIS countries , in the Middle East , Turkey, India, Algeria, Germany and Greece. It is involved in the construction of

1300-413: The UAE (export pipeline) was designed by Saipem , an Italian contractor for the oil and gas industry, and the pipes were supplied by Mitsui of Japan. The 48-inch (1,200 mm) pipeline has capacity of 90.6 billion cubic metres (3.20 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas per year. The construction of the pipeline was objected by Saudi Arabia because of the border dispute between Saudi Arabia and

1350-626: The UAE, however the pipeline was built. The gas receiving facilities at Taweelah were constructed as adjacent to the Taweelah Power Station and comprise three parallel gas-receiving trains and associated equipment, metering facilities, control buildings, and warehouses and interconnecting pipelines to the Taweelah Power Stations and to the existing Maqta-Jebel Ali Pipeline. The facilities were designed by Technip of Abu Dhabi and Al Jaber Energy Services Consortium of

1400-544: The UAE. The construction was completed in 2006. The Al-Ain – Fujairah pipeline is a 182 kilometres (113 mi) long 24 inches (610 mm) natural gas pipeline with capacity of 20 billion cubic metres (710 billion cubic feet) of natural gas per year. The pipeline was constructed in 2003. In 2004-2005, the pipeline was operated by the Emirates General Petroleum Corporation (Emarat), and since 2006 by Dolphin Energy. Until 2008,

1450-730: The United States. South Pars The South Pars/North Dome field is a natural-gas condensate field located in the Persian Gulf . It is by far the world's largest natural gas field , with ownership of the field shared between Iran and Qatar . According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the field holds an estimated 1,800 trillion cubic feet (51 trillion cubic metres) of in-situ natural gas and some 50 billion barrels (7.9 billion cubic metres) of natural gas condensates . On

1500-525: The capacity of 77  million metric ton per year by 2012 (see table below). The ORYX GTL plant was commissioned in early 2007, as the first operational GTL plant in Qatar. The plant nameplate capacity is 34,000 barrels per day (5,400 m /d), however, the plant has faced technical challenges and did not reach full capacity during the first year of operation. Modifications recommended by Sasol assist with overcoming this shortfall and production capacity

1550-1016: The field by commissioning phase 2 in December 2002 to produce 1 billion cubic feet per day (28 million cubic metres per day) of wet gas. Gas is sent to shore via pipeline, and processed at Assaluyeh . Condensate production from South Pars is currently 200,000 barrels per day (32,000 m /d), and by 2010, could increase to over 500,000 barrels per day (79,000 m /d). As of December 2010, South pars gas field's production capacity stands at 75 million cubic metres (2.6 billion cubic feet) of natural gas per day. Gas production at South Pars rose by nearly 30% between March 2009 and March 2010. The field's reserves are estimated at 14 trillion cubic metres (490 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas and 18 billion barrels (2.9 billion cubic metres) of natural gas condensates. Production at South Pars gas field will rise to 175 million cubic metres (6.2 billion cubic feet) per day in 2012. NIOC

Dolphin Gas Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

1600-479: The field is about 70%, corresponding of about 1,260 trillion cubic feet (36 × 10 ^  m ) of total recoverable gas reserves which stands for about 19% of world recoverable gas reserves. The estimates for the Iranian section are 500 trillion cubic feet (14 × 10 ^  m ) of natural gas in place and around 360 trillion cubic feet (10 × 10 ^  m ) of recoverable gas which stands for 36% of Iran's total proven gas reserves and 5.6% of

1650-439: The field is the world's biggest conventional hydrocarbon accumulation. The field recoverable gas reserve is equivalent to some 215 billion barrels (34.2 billion cubic metres) of oil and it also holds about 16 billion barrels (2.5 billion cubic metres) of recoverable condensate corresponding of about 230 billion barrels (37 billion cubic metres) of oil equivalent recoverable hydrocarbons. The gas recovery factor of

1700-415: The field was two times higher than Iran's cumulative production from the field. Qatar produced about 20 trillion cubic feet (570 billion cubic metres) of natural gas in the period of 1997 to 2008, while Iran produced about 10 trillion cubic feet (280 billion cubic metres) of natural gas in the period of 2003 to 2008. The 2:1 ratio of Qatar's cumulative gas production from the field to Iran's

1750-494: The moratorium. The 2005 moratorium by Qatar and the subsequent extension of that raised some questions about the actual proven reserves in Qatari side of the field. There was some news in 2006 that ConocoPhillips drilled unexpectedly dry holes in the North Field and this event was at least a partial catalyst for a revamped perspective on the North field structure and potential. Further supporting evidence for skepticism about

1800-444: The natural gas pipeline connecting Al Ain with the emirate of Fujariah (considered a separate project.[2]). Gas from Oman was supplied for the purpose which meant that gas from one GCC nation flowed to another for the very first time. The total costs of the project are $ 7 billion, of which $ 3.5 billion are costs of the offshore pipeline.[2] The North Field facilities were designed by Foster Wheeler Sofresid . The first appraisal well

1850-465: The ongoing development phases are facing delays, NIOC authorities are conducting negotiations for development of other Iranian offshore gas fields like North Pars, Kish, Golshan, Ferdows and Lavan. Many Iranian energy analysts believe that NIOC authorities should focus on full development of South Pars field prior to conduction of any new project for development of other undeveloped Iranian offshore gas fields. The priority of South Pars full development

