The Saqqaq culture (named after the Saqqaq settlement, the site of many archaeological finds) was a Paleo-Eskimo culture in southern Greenland . Up to this day, no other people seem to have lived in Greenland continually for as long as the Saqqaq.
23-542: Dorsets may refer to: Dorset culture Dorset Regiment Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dorsets . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorsets&oldid=932800699 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
46-436: A Saqqaq person dubbed " Inuk " were found in western Greenland ( Qeqertarsuaq ) and have been DNA sequenced. He had brown eyes, black hair, and shovel-shaped teeth . It has been determined that he lived about 4000 years ago, and was related to native populations in northeastern Siberia. The Saqqaq people are not the ancestors of contemporary Kalaallit people, but instead are related to modern Chukchi and Koryak peoples. It
69-486: A distinctive mitten shape. The Dorset were highly skilled at making refined miniature carvings, and striking masks. Both indicate an active shamanistic tradition . The Dorset culture was remarkably homogeneous across the Canadian Arctic , but there were some important variations which have been noted in both Greenland and Newfoundland / Labrador regions. There appears to be no genetic connection between
92-683: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Dorset culture The Dorset was a Paleo-Eskimo culture, lasting from 500 BCE to between 1000 CE and 1500 CE , that followed the Pre-Dorset and preceded the Thule people (proto-Inuit) in the North American Arctic . The culture and people are named after Cape Dorset (now Kinngait) in Nunavut , Canada, where
115-526: Is divided into periods: the early (500–1 BCE ), middle (1–500 CE ), and late phases (500–1000 CE ), as well as perhaps a terminal phase (from c. 1000 onwards). The terminal phase, if it existed, would likely be closely related to the onset of the Medieval Warm Period , which started to warm the Arctic considerably around the mid-10th century. With the warmer climates,
138-827: Is not known whether they crossed in boats or over ice. Saqqaq people lived in small tents and hunted seals, seabirds, and other marine animals. The people of the Saqqaq culture used silicified slate, agate, quartzite , and rock crystals as materials for their tools. A genetic study published in Science in August 2014 examined the remains of six Saqqaq individuals buried in Qeqertasussuk, Greenland between ca. 3000 BCE and 1900 BCE. The five samples of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted belonged to haplogroups D2a1 (four samples) and D2a. These haplogroups also predominate in
161-619: The Greenlandic Norse people . Saqqaq culture The earliest known archaeological culture in southern Greenland, the Saqqaq existed from around 2500 BCE until about 800 BCE. This culture coexisted with the Independence I culture of northern Greenland, which developed around 2400 BCE and lasted until about 1300 BCE. After the Saqqaq culture disappeared, the Independence II culture of northern Greenland and
184-599: The sea ice became less predictable and was isolated from the High Arctic. The Dorset were highly adapted to living in a very cold climate, and much of their food is thought to have been from hunting sea mammals that breathe through holes in the ice. The massive decline in sea-ice which the Medieval Warm Period produced would have strongly affected the Dorset. They could have followed the ice north. Most of
207-689: The Dorset also extensively used a breathing-hole sealing technique and perhaps they would have taught this to the Inuit. But this has been questioned on the grounds that there is no evidence that the Dorset had dogs. Some elders describe peace with an ancient group of people, while others describe conflict. Scholars had thought that the Sadlermiut, a people living in near isolation mainly on and around Coats Island , Walrus Island , and Southampton Island in Hudson Bay up until 1902–03, might have been
230-500: The Dorset and the Thule who replaced them. Archaeological and legendary evidence is often thought to support some cultural contact, but this has been questioned. The Dorset people, for instance, engaged in seal-hole hunting, a method which requires several steps and includes the use of dogs. The Thule apparently did not use this technique in the time they had previously spent in Alaska. Settlement pattern data has been used to claim that
253-526: The Dorset and the Thule peoples." However, the question of why the Dorset disappeared so completely has led some to suggest that Thule invaders wiped out the Dorset people in "an example of prehistoric genocide." Inuit legends recount them encountering people they called the Tuniit (in syllabics : ᑐᓃᑦ, singular ᑐᓂᖅ Tuniq ). According to legend, the first inhabitants were giants, taller and stronger than
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#1732772792210276-441: The Dorset. The end-blades were hafted onto harpoon heads. They primarily used the harpoons to hunt seal, but also hunted larger sea mammals such as walrus and narwhals . They made lamps, called qulliq , from soapstone and filled them with seal oil. Burins were a type of stone flake with a chisel-like edge. They were probably either used for engraving or for carving wood or bone. Burins were also used by Pre-Dorset groups and had
