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95-715: The drainage basin of the Dommel belongs to that of the Meuse. To the west of is the basin of the Donge , which also belongs to that of the Meuse. To the south the basin of the Dommel borders that of the Schelde . To the east is that of the Aa. Further to the south a number of rivers flow into the Meuse much further upstream. The Dommel often looks like a brook nowadays, but it has many geographical features that only larger rivers have. These are

190-427: A hierarchical pattern . Other terms for a drainage basin are catchment area , catchment basin , drainage area , river basin , water basin , and impluvium . In North America, they are commonly called a watershed , though in other English-speaking places, "watershed" is used only in its original sense, that of the drainage divide line. A drainage basin's boundaries are determined by watershed delineation ,

285-486: A canal from the Zuid-Willemsvaart to Tilburg. It was to start between locks 5 and 6 or 6 and 7, and to take its course along Sint-Oedenrode , Liempde , Moergestel and Oisterwijk to Tilburg. It could easily transport a lot of water for use by the emerging Tilburg industry. A facility would have to be made to discharge this water towards the Meuse. The plan took into account that making a canal from Tilburg to

380-529: A commission for construction of the Tilburg canal made a report. It could not make a specific plan, because the municipalities along the canal were not prepared to give enough funding. In 1876 the commission sent in a report for a small canal from the Zuid-Willemsvaart to Tilburg, which would cost 750,000 guilders. In July 1876 a decision was postponed, and in July 1877, the provincial government refused to contribute

475-437: A common task in environmental engineering and science. In a closed drainage basin, or endorheic basin , rather than flowing to the ocean, water converges toward the interior of the basin, known as a sink , which may be a permanent lake, a dry lake , or a point where surface water is lost underground . Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units , which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into

570-454: A drainage basin, and there are different ways to interpret that data. In the unlikely event that the gauges are many and evenly distributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will give good results. In the Thiessen polygon method, the drainage basin is divided into polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be representative for

665-540: A drainage boundary is referred to as watershed delineation . Finding the area and extent of a drainage basin is an important step in many areas of science and engineering. Most of the water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of

760-404: A lock stair and bayonet lock. East of the new Lock III, a facility would be built where ships of Class IV could turnabout. The economy of scale would make water transport cheaper, travel time on the canal would decrease by 30 minutes, and the ultimate goal was to remove trucks from the roads. Work started in 2013, and was expected to be finished in 2016. Sluis III was built according to plan, and

855-602: A multi-level hierarchical drainage system . Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks. In a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. About 48.71% of the world's land drains to the Atlantic Ocean . In North America , surface water drains to the Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence River and Great Lakes basins,

950-602: A particular challenge. It was dug upstream to a place without surface water. The water would therefore have to be pumped upstream. In December 1913 the (since replaced) double lock "Lock I" south of the Koningsdijk was tendered. Construction of Lock I started in April 1914. Later in April 1914, construction of the section between Lock I and the Voldijk, about 5 km east of Dongen was tendered. On 12 March 1917 this section

1045-640: A provincial task. The discussion centered on whether the canal was a local interest, or a national interest. In the senate Jacob van den Biesen noted that the government thought projects like the Nieuwe Waterweg (25 million), the North Sea Canal (12.5 million), and the Nieuwe Merwede (20.5 million) to be of national interest, but that the result was that North Brabant had to pay for these, but got nothing in return, not even 2 million for

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1140-509: Is dedicated to the Roman history of the area. While residents of Eindhoven generally know that their city is on the Dommel, the citizens of 's-Hertogenbosch are convinced that their city is situated on the Dieze. Up till the 1860s, this was a matter of using a different name for the same river. However, in 1864 a sluice was made in the left Dieze dyke just north of the ravelin which was north of

1235-403: Is high, this canal is actually the main discharge of both. Here the Dommel in 's-Hertogenbosch is understood as the new bed that is currently called 'Dommel'. Its appearance has been influenced by two major events. The first was that the city lost its status as a fortification in the 1880s. It prompted works that canalized the city moat, obliterating many of the fortification works. The second are

1330-487: Is referred to as " watershed management ". In Brazil , the National Policy of Water Resources, regulated by Act n° 9.433 of 1997, establishes the drainage basin as the territorial division of Brazilian water management. When a river basin crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary, it is identified as a transboundary river . Management of such basins becomes

