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57-851: Admission is free of charge. Doors Open Ottawa has recorded nearly 850,000 visits since it began in 2002. More than 140 buildings took part in the 2018 event and over 140 buildings were expected to take part in 2019. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa , Doors Open Ottawa 2020 was cancelled, and the 2021 event was offered virtually. The 2022 event was offered in a hybrid format, with some in-person and some virtual content. For 2022 & 2023, V=virtual tour and I=in-person; For 2023, H=Hybrid (both virtual and in-person) COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa The COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa

114-509: A COVID‑19 vaccine candidate to boost its immunogenicity and efficacy to reduce or prevent COVID‑19 infection in vaccinated individuals. Adjuvants used in COVID‑;19 vaccine formulation may be particularly effective for technologies using the inactivated COVID‑19 virus and recombinant protein-based or vector-based vaccines. Aluminum salts, known as " alum ", were the first adjuvant used for licensed vaccines and are

171-464: A decade to develop. In contrast, mRNA is a molecule that can be made quickly, and research on mRNA to fight diseases was begun decades before the COVID‑19 pandemic by scientists such as Drew Weissman and Katalin Karikó , who tested on mice. Moderna began human testing of an mRNA vaccine in 2015. Viral vector vaccines were also developed for the COVID‑19 pandemic after the technology

228-422: A face mask by-law in the city for enclosed public spaces. It came with a fine of between $ 200 and $ 400. On July 17, the city entered Stage 3 of the province's re-opening plan, allowing bars and restaurants to open for indoor dining, as well as movie theatres, gyms and fitness centres. On August 26, City Council extended the mask by-law to include common areas of apartments and condominiums . On September 18,

285-616: A larger range. As of March 5, 2021, adults 90 years of age or older anywhere in the city can receive their COVID-19 vaccine , along with the Inuit, First Nations, and Métis populations. Adults 80 years of age or older living in certain high-risk neighbourhoods can receive their vaccine doses. Residents in Ottawa shelters can also receive a COVID-19 vaccine dose. On May 18, vaccines became available to all Ontarians over 18. All available appointments in Ottawa were booked up in just two and half hours. Multiple pop-up vaccine clinics have opened in

342-652: A man in his 90s dies at the Ottawa Hospital . On April 1, the Quebec government imposed travel restrictions between Ontario and Quebec, setting up checkpoints at the five crossings of the Ottawa River , which separates the city of Ottawa in Ontario and Gatineau in Quebec. Restrictions lasted until May 18. On April 9, a COVID-19 outbreak is declared at Carlingview Manor, a long-term care home which would be

399-484: A modified Stage 2 tier until the province introduced a new colour-coded Response Framework for the province involving five tiers based on regional COVID-19 numbers. Ottawa had its modified Stage 2 status lifted for parts of November, until the province declared a province-wide shutdown beginning December 26, 2020. This included the declaration of a second state of emergency in January 2021 and stay-at-home orders for

456-850: A robust T-cell response and their genes are more conserved and recombine less frequently (compared to Spike). Future generations of COVID‑19 vaccines that may target more conserved genomic regions will also act as insurance against the manifestation of catastrophic scenarios concerning the future evolutionary path of SARS-CoV-2, or any similar coronavirus epidemic/pandemic. Platforms developed in 2020 involved nucleic acid technologies ( nucleoside-modified messenger RNA and DNA ), non-replicating viral vectors , peptides , recombinant proteins , live attenuated viruses , and inactivated viruses . Many vaccine technologies being developed for COVID‑19 are not like influenza vaccines but rather use "next-generation" strategies for precise targeting of COVID‑19 infection mechanisms. Several of

513-474: A second intranasal vaccine as a booster, trade name Pneucolin . Aivita Biomedical is developing an experimental autologous dendritic cell COVID‑19 vaccine kit where the vaccine is prepared and incubated at the point-of-care using cells from the intended recipient. The vaccine is undergoing small phase I and phase II clinical studies. A universal coronavirus vaccine would be effective against all coronaviruses and possibly other viruses. The concept

570-512: A spike ferritin-based nanoparticle (SpFN). This vaccine began a Phase I clinical trial in April 2022. Results of this trial were published in May 2024. Other universal vaccines that have entered clinical trial include OVX033 (France), PanCov (France), pEVAC-PS (UK), and VBI-2902 (Canada). Another strategy is to attach vaccine fragments from multiple strains to a nanoparticle scaffold. One theory