1900-477: The operation of each South Pars phase, one percent is added to the country's gross domestic product (GDP), while phase 12 will add more than three percent of GDP. As at 2012, some 400 Iranian companies were taking part in the development of the South Pars gas field through supplying equipment to related projects. Table Sources: NIOC, Pars Oil & Gas Company, Shana and Media While several phases of South Pars gas field are still waiting for development and

1950-681: The phases is estimated to have an average capital spend of around US$ 1.5 billion, and most will be led by foreign oil firms working in partnership with local companies. Development of a South Pars phase by the Norwegian Statoil company has become infamous after extensive report of misconduct and bribery to the Horton Investments, an Iranian consultancy firm owned by Mehdi Hashemi Rafsanjani, son of former Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani. Statoil committed to spending US$ 300 million to construct three production platforms and

2000-482: The pipeline is used for supplying Omani natural gas to the Fujairah power and desalination plant . Starting from November 2008, the pipeline is used for a regular natural gas export from Qatar to Oman. The Taweelah – Fujairah pipeline is 244-kilometre (152 mi) long 48-inch (1,219 mm) pipeline between Taweelah gas receiving facilities and Fujairah to feed a new Fujairah based power and desalination plants . It

2050-511: The production capacity of 8 trillion cubic feet (230 billion cubic metres) of natural gas per year, not earlier than 2015. The most important impact of delays and lower production in Iranian side would be migration of gas to the Qatari part and a loss of condensate yield due to decreased field pressure. The North Dome, also known as North Field , was discovered in 1971, with the completion of Shell's North West Dome-1 well. With falling oil and associated gas production, and depletion of

Dolphin Gas Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

2100-539: The production level of the Qatari side of the field is subject to the result of the ongoing study by QatarEnergy which is supposed to be released in 2012. The prospects for further growth in Qatari gas production beyond 2012 are clouded by the uncertainty created by a moratorium on new export projects, which was imposed in 2005 while the effect of existing projects on North Field reservoirs was studied. In order to monetize North Dome's vast resources of gas and liquids, Qatar has undertaken ambitious plans for establishment of

2150-490: The real scale of Qatari's reserves came from the 2008 exploration round in Qatar to target exploration of gas in the pre-Khuff formation. Even one of the blocks is exactly located beneath the North Dome Field. On 29 October 2007, Qatargas CEO Faisal Al Suwaidi stated that the 5-year moratorium on new North Field gas development projects, imposed in 2005, could be extended to 2011 or 2012. The exploration moratorium

2200-654: The reservoir in the Qatar Arch is cut by a set of NNW-SSE trending faults. Diagenesis has a major effect on reservoir quality of the field. The field is a part of the N-trending Qatar Arch structural feature that is bounded by the Zagros fold and thrust belt to the north and northeast. In the field, gas accumulation is mostly limited to the Permian–Triassic stratigraphic units. These units known as

2250-510: The world's biggest LNG and GTL industry. Qatar's LNG company called QatarEnergy LNG is located in the Ras Laffan Industrial Port on the coast of Persian Gulf. Since 1997, Qatar has been exporting LNG from the North Field. In 2006, Qatar surpassed Indonesia as the world's largest LNG exporter. Based on the massive gas resources of the field, Qatar is developing the world biggest LNG export facilities in order to reach

2300-408: The world's proven gas reserves. The estimates for the Qatari section are 900 trillion cubic feet (25 × 10 ^  m ) of recoverable gas which stands for almost 99% of Qatar's total proven gas reserves and 14% of the world's proven gas reserves. Table 1 - South Pars/North Field gas reserves Note: 1 km = 1,000,000,000 m = 1 billion m = 1 trillion liters However, since the field

2350-449: The world. The six compression trains are driven by 52 MW gas turbines supplied by Rolls-Royce Energy Systems . The plant came on line in 2006 and compresses up to 2 billion cubic feet per day (57 million cubic metres per day) of refined methane gas . The by-products condensate, propane and butane , are sold on spot markets , while ethane is supplied to QatarEnergy . The offshore pipeline from Ras Laffan to Taweelah in

2400-580: Was completed in April 2002, while the second appraisal well was completed in June 2002. The offshore platforms were constructed by J Ray McDermott Middle East Inc. The first gas from the wells was produced on 25 June 2007. Two 36-inch (910 mm) diameter concrete-coated sealines to transport the production stream from the wellheads to the Ras Laffan processing plant were designed and installed by Saipem ,

2450-525: Was lifted by Qatar in April 2017 with the announcement of a new gas project in the southern part of the field. The South Pars Field was discovered in 1990 by National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). The Pars Oil and Gas Company, a subsidiary of NIOC, has jurisdiction over all South Pars-related projects. Field development has been delayed by various problems - technical (i.e., high levels of mercaptans and foul-smelling sulfur compounds), contractual issues and, recently, politics. Gas production started from

2500-606: Was reached/ maintained from 2009 onwards. The plant uses 330 million cubic feet per day (9.3 × 10 ^  m /d) of natural gas from the Al Khaleej Gas project. The ORYX GTL project uses Sasol's Slurry Phase Distillate (SPD) process. The project is under construction and will be the world's largest GTL plant which will have the capacity of 140,000 barrels per day (22,000 m /d) of middle distillates and significant quantities of LPG and condensate. The first of two 70,000 barrels per day (11,000 m /d) GTL trains

#399600