1425-614: Is the Dead Sea . Drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important. For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land . Bioregional political organization today includes agreements of states (e.g., international treaties and, within

1520-713: The African Great Lakes , the interiors of Australia and the Arabian Peninsula , and parts in Mexico and the Andes . Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, adjacent closed basins. In endorheic bodies of water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this

1615-583: The Amertak was opened in 1993. It runs from Statendam to the Amer, and replaced the Donge route. By 1986 the Zuid-Willemsvaart and Wilhelmina Canal south of Oosterhout were in bad shape. The province noted that only ships of up to 600 tons could use the canals, and these could only be loaded to half capacity. The province therefore urged that these canals would be upgraded for ships of 1,350 tons. In November 2007

1710-532: The Donge to the Koningsdijk in Oosterhout, and included dredging the Donge. The lowest bid was by H.G. den Hartog from The Hague for 258,900 guilders. In mid March 1910 the workers were constructing sheds. They would start digging in April. In October 1910 Den Hartog also got the order to construct a quay Los- en Laadplaats , just north of where the Mark Canal was. This is still in use. On 15 May 1912

1805-607: The Eastern Seaboard of the United States, the Canadian Maritimes , and most of Newfoundland and Labrador . Nearly all of South America east of the Andes also drains to the Atlantic, as does most of Western and Central Europe and the greatest portion of western Sub-Saharan Africa , as well as Western Sahara and part of Morocco . The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to

1900-618: The Het Groene Woud . This is a National Landscape situated between Eindhoven, Tilburg and 's-Hertogenbosch. The Moerkuilen is a heath area with a mere few kilometres east of Sint-Oedenrode . It is actually a very old meander of the Dommel. Since the Last Glacial Period , it has grown closed with peat , and is now known as the Moerkuilen. The many ponds in the area have been formed by excavating peat. Just west of

1995-647: The Hoge Kempen National Park . The exact source is south of Wauberg, near Peer, Belgium . Other brooks on this plateau flow directly to the Meuse, or flow to the Schelde via the Zwarte Beek and the Demer . The source of the Dommel is 77 metres above sea level. On its course it drops 75 m. Just west of Peer, the Dommel flows through the small nature reserve Mullemer Bemden, where it is joined by

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2090-456: The Ministry of Transport and Water Management , North Brabant province and Tilburg municipality signed an agreement. The objective was to make the canal up to Tilburg suitable for ships of CEMT class IV. In order to achieve the objective, the canal level would be raised, Lock II would be demolished, and a new Lock would be built next to Lock III, because Lock III is a listed construction as

2185-735: The Mississippi (3.22 million km ), and the Río de la Plata (3.17 million km ). The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganges , and Congo rivers. Endorheic basin are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Endorheic basins cover around 18% of the Earth's land. Some endorheic basins drain to an Endorheic lake or Inland sea . Many of these lakes are ephemeral or vary dramatically in size depending on climate and inflow. If water evaporates or infiltrates into

2280-809: The Nile River ), Southern , Central, and Eastern Europe , Turkey , and the coastal areas of Israel , Lebanon , and Syria . The Arctic Ocean drains most of Western Canada and Northern Canada east of the Continental Divide , northern Alaska and parts of North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , and Montana in the United States, the north shore of the Scandinavian peninsula in Europe, central and northern Russia, and parts of Kazakhstan and Mongolia in Asia , which totals to about 17% of

2375-478: The Oude Maasje (Meuse) was much more costly, because of the greater difference in height. However, this could be done at a later time. In July 1869 the provincial government allowed 1,500 guilders to investigate a plan for a canal from the Zuid-Willemsvaart over Tilburg to Dongen or 's Gravenmoer . This was a plan by the then chief engineer, but the investigation was to include Van de Griendt's plan. In 1873

2470-661: The Zuid-Willemsvaart in Laarbeek to the Amer (Meuse) just west of Geertruidenberg and is 68 kilometers long. The section from Geertruidenberg southward to Lock I in Oosterhout is suitable for ships of up to 135 * 11.5 * 3 m ( CEMT class Va). The section from Lock I in Oosterhout to Lock II at the western border of Tilburg is suitable for CEMT IV limited to 90 * 9.60 * 2.70 m. East of Lock II Tilburg,