627-492: Is declared at the Extendicare Starwood long-term care home, which resulted in 25 residents dying. It was the hardest hit LTC during the second wave of the pandemic. On October 8, an indoor wedding with no physical distancing or people wearing masks leads to 22 cases of COVID-19. On October 10, Ottawa moved into a "modified stage 2" resulting in the temporary closure of indoor dining at restaurants and bars and

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684-545: Is part of the global ongoing viral pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ), a novel infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Ottawa is the fourth most populous city in Canada , the second largest city in Ontario , and the capital city of Canada. On March 11, 2020, the first identified case of COVID-19 in Ottawa was a man in his 40s who travelled to Austria, stated Ottawa's medical officer of health, Dr. Vera Etches. It

741-498: Is that a broader range of strains can be vaccinated against by targeting the receptor-binding domain, rather than the whole spike protein . As of September 2020 , eleven of the vaccine candidates in clinical development use adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity. An immunological adjuvant is a substance formulated with a vaccine to elevate the immune response to an antigen , such as the COVID‑19 virus or influenza virus. Specifically, an adjuvant may be used in formulating

798-653: Is the same as Convidecia's only dose. In August 2021, the developers of Sputnik V proposed, in view of the Delta case surge, that Pfizer test the Ad26 component (termed its 'Light' version) as a booster shot. Inactivated vaccines consist of virus particles that are grown in culture and then killed using a method such as heat or formaldehyde to lose disease-producing capacity while still stimulating an immune response. Inactivated virus vaccines authorized in China include

855-474: The COVID‑19 pandemic , an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of coronaviruses causing diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) and Middle East respiratory syndrome ( MERS ). This knowledge accelerated the development of various vaccine platforms in early 2020. The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic, often severe, illness. In 2020,

912-577: The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for use. In Ottawa, the first vaccine was administered at the Ottawa Hospital - Civic Campus , on December 15, 2020. It was the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine , as the mRNA-1273 vaccine developed by Moderna was administered at a later date. Vaccine rollout plans for Ottawa started for only Long Term Care ( LTC ) residents, staff, and certain health-care workers , but slowly expanded to

969-592: The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccine , the Sputnik V COVID‑19 vaccine , Convidecia , and the Janssen COVID‑19 vaccine . Convidecia and Janssen are both one-shot vaccines that offer less complicated logistics and can be stored under ordinary refrigeration for several months. Sputnik V uses Ad26 for its first dose, which is the same as Janssen's only dose, and Ad5 for the second dose, which

1026-413: The nasal mucosa , which is a portal for viral entry into the body. These vaccines are designed to stimulate nasal immune factors , such as IgA . In addition to inhibiting the virus, nasal vaccines provide ease of administration because no needles (or needle phobia ) are involved. A variety of intranasal COVID‑19 vaccines are undergoing clinical trials. The first authorised intranasal vaccine

1083-617: The 11th as had been anticipated, but would do virtual schooling for the next two weeks. On January 9, the Department of Canadian Heritage announced that Ottawa's annual Winterlude festival would be held virtually this year. On January 17, an outbreak at the Valley Stream retirement home in Nepean leads to four deaths. On January 20, it was announced that schools in the city will remain closed. They had been set to re-open on

1140-564: The 25th. On January 22, the city bans sledding and tobogganing at Mooney's Bay Hill due to consistent large crowds. On January 27, city council unanimously approved extending the city's temporary mask by-law until April 29. On February 5, the fist doses of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine arrived in the city. On February 8, the provincial government announced that the city's stay at home order would last until February 16. It had been in effect since December 26. On February 9,

1197-934: The Chinese CoronaVac and the Sinopharm BIBP and WIBP vaccines; there is also the Indian Covaxin , the Russian CoviVac , the Kazakh vaccine QazVac , and the Iranian COVIran Barekat . Vaccines in clinical trials include the Valneva COVID‑;19 vaccine . Subunit vaccines present one or more antigens without introducing whole pathogen particles. The antigens involved are often protein subunits , but they can be any molecule fragment of

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1254-785: The European Union. Authorized vaccines of this type include the Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. The CVnCoV RNA vaccine from CureVac failed in clinical trials. Severe allergic reactions are rare. In December 2020, 1,893,360 first doses of Pfizer–BioNTech COVID‑19 vaccine administration resulted in 175 cases of severe allergic reactions, of which 21 were anaphylaxis . For 4,041,396 Moderna COVID‑19 vaccine dose administrations in December 2020 and January 2021, only ten cases of anaphylaxis were reported. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were most likely responsible for