299-578: The Dorsets lacked. Possibly, due to a shift from terrestrial to aquatic hunting, the bow and arrow became lost to the Dorset. Another piece of technology that is missing from the Dorset are drills : there are no drill holes in Dorset artifacts. Instead, the Dorset gouged lenticular holes. For example, bone needles have long, narrow holes that were painstakingly carved or gouged. Both the Pre-Dorset and Thule (Inuit) had drills. Dorset culture and history
322-478: The Early Dorset culture of West Greenland emerged. There is some debate about the timeframe of the transition from Saqqaq culture to Early Dorset in western Greenland. The Saqqaq culture came in two phases, the main difference of the two being that the newer phase adopted the use of sandstone. The younger phase of the Saqqaq culture coincides with the oldest phase of the Dorset culture. Frozen remains of
345-479: The Inuit but afraid to interact and "easily put to flight". In 1925 anthropologist Diamond Jenness received artifacts from Cape Dorset , now Kinngait. As they were quite different from those of the Inuit, he speculated that they were indicative of an ancient, preceding culture. Jenness named the culture "Dorset" after the location of the find. These artifacts showed a consistent and distinct cultural pattern that included sophisticated art distinct from that of
368-535: The Inuit. For example, the carvings featured uniquely large hairstyles for women, and figures of both sexes wearing hoodless parkas with large, tall collars. Much research since then has revealed many details of the Dorset people and their culture. The origins of the Dorset people are not well understood. They may have developed from the previous cultures of Pre-Dorset , Saqqaq or (less likely) Independence I . There are, however, problems with this theory: these earlier cultures had bow and arrow technology which
391-507: The Sadlermiut and the Dorset. A genetic study published in Science in August 2014 examined the remains of nineteen Dorset people buried in Canada and Greenland between ca. 170 BCE and 1320 CE . The sixteen samples of mtDNA extracted were determined to belong to haplogroup D2a1 (twelve samples), D2a (three samples) and D. These haplogroups also predominate in the preceding Saqqaq culture, suggesting genetic continuity between
414-541: The evidence suggests that they disappeared some time between 1000 and 1500. Radiocarbon dating has shown the Dorset were living in the Cambridge Bay area as late as 1350 CE, while the Thule Inuit moved into the area around 1200 CE. Scientists have suggested that they disappeared because they were unable to adapt to climate change or that they were vulnerable to newly introduced disease. The Dorset adaptation
437-416: The first evidence of its existence was found. The culture has been defined as having four phases due to the distinct differences in the technologies relating to hunting and tool making. Artifacts include distinctive triangular end-blades, oil lamps ( qulliq ) made of soapstone , and burins . The Dorset were first identified as a separate culture in 1925. The Dorset appear to have been extinct by 1500 at
460-485: The last remnants of the Dorset culture, as they had a culture and dialect distinct from the mainland Inuit . Encounters with Europeans and exposure to infectious disease caused the deaths of the last members of the Sadlermiut. A 2002 paper suggested that the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Sadlermiut people was related to that of both the Dorset and Thule peoples, perhaps suggesting local admixture. A subsequent 2012 genetic analysis, however, showed no genetic link between
483-477: The latest and perhaps as early as 1000. The Thule people, who began migrating east from Alaska in the 11th century, ended up spreading through the lands previously inhabited by the Dorset. It is not fully known whether the Inuit and Dorset ever met. Some modern genetic studies show the Dorset population were distinct from later groups and that "There was virtually no evidence of genetic or cultural interaction between
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#1732772792210506-493: The two. The authors of the study suggested that the ancestors of the Saqqaq and Dorset entered North America from Siberia in a single distinct migration about 4000 BCE , after which they remained genetically largely isolated for thousands of years. The Dorset were genetically distinct from the Thule people who, after expanding out of Siberia, completely replaced the Dorset people around 1300 CE . The study also found no evidence of genetic mixing between Dorset people and
529-416: Was different from that of the whaling -based Thule Inuit. Unlike the Inuit, they rarely hunted land animals, such as polar bears and caribou . They did not use bows or arrows. Instead, they seem to have relied on seals and other sea mammals that they apparently hunted from holes in the ice. Their clothing must have been adapted to the extreme conditions. Triangular end-blades and burins are diagnostic of
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