2565-512: The groundwater . A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. Wilhelmina Canal The Wilhelmina Canal is a canal in North-Brabant , Netherlands . It connects Tilburg to the Meuse, and continues to the east to connect to the Zuid-Willemsvaart north of Helmond . The Wilhelmina Canal runs from

2660-494: The 250,000 guilders needed as her contribution to the canal. In 1876 the provincial Waterstaat of North Brabant began to operate. F.C. Bake from the Staatsspoorwegen became its head and chief engineer. In April 1878 Bake and the municipalities of Breda, Tilburg and Oosterhout were planning a canal from Eindhoven via Tilburg to the Amer. This was the first plan that resembled the current Wilhelmina Canal. In 1889

2755-529: The Afwateringskanaal is that it allows canoes to make a round trip in Boxtel, the so-called 'Rondje Boxtel'. Boxtel is traditionally said to be the point till which the Dommel is navigable. However, navigability is a highly contextual subject. In the context of current commercial navigation the size of the ships that the Dommel can handle is much too small to make shipping economically viable. Before

2850-417: The Amer becoming more navigable in the meantime. The plan was signed by engineer Schevichaven. A letter by chief engineer Bake was attached to the plan. The estimated cost for the plan was 4,512,000 guilders. The plan came to nothing, primarily because the national government did not want to execute it. The province thought it too risky to do it on her own, also because the maintenance would then also become

2945-789: The Andes. The Indian Ocean 's drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earth's land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf , the Indian subcontinent , Burma, and most parts of Australia . The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are those of the Amazon (7 million km ), the Congo (4 million km ), the Nile (3.4 million km ),

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3040-726: The Atlantic. The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U.S. interior between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains , a small part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan , eastern Central America , the islands of the Caribbean and the Gulf, and a small part of northern South America. The Mediterranean Sea basin, with the Black Sea , includes much of North Africa , east-central Africa (through

3135-546: The Beatrix Canal conditions are better again. In recent years improvements have been made to the connection from the Beatrix Canal to the Zuid-Willemsvaart, so that long combinations, and eventually CEMT IV ships can use this section. Here maximum ship dimensions are 110 * 6.70 * 3 m. Whatever the eventual form of the canal, the primary reason to dig it was to connect Tilburg to the Dutch system of inland waterways. By

3230-459: The Canal. The Dommel then appears again on the other side. The stretch from Son en Breugel to Vught is primarily rural. The most original part and natural state of the Dommel can be found between Eindhoven and Boxtel. Here, the Dommel still has many of its original winds and meanders, though many have also been lost. The stretch forms a cultural-historical and valuable landscape area that is part of

3325-492: The Dommel. It was dug by hand in 1933–1936 in order to prevent flooding in Boxtel. It cut off a bend of the Dommel of about 4 km that flowed through Boxtel. The Boxtel 'arm' then received only little water till the waterschap reverted the situation in 2013. Now the Dommel bed is again the primary course of the Dommel in Boxtel, and the Afwateringskanaal Boxtel is only used at high water. An unexpected effect of

3420-677: The Dutch border, south of Schaft . From the Dutch-Belgian border the Dommel then drops only 25 meters more. The Dommel then flows along the nature reserve Malpie, which is a Heath with many meres . This stretch of the Dommel ends at the Venberg Watermill (Venbergse Molen) south of Valkenswaard . This also the end of the popular canoe trips, that start just north of the Bocholt-Herentals canal in Belgium. After

3515-771: The Heersdijk and the Beerse Heide (east of Haghorst) was tendered. On 24 July 1918 the section from the Emmerseweg in Haghorst (location of Lock IV) till Nieuwe Leij in Tilburg was tendered together with final section from the Meuse till Tilburg. On 1 July 1921 the section from the Zuid-Willemsvaart to the quay in Lieshout was opened. On 9 January 1922 the section from Lieshout till the Double-beam drawbridge in

3610-633: The Kleinbeek. To the east there was a small diversion of the water towards the Watermill of Peer. Part of this mill is still standing on the Molhem road. The Mullemer Bemden is part of the preserve 'Valley of the Dommel and Bollisserbeek' which stretches till west of Kleine Brogel. At the end of the preserve is the building of the Kleine Molen (small mill). From Kleine Brogel the Dommel first passes