1311-561: The United States beginning in fall 2024 should be monovalent JN.1 vaccines. Since January 2020, vaccine development has been expedited via unprecedented collaboration in the multinational pharmaceutical industry and between governments. Multiple steps along the entire development path are evaluated, including: There have been several unique challenges with COVID‑19 vaccine development. Public health programs have been described as "[a] race to vaccinate individuals" with

1368-514: The adjuvant of choice in some 80% of adjuvanted vaccines. The alum adjuvant initiates diverse molecular and cellular mechanisms to enhance immunogenicity, including the release of proinflammatory cytokines. In June 2024, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advised the manufacturers of the licensed and authorized COVID-19 vaccines that the COVID-19 vaccines (2024-2025 Formula) for use in

1425-430: The allergic reactions. These vaccines are examples of non-replicating viral vector vaccines using an adenovirus shell containing DNA that encodes a SARS‑CoV‑2 protein. The viral vector-based vaccines against COVID‑19 are non-replicating, meaning that they do not make new virus particles but rather produce only the antigen that elicits a systemic immune response. Authorized vaccines of this type include

1482-528: The body how to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen. RNA vaccines often use nucleoside-modified messenger RNA . The delivery of mRNA is achieved by a coformulation of the molecule into lipid nanoparticles , which protect the RNA strands and help their absorption into the cells. RNA vaccines are the first COVID‑19 vaccines to be authorized in the United Kingdom, the United States, and

1539-469: The city was vaccinated, Jo-Anne Miner, a personal support worker. On December 21, it was announced that the city would go under a 28-day lockdown beginning on Boxing Day. Mayor Watson and Dr. Etches expressed disdain at the decision. On December 26, the city went under another lockdown, where only essential businesses were allowed to remain open. On December 27, the first case of the UK coronavirus variant

1596-629: The city's chief medical officer, Dr. Vera Etches announced the city had entered the second wave of pandemic, blaming the relaxing of measures in August. On September 19, Monsignor Paul Baxter School in Barrhaven was ordered closed for 14 days due to an outbreak. Three more schools were closed in October. On September 22, a possible transmission during an outdoor barbecue at a park eventually results in 27 positive cases. On September 25, an outbreak

1653-454: The city's south end and K2V in Kanata . The inclusion of the latter was scrutinized due to having lower than average COVID-19 cases. COVID-19 vaccine A COVID‑19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID‑19 ). Before

1710-489: The city. As of May 25, 2020, all residents twelve and over, can book a vaccine appointment. On March 12, 2021, one of Ottawa's first mass vaccination sites opened at the Queensway-Carleton Hospital . The site is currently open to anyone eligible, and is appointment-only. The hospital plans to administer 1,100 daily doses at its peak. On March 11, the first identified COVID-19 case in Ottawa

1767-488: The closure of fitness centres and movie theatres. On October 14, it was announced that Ottawa had the highest rate of COVID-19 in the province. On October 15, a 53-year-old woman was charged with breaking the Quarantine Act for failing to self-isolate for 14 days after travelling abroad and returning to work at a long-term care home. On November 7, the city becomes part of the "orange-restrict" zone following

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1824-501: The doses purchased by high-income countries comprising 14% of the world's population. Despite the extremely rapid development of effective mRNA and viral vector vaccines , worldwide vaccine equity has not been achieved. The development and use of whole inactivated virus (WIV) and protein-based vaccines have also been recommended, especially for use in developing countries . The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

1881-735: The elderly, and those at high risk of exposure and transmission, such as healthcare workers. Common side effects of COVID‑19 vaccines include soreness, redness, rash, inflammation at the injection site, fatigue, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), and arthralgia (joint pain), which resolve without medical treatment within a few days. COVID‑19 vaccination is safe for people who are pregnant or are breastfeeding. As of 12 August 2024 , 13.72   billion doses of COVID‑19 vaccines have been administered worldwide, based on official reports from national public health agencies . By December 2020, more than 10 billion vaccine doses had been preordered by countries, with about half of

1938-527: The elderly, children, pregnant women , and people with weakened immune systems . Several COVID‑19 vaccines, such as the Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, use RNA to stimulate an immune response. When introduced into human tissue, the vaccine contains either self-replicating RNA or messenger RNA (mRNA), which both cause cells to express the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein . This teaches