3705-684: The Kwadeweg at the hamlet Stad van Gerwen was opened. On 22 May 1922 the section from this bridge till a like bridge south of Breugel was opened. On 4 April 1923 the last sections of the Wilhelmina Canal were opened. In 1925 the canal started at the Donge in Statendam, 5 km from the Donge's confluence with the Amer . Stretching along Oosterhout and Tilburg it reached the Zuid-Willemsvaart 4 km north of Helmond. Locks I to V divided it in six pounds or levels. The lowest pound

3800-546: The Moerkuilen is the Dommelbeemden area, which is a natural monument. It (used to) consist of regularly flooded low-lying meadows used to grow hay, and higher situated "bolakkers" (high fields), where cereals were cultivated. The aim of the natural monument is to restore part of this situation. About two kilometers before reaching the center of Boxtel town, the Afwateringskanaal Boxtel diverts from

3895-516: The Oliemolen bastion in 's-Hertogenbosch. It connected the western city moat to the Dieze. In turn this city moat was connected to the Dommel at about the same time. The result was that henceforward the Dommel not only flowed to the Dieze under the name 'Binnendieze', but also flowed to the Dieze in a new bed as 'Dommel'. With more water flowing through the new bed, than through the older Binnendieze bed, confusion became inevitable. The Dommel reaches

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3990-464: The Piushaven, and made a small demonstration with some rowing boats. In August 1925 there was a 1,500 m swimming event finishing at the harbor, and a water polo match. Rowing matches soon followed. The canal was also important for long distance skating in the area. Speelland Beekse Bergen and Safaripark Beekse Bergen were created in the 1960s. Their origin lies in the sand extraction in

4085-417: The US, interstate compacts ) or other political entities in a particular drainage basin to manage the body or bodies of water into which it drains. Examples of such interstate compacts are the Great Lakes Commission and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency . In hydrology , the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle . The process of finding

4180-421: The Venberg Watermill, the Dommel flows north between Dommelen and Valkenswaard. It then flows between Waalre and Veldhoven before it reaches the south west tip of the Eindhoven municipality. After flowing below a handful of bridges of the motorways A67 and A2, most of the water of the Dommel is taken by the Afwateringskanaal. This canal was dug to prevent flooding in Eindhoven and ends in the Wilhelmina Canal. In

4275-432: The Wedelse Mill, which is a monument. It then passes east of Overpelt , where the Bemvoortse molen is. The Dommel passed very close to the west of Neerpelt , and then reaches the Bocholt–Herentals Canal . It passes this canal by culverts and sluices . The stretch of the Dommel from the canal near Neerpelt till Valkenswaard is especially valuable. The Dommel first flows through the nature reserve Hageven, and then passes

4370-440: The Wilhelmina Canal increased. In 1929 almost 2,000,000 tons passed Lock I. Passage at Lock V increased to about 1,000,000 tons, compared to a slight decrease at Lock 13. In 1936 1,162,000 tons passed Lock I, and 545,000 passed lock V, compared to 2,406,00 tons at Sluis 0 and 2,169,000 tons at lock 13. In 1960 the harbor master of Tilburg put passage on the Wilhelmina Canal at 10,000 ships and over 2,000,000 tons. He thought that

4465-409: The almost complete Mark Canal got the order. On 2 December 1914 Lock II (near the Voldijk) and the double lock Lock III were tendered, together with digging a projected stretch of the canal in Tilburg municipality. The contract was won bij J.P. Broekhoven from Hengelo for 1,038,000 guilders. The tendered section of the canal was probably that which was between the two locks, or the section stretching to

4560-406: The area. The little lake at the center of the recreational area is in direct connection to the Wilhelmina Canal. Just north of the Beekse Bergen, a section of the canal was widened to create the Watersportbaan Tilburg . This is the second Dutch especially created water for rowing regattas. By 1982 only a couple of ships a week entered the Piushaven in Tilburg. This started a discussion about using

4655-406: The basin, it can form tributaries that change the structure of the land. There are three different main types, which are affected by the rocks and ground underneath. Rock that is quick to erode forms dendritic patterns, and these are seen most often. The two other types of patterns that form are trellis patterns and rectangular patterns. Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over