1995-469: The entire province. Ottawa's stay-at-home orders were lifted on February 16, 2021, and Ottawa was moved into the " Orange-Restrict " category of prevention measures. In December 2020, Health Canada approved the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and the mRNA-1273 vaccine developed by Moderna . Widespread plans for COVID-19 vaccinations across Canada and the province began during the week of December 14, 2020. On February 26, 2021, Health Canada approved

2052-429: The family Coronaviridae that affect humans have been aimed at severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Vaccines against SARS and MERS have been tested in non-human animals . According to studies published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS was a priority for governments and public health agencies around

2109-488: The first COVID‑19 vaccines were developed and made available to the public through emergency authorizations and conditional approvals. Initially, most COVID‑19 vaccines were two-dose vaccines, with the exception single-dose vaccines Convidecia and the Janssen COVID‑19 vaccine , and vaccines with three-dose schedules, Razi Cov Pars and Soberana . However, immunity from the vaccines has been found to wane over time, requiring people to get booster doses of

2166-558: The first case of the B.1.351 variant (first identified in South African) of the virus was confirmed. On February 16, the city reopened into the province's "Orange-Restrict" zone. On February 17, two employees at the Stirling Park Retirement Community were fired after accusations one of them allowed their wife to be vaccinated while stopping a housekeeper from getting theirs. On March 2, it

2223-567: The government of Ontario allowed Ottawa to enter Stage 2 of reopening. Ottawa Public Health announced that masks are mandatory in all public indoor settings on July 15, 2020. On July 17, 2020, Ottawa was allowed into Stage 3 of reopening. Starting in the early summer of 2020, Ottawa saw a significant decline of new cases. Along with other areas of Canada, cases began to steadily rise in late summer and early autumn. Ottawa, Peel Region, York Region and Toronto began to face restrictions based on rising viral spread and were initially knocked back into

2280-454: The hardest hit care home in the city. The outbreak ended on June 18. On June 12, the city entered Stage 2 of the province's re-opening plan, allowing malls, businesses, restaurant patios and hair salons to re-open. On June 15, OC Transpo became the first public transit authority in Canada to make face masks mandatory. On July 7, masks are made mandatory in all indoor public spaces in the city. On July 15, Ottawa City Council approved

2337-516: The immune system and lessen the severity of COVID‑19 infections. There is experimental evidence that the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis has non-specific effects on the immune system, but there is no evidence that this vaccine is effective against COVID‑19. Most coronavirus vaccines are administered by injection, with further vaccine delivery methods being studied for future coronavirus vaccines. Intranasal vaccines target mucosal immunity in

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2394-516: The pathogen. The authorized vaccines of this type include the peptide vaccine EpiVacCorona , ZF2001 , MVC-COV1901 , Corbevax , the Sanofi–GSK vaccine , and Soberana 02 (a conjugate vaccine ). Bimervax (selvacovatein) was approved for use as a booster vaccine in the European Union in March 2023. The V451 vaccine was in clinical trials that were terminated after it was found that

2451-399: The platforms of vaccine candidates in clinical trials are focused on the coronavirus spike protein (S protein) and its variants as the primary antigen of COVID‑19 infection, since the S protein triggers strong B-cell and T-cell immune responses. However, other coronavirus proteins are also being investigated for vaccine development, like the nucleocapsid , because they also induce

2508-546: The province's new colour-coded tiered restriction system. This allowed for indoor dining to return with a 50-person limit and last call at 9pm. Gyms, fitness centres and movie theatres were also allowed to re-open. On December 14, the city received its first vaccine shipment, with 3,000 doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine arriving at the Ottawa Civic Hospital . On December 15, the first person in

2565-413: The synthetic vaccines use a 2P mutation to lock the spike protein into its prefusion configuration, stimulating an adaptive immune response to the virus before it attaches to a human cell. Vaccine platforms in development may improve flexibility for antigen manipulation and effectiveness for targeting mechanisms of COVID‑19 infection in susceptible population subgroups, such as healthcare workers,

2622-615: The vaccine may potentially cause incorrect results for subsequent HIV testing. The authorized vaccines of this type include the Novavax COVID‑19 vaccine . Additional types of vaccines that are in clinical trials include multiple DNA plasmid vaccines , at least two lentivirus vector vaccines, a conjugate vaccine , and a vesicular stomatitis virus displaying the SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein. Scientists investigated whether existing vaccines for unrelated conditions could prime