4750-415: The blunder could have happened was started. To make matters worse, construction of the new Lock II was prohibited due to the nitrogen crisis . On 20 April 2022, construction of the new Lock II was postponed until further notice. The Wilhelmina Canal was very important for the development of water sports in Tilburg. In April 1925 the new Tilburgse Watersportvereniging Wilhelmina opened her Pavilion at

4845-419: The bottom of the canal. The plan for the locks foresaw a lock with a double set of gates near the Zuid-Willemsvaart, to this lock could also operate if the level of the Zuid-Willemsvaart was lower. Regular locks would lift 2.5 m. Two double (sequential) locks would lift 5 m. A significant change from the 1877 plan was that the canal would end at Oosterhout instead of at the Moerdijk. This had to do with

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4940-423: The canal by the national government. In November 1904 a law to construct the canal was sent to the House of Representatives, but it soon became clear that this law would only lead to actual construction of the canal if funding became available. The people of North-Brabant thought that they had been fooled by the minister. On 11 May 1905 the law for the canal was approved by the House of Representatives. In spite of

5035-525: The canal did not lead to the expected benefits. By 1925 the Wilhelmina Canal and Mark Canal both had about 10,000 ships of about 1,000,000 tons capacity passing their locks at Oosterhout. About 7,000 ships of 825,000 tons passed Lock III, and probably continued to Tilburg. At Lock V only 2,400 ships of 306,000 tons passed. This could be compared to the traffic at Sluis 0 and Lock 13 at the Zuid-Willemsvaart. Sluis 0 had 21,000 ships of 4,000,000 tons and Lock 13 12,250 ships of 3,300,000 tons. In time business on

5130-427: The canal from there till the Amer for ships of more than 1,000 tons. The new lock that replaced the old Lock I was built west of it, on a new section of the canal, just west of where the eastern lock of the Mark Canal used to be. A replacement for the old lock at the end of the Mark Canal was built about 500 m to the northwest. In Spring 1977 these works were officially opened for shipping. After these improvements,

5225-406: The canal section from the Zuid-Willemsvaart till the Breugelsche Beek (just east of Son ) was tendered. In June 1917 the section from the Breugelsche Beek till the eastern border of the municipality of Best was tendered. In October 1917, the connecting section from the eastern border of Best till the Heersdijk (just east of Oorschot) was tendered. In December 1917 the connecting section between

5320-411: The canal still has it old dimensions. The section of from Tilburg to the Beatrix Canal , is suitable for ships of up to 650 tons capacity (CEMT II), but is only 2.30 m deep on average, and even only 1.90 m deep at some point. Therefore, CEMT II ships on this section are not fully loaded and maximum dimensions are 63 * 7.20 * 1.90 m. Here average width of the canal is 25–30 m. East of

5415-402: The canal. That year, 3,394 ships offloaded 605,033 tons in Tilburg. Of this, sand amounted to 238,518 ton, gravel amounted to 146,158. Other goods were ammunition, lime , gasoline , timber , fodder , fuel oil . tarmacadam , trees, brick, fertilizer, etc. Only 74 ships loaded goods in Tilburg. In 1962 a plan was made to replace Lock I and the eastern lock of the Mark Canal, and to upgrade

5510-448: The canal. Van den Biesen then suggested that he might take a principal stand, and vote against all other projects if Brabant got nothing. The name Wilhelmina Canal dates at least to April 1901. In 1903 Minister Johannes Christiaan de Marez Oyens made some changes to the plan, leading to a significant increase in cost. On 9 February 1904 the provincial government of North Brabant voted to contribute 2.5 million guilders to construction of

5605-445: The city center. On 24 July 1918 construction of two sections was tendered. The first was that between the Tilburg-Loon op Zand road and the Nieuwe Leij, and included a side canal towards Tilburg proper. The other section stretched to Haghorst . The side canal would lead to Tilburg's inland harbor Piushaven. The plan for a harbor, housing and industry near the Pius park and street was approved in April 1920. It seems that celebrations for

5700-410: The city wall which functions as a tiny city park. The clever aspect is that on the inside it functions as a sewer overflow. The late medieval city walls have been excavated. At St-Jan's Bolwerk a rediscovered older part, which had fallen over in the moat, has been resurrected. The Wilhelminabrug connects to the station and is heavily decorated with often neglected post war sculptures. The swing bridge near

5795-537: The confluence with the Dieze is a fine piece of industrial engineering. Drainage basin A drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth , or flows into another body of water , such as a lake or ocean . A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the drainage divide , made up of a succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills . A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river confluences , forming

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5890-409: The dimensions 65 * 15 m, with a passage width of 7.50 m. This was enough for two ships of 60 * 7 * 1.90 m and better than agreed upon with North-Brabant. In October 1913 construction of the Mark Canal itself was tendered for 734,400 guilders. On 4 October 1915 the Mark Canal was opened. Ships of 60 * 7 * 2.10 m were allowed on the canal. The section from Oosterhout to Dongen faced

5985-406: The disappropriation law for the canal was treated in the House of Representatives. Overall construction was slow. In 1911 there was a budget of 750,000 guilders. Of this sum 600,000 was spent on disappropriation, and only 75,000 were spent on construction. It led to another heated debate in The Hague. On 8 December 1909 construction of the first section of the canal was tendered. This stretched from

6080-430: The discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet. Depending on the conditions of the drainage basin, as rainfall occurs some of it seeps directly into the ground. This water will either remain underground, slowly making its way downhill and eventually reaching the basin, or it will permeate deeper into the soil and consolidate into groundwater aquifers. As water flows through

6175-441: The drainage area is dependent on the soil type. Certain soil types such as sandy soils are very free-draining, and rainfall on sandy soil is likely to be absorbed by the ground. However, soils containing clay can be almost impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay soils will run off and contribute to flood volumes. After prolonged rainfall even free-draining soils can become saturated , meaning that any further rainfall will reach

6270-642: The drainage basin to the mouth, and may accumulate there, disturbing the natural mineral balance. This can cause eutrophication where plant growth is accelerated by the additional material. Because drainage basins are coherent entities in a hydrological sense, it has become common to manage water resources on the basis of individual basins. In the U.S. state of Minnesota , governmental entities that perform this function are called " watershed districts ". In New Zealand, they are called catchment boards. Comparable community groups based in Ontario, Canada, are called conservation authorities . In North America, this function

6365-422: The east came the staircase lock Lock III, which lifted to +12.5 m AOD. East of Tilburg was Lock IV in Haghorst, which lifted to +14.76 m AOD. Lock V only closed in exceptional circumstances. The passage width of the locks was 7.5 m, and they were 65 m long. The canal was 25 m wide at the surface. For the lowest pound this was 30 m. At the bottom width was 15 m and 16 m. Depth

6460-404: The end of the 18th century, Tilburg was the biggest town of the Meierij van 's-Hertogenbosch , but all transport to and from Tilburg took place over unpaved roads. In 1863 the Breda–Eindhoven railway connected Tilburg to Breda, and in 1865 to Eindhoven. At about that time the textile industry of Tilburg was booming, and used an enormous amount of coal. In April 1869 J. van de Griendt proposed

6555-435: The ground and along rivers it can pick up nutrients , sediment , and pollutants . With the water, they are transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes along the way as well as in the receiving water body . Modern use of artificial fertilizers , containing nitrogen (as nitrates ), phosphorus , and potassium , has affected the mouths of drainage basins. The minerals are carried by

6650-422: The ground at its terminus, the area can go by several names, such playa, salt flat, dry lake , or alkali sink . The largest endorheic basins are in Central Asia , including the Caspian Sea , the Aral Sea , and numerous smaller lakes. Other endorheic regions include the Great Basin in the United States, much of the Sahara Desert , the drainage basin of the Okavango River ( Kalahari Basin ), highlands near

6745-421: The introduction of the steam engine however, river ships were much smaller, and navigation was economically viable between Boxtel and 's-Hertogenbosch. The Dommel was even wide enough to allow shipping till Sint-Oedenrode , but apart from the fact that a mill in Boxtel blocked its course, there were too many bends in the river too make navigation till Sint-Oedenrode economically feasible. Up till about 1870, there