2679-535: The vaccine to maintain protection against COVID‑19. The COVID‑19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the spread of COVID‑19 and reducing the severity and death caused by COVID‑19. According to a June 2022 study, COVID‑19 vaccines prevented an additional 14.4 to 19.8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021. Many countries implemented phased distribution plans that prioritized those at highest risk of complications, such as

2736-720: The world at that time. There is no cure or protective vaccine proven to be safe and effective against SARS in humans. There is also no proven vaccine against MERS. When MERS became prevalent, it was believed that existing SARS research might provide a useful template for developing vaccines and therapeutics against a MERS-CoV infection. As of March 2020, there was one (DNA-based) MERS vaccine that completed Phase   I clinical trials in humans, and three others in progress, all being viral-vectored vaccines: two adenoviral-vectored (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac) and one MVA -vectored (MVA-MERS-S). Vaccines that use an inactive or weakened virus that has been grown in eggs typically take more than

2793-505: Was Razi Cov Pars in Iran at the end of October 2021. The first viral component of Sputnik V vaccine was authorised in Russia as Sputnik Nasal in April 2022. In September 2022, India and China approved two nasal COVID‑19 vaccines ( iNCOVACC and Convidecia ), which may (as boosters) also reduce transmission (potentially via sterilizing immunity). In December 2022, China approved

2850-518: Was announced that 34 pharmacies in the city could start offering the AstraZeneca vaccine to adults over 55. On April 3, the entire province goes under a four-week lockdown amid a rising case numbers as the province enters the third wave of the pandemic. On April 6, the province released a list of forward sortation areas declared as "hot spots" where adults 50 and over would be able to get vaccinations. In Ottawa, this included K1T and K1V in

2907-714: Was announced that police officers with the Ottawa Police Service would begin getting vaccinations on the 3rd. On March 12, the city opened its first mass vaccination community clinic at the Nepean Sportsplex , and is available to all residents over 90. On March 19, the city once again entered into the province's "red zone", which means limiting social gatherings to five people indoors and 25 people outdoors, restaurants only being able to seat ten people inside, tighter capacity at gyms, banning of team sports and closures of movie theatres. On April 1, it

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2964-586: Was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. Prior to COVID‑19, a vaccine for an infectious disease had never been produced in less than several years – and no vaccine existed for preventing a coronavirus infection in humans. However, vaccines have been produced against several animal diseases caused by coronaviruses, including (as of 2003) infectious bronchitis virus in birds, canine coronavirus , and feline coronavirus . Previous projects to develop vaccines for viruses in

3021-677: Was detected in the city from someone who had recently returned from the UK. On January 5, a pilot project began to move doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine from the Ottawa Hospital directly to long-term care homes. Residents at the Perley and Rideau Veterans' Health Centre are the first to receive the vaccine outside of a hospital. On January 8, it was announced that students would not be returning to school from Christmas vacation on

3078-462: Was found to be a travel-related case, showing that there was no evidence of community spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Ottawa. On March 25, 2020, Mayor Jim Watson declared a local state of emergency, eight days after Premier Doug Ford declared a provincial state of emergency. Initial restrictions preventing essential businesses from operating (such as the closure of indoor dining and personal care services) continued through until June 12, 2020, when

3135-491: Was previously cleared for Ebola. As multiple COVID‑19 vaccines have been authorized or licensed for use, real-world vaccine effectiveness (RWE) is being assessed using case control and observational studies. A study is investigating the long-lasting protection against SARS-CoV-2 provided by the mRNA vaccines. As of July 2021, at least nine different technology platforms were under research and development to create an effective vaccine against COVID‑19. Most of

3192-542: Was publicly endorsed by NIAID director Anthony Fauci , virologist Jeffery K. Taubenberger , and David M. Morens. In March 2022, the White House released the "National COVID‑19 Preparedness Plan", which recommended accelerating the development of a universal coronavirus vaccine. One attempt at such a vaccine is being developed at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research . It uses

3249-463: Was recorded. It was found to be a travel-related case, showing no evidence that there was community spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Ottawa. On March 13, the city's first COVID-19 Assessment Centre opens at Brewer Arena . On March 16, the city closed all municipal facilities. They would remain closed until June 2020. On March 25, Ottawa Mayor Jim Watson declares a state of emergency. On the same day, Ottawa has its first confirmed COVID-19 death when

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