6840-575: The maximum draft for ships on the canal should be increased to 2.20 or 2.30 m. Ships of 600 tons could then make better use of their capacity. He thought that there was nothing to indicate that an upgrade to accommodate ships of 1,500 tons was necessary. In 1963 1,930,000 tons passed Lock I, 1,387,000 tons passed Lock IV, and 2.286,000 tons passed lock V, compared to 3,211,000 tons at Sluis 0 and 4,827,000 tons at lock 13. That year both canals had been blocked by ice for about 70 days. Data from 1963 shows that most ships mainly transported bulk cargo on

6935-517: The need for canal was again discussed in the provincial government. The chief engineer of Waterstaat came up with a plan in June 1890. It had the same size as the Zuid-Willemsvaart, and would start there between locks 6 and 7. The description of the section east of Tilburg closely resembles the canal as it would later be built. There was also a variant in which the section between Tilburg and the Zuid-Willemsvaart would be narrower, i.e. only 6 m wide at

7030-712: The new extension of this museum which juts out into the Dommel. The river then continues on the east side of Eindhoven city center. Here it almost touches the Eindhovensch Kanaal. The Dommel next flows along the terrain of the Eindhoven University of Technology . Just west of Nuenen the Dommel is joined by the Kleine Dommel. Just south of Son the Dommel meets the Wilhelmina Canal . Here is it led through culverts that dive below

7125-403: The non-committal character of the law, the government started to delimit the future course of the canal in July 1906. Soon after, 500,000 guilders for the canal were added to the 1907 budget. By May 1907 a detailed map of the section in Tilburg was published. In these years a lot of time and money was spent on buying, and where necessary disappropriation, of grounds for the canal. In November 1908

7220-510: The opening of the harbor were included in those for the 25th anniversary of Queen Wilhelmina 's reign in August 1923. These included a gondola tour from the Quay at Lijnsheike to Piushaven. Construction of the section east of Tilburg started in the east, at the Zuid-Willemsvaart , because that is where the water was. On 29 April 1916 Lock V, just west of Lieshout was tendered. On 25 October 1916

7315-405: The post millennial works to restore the fortifications, and to make the Dommel an ecological connection zone. This meant that on the Dommel the fortifications, and in particular the city wall were made visible again. In the Dommel itself a more natural river-side was created to aid wild-life. There are some highlights of the Dommel in 's-Hertogenbosch. The St-Jan's Bolwerk is a reconstructed part of

7410-418: The rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and adding up the volume of water is time-consuming. Isochrone maps can be used to show

7505-631: The responsibility of the countries sharing it. Nile Basin Initiative , OMVS for Senegal River , Mekong River Commission are a few examples of arrangements involving management of shared river basins. Management of shared drainage basins is also seen as a way to build lasting peaceful relationships among countries. The catchment is the most significant factor determining the amount or likelihood of flooding . Catchment factors are: topography , shape, size, soil type, and land use (paved or roofed areas). Catchment topography and shape determine

7600-461: The river rather than being absorbed by the ground. If the surface is impermeable the precipitation will create surface run-off which will lead to higher risk of flooding; if the ground is permeable, the precipitation will infiltrate the soil. Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a similar way to clay soils. For example, rainfall on roofs, pavements , and roads will be collected by rivers with almost no absorption into

7695-538: The road from Tilburg to Loon op Zand. In late June 1915 D. van der Zee was appointed as extraordinary overseer for construction of the section from Lock III till that road. On 14 February 1919 the section between Dongen and the Tilburg quay at the Lijnschestraat (now IJsselstraat), east of Lock III was opened. The projected end point of the canal in Tilburg was the Piushaven (Pius Harbor) just south east of

7790-405: The section from the Donge to the Koningsdijk and its quay was opened. The Mark Canal, which connected Breda to the Meuse, came next. In 1911 there was a 310,000 guilders budget for the Mark Canal from Oosterhout to the river Mark . In October 1912 the (since replaced) lock at the eastern end of the Mark Canal, south of the Koningsdijk, was tendered. The government gave the lock at the Mark Canal

7885-716: The south of Eindhoven, the Dommel flows mainly through parks. First the Genneper Parken, and then the Dommelplantsoen, where the Tongelreep joins the Dommel. Next comes the Anne Frank plantsoen, and then the Dommel reaches the city center. In the center of Eindhoven, the shores and bridges of the Dommel are rather utilitarian. An exception is the new pedestrian bridge near the Van Abbemuseum , and

7980-465: The southern tip of the city center on its eastern side. The connection from the Dommel to the city moat was made by digging about 100 m to the west from that point. The 1864 Dommel then turns north to run along the west side of the city center. At the point where the Dommel turns northward, the Drongelens Canal starts. This was constructed from 1906 to 1910. If the water level on Dommel and Aa

8075-418: The speed with which the runoff reaches a river. A long thin catchment will take longer to drain than a circular catchment. Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding. It is also determined on the basis of length and width of the drainage basin. Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river. The runoff from

8170-415: The time taken for rain to reach the river, while catchment size, soil type, and development determine the amount of water to reach the river. Generally, topography plays a big part in how fast runoff will reach a river. Rain that falls in steep mountainous areas will reach the primary river in the drainage basin faster than flat or lightly sloping areas (e.g., > 1% gradient). Shape will contribute to

8265-477: The time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall. Drainage basins are the principal hydrologic unit considered in fluvial geomorphology . A drainage basin is the source for water and sediment that moves from higher elevation through the river system to lower elevations as they reshape the channel forms. Drainage basins are important in ecology . As water flows over

8360-467: The width of the rivers' valley, and large meanders from the Last Glacial Period . In the past, there was talk about the Romans navigating the Dommel. Later, the near forests were cut down, and so the river became more shallow and started to meander. In 1863 a Water board (Waterschap) was founded for the Dommel. It had authority in all the municipalities where the Dommel flowed. One of its first priorities

8455-789: The world's land. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean . Its basin includes much of China, eastern and southeastern Russia, Japan, the Korean Peninsula , most of Indochina, Indonesia and Malaysia, the Philippines, all of the Pacific Islands , the northeast coast of Australia , and Canada and the United States west of the Continental Divide (including most of Alaska), as well as western Central America and South America west of

8550-406: Was 2.30 m below canal level. For the tidal pound, this was -3 m AOD. It meant that the canal was suitable for 500 tons ships, the lowest pound for 700 tons ships. The entire Wilhelmina Canal was opened for shipping on 4 April 1923. The cost had risen from an estimated 7.5 million guilders to 24 million on completion. The opening of the canal did not lead to a boom in shipping. Overall,

8645-416: Was finished by 2017. A major problem was then discovered: the lower water level on the higher side of the canal pound would most probably lead a much lower groundwater level in the Tilburg district Reeshof . Houses could then start to sag. In December 2017 the governments then decided to rebuild Lock II instead of simply demolishing it. It was a blunder of about 70 million euros. An investigation of how

8740-427: Was in open connection with the sea and tides . Its level varied from 1.14 m above Amsterdam Ordnance Datum (AOD) till 0.37 m below at ebb. In Oosterhout, Lock I was a staircase lock gekoppelde Schutsluis , basically two locks in line, which allowed to bridge the rise to the +5 m AOD level of the next pound. In Tilburg, Lock II was a regular lock that lifted to +7.5 m AOD. About four kilometers to

8835-401: Was opened till the quay of Dongen. World War I would speed up the section from Dongen to Tilburg, because there was a lot of unemployment. In September 1914 the government therefore asked for an extra 500,000 to speed up the Wilhelmina Canal. Shortly after, the government asked 5 contractors to make a bid for digging a section east of the Voldijk by hand. It was rumored that the constructor of

8930-482: Was still some navigation on the Dommel. In 1859, a ship loaded with stone and Gravel sank on the Aa near Sint-Michielsgestel while en route to Boxtel. The skipper was from Sint-Michielsgestel, and was killed together with his son. West of Sint-Michielsgestel the Esschestroom joins the Dommel near the hamlet Halder . In Roman times Halder was probably the most important settlement on the Dommel. A small museum

9025-486: Was to prevent flooding, especially between 's-Hertogenbosch and Boxtel. If possible, it wanted to canalize the same stretch, and to improve its navigability, but for the latter a lock would be required. C. 1865, the water board diverted the Dommel through the western city moat of 's-Hertogenbosch and made a sluice in the left dyke of the Dieze. The source of the Dommel is in the Kempens Plateau, part of which forms

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