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83-464: Davar was established by Moshe Beilinson and Berl Katznelson , with Katznelson as its first editor, as the newspaper of the Histadrut. The first edition was published on 1 June 1925 under the name Davar – Iton Poalei Eretz Yisrael (lit. Davar – Newspaper of Eretz Yisrael Workers ). The paper was successful, and published several supplements, including Davar HaPoelet ( [Female] Worker's Davar ,

166-546: A "mixed militia" of Jews and Arabs, and some of the legion's soldiers and veterans joined its Jewish section. During the 1921 Palestine riots , on Margolin’s initiative, several dozen armed soldiers of the battalion arrived in Jaffa and Tel Aviv and participated in defending the area against Arab rioters. Among other actions, they prevented Arabs from breaking into the Jewish compound of Batay Varsha (Jaffa). Their intervention in

249-656: A commemorative stamp. Jewish Legion The Jewish Legion was a series of battalions of Jewish soldiers who served in the British Army during World War I . Some participated in the British conquest of Palestine from the Ottomans . The formation of the battalions had several motives: the expulsion of the Ottomans, gaining military experience, and the hope that their contribution would favorably influence

332-701: A debate arose within the Jewish Yishuv regarding enlistment. The decision was made at the First Constituent Assembly on 2 January 1918, following a discussion in which the leadership of " Poalei Zion " supported enlistment and volunteering. Moshe Smilansky and Eliyahu Golomb argued that joining the Jewish Battalions was a political endeavor that elevated the status of the Yishuv in the eyes of its new rulers and contributed to

415-496: A decisive meeting between Trumpeldor, Jabotinsky, and senior officials at the War Office, the formation of a combat Jewish battalion was realized. Initially, the battalion was called "The Jewish Regiment" (a regiment usually consisting of two battalions), and its symbol was a menorah with the slogan "Kadima," meaning "forward" in both "advance" and "eastward." They recommended John Henry Patterson as its commander, as he had led

498-489: A lack of trust in a military unit composed entirely of Jewish volunteers and a lack of intent to fight the Ottomans in Eretz Yisrael at that time. Significant support also did not come from most Jewish leaders or communities. However, a few Zionist figures tried to assist Jabotinsky. The most notable was Meir Grossman, with whom he founded the newspaper "Di Tribune"—later known as "Unser Tribune"—to promote propaganda for

581-564: A majority of Christian officers. Recruitment for this battalion took place in England. In August 1917, two official notices were issued: one obligating Russian citizens residing in England to enlist in the army, and the other announcing the establishment of the Jewish battalion. Despite obstacles, the assimilated Jews in London continued to oppose its existence and tried to dissolve it. Although they failed in their efforts, their influence led to

664-525: A member of an assimilated English-Jewish family who had previously served as a battalion commander on the French front, took command. He expected a promotion to brigadier but, upon receiving a letter stating that Jewish officers were needed for the Jewish Legion, left his unit, forgoing the brigadier position, and joined the 40th Battalion. After him, the battalion was commanded by Colonel M.P. Scott, who

747-628: A revolution in Russia. The Okhrana was successful in its activities against the revolutionaries, and SR activists went into exile from Russia . Lenin and his colleagues also established the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , competing with the SR in exile. When the war broke out, a meeting was held among the SR exiles' leadership, which was divided between left and right. Supporters of Ilya Fondaminsky argued that

830-458: A shabby old armchair in one of the two book-lined rooms in which he lived in the heart of old Tel-Aviv, where everyone came to see him and where he worked (because he hated going to an office). 'Berl would like you to stop by' was like a command that no one disobeyed. Not that he held court or ever gave orders, but nothing was done, no decision of any importance to the Labour movement in particular or

913-399: A women's paper), HaMeshek HaShitufi ( Co-operative Economy ), Davar HaShvua ( Davar This Week ) and Davar LeYeldim ( Davar for Children ), as well as the union newsletter Va'adken ( Update ). By 1950 it had around 400 employees and had an extensive distribution system. Upon Katznelson's death in 1944 Zalman Shazar , later President of Israel , took over as editor. Hana Zemer edited

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996-503: Is invaluable; and this is what the Prime Minister of South Africa—a great lover of peace himself—meant when he said: Letting Jews fight for the land of Israel is one of the most beautiful ideas I have ever heard in my life. To the members of his battalion who were about to return to their homes overseas, he said: You will return to your family far across the sea; and there, as you browse the newspaper, you will read good news about

1079-773: The Clalit Health Services sick fund, a major fixture in Israel's network of socialized medicine . In 1925, together with Moshe Beilinson, Katznelson established the Davar daily newspaper, and became its first editor, a position he held until his death, as well as becoming the founder and first editor-in-chief of the Am Oved publishing house. Katznelson was well known for his desire for peaceful coexistence between Arabs and Jews in Mandatory Palestine. He

1162-648: The East End and Whitechapel . The efforts to form the battalion were highly determined and carried out against the odds: Horatio Kitchener , the British Secretary of War , believed that Britain did not need "exotic armies" and that the war would not reach Eretz Yisrael. Most of the Zionist movement leaders, as mentioned earlier, tried to thwart the initiative, and above all, there was great apathy among young London Jews , most of whom saw no need to enlist in

1245-715: The establishment of the modern state of Israel . He was also the editor of Davar , the first daily newspaper of the Histadrut . Katznelson was born to a Lithuanian Jewish family in Babruysk , Russian Empire (nowadays Belarus ), the son of a member of Hovevei Zion . He dreamed of settling in the Jewish homeland from an early age. In Russia, he was a librarian in a Hebrew-Yiddish library and taught Hebrew literature and Jewish history. He made aliyah to Ottoman Palestine in 1909, where he worked in agriculture and took an active role in organizing workers' federations based on

1328-504: The "First Judean" battalion marked a British policy against an independent Jewish defense force in the Yishuv in response to Arab aggression. At the time of the disbandment of the Jewish Battalions, a plan was proposed to establish a militia called the "Palestine Defense Force" or "Defense Corps of Palestine" (various translations of the English term). To establish this guard force, a number of officers and about 30 sergeants were retained in

1411-517: The 20th Battalion joined the new Jewish battalion, and its members became the core of the unit. The 38th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) —commonly referred to as the "London Battalion"—was mainly composed of Jews from London, England, with a smaller number of Americans. This battalion, led by Patterson due to his success with the Zion Mule Corps, had two-thirds of its officers as Jews, whereas other battalions had

1494-476: The British army for the conquest of Eretz Yisrael. The document bore 100 signatures, with the first being those of Ze'ev Gluskin, Jabotinsky, and Trumpeldor. Subsequently, they began negotiations with various elements within the British army and government. After numerous negotiations, Britain partially agreed to the initiative, and a Jewish unit was formed with volunteers from the exiles in Egypt . The unit’s purpose

1577-631: The British army, did not identify with its war, and did not identify with Zionism or the idea of conquering Eretz Yisrael. Nevertheless, voices in Britain began to grow in favor of compulsory enlistment. The people of the kingdom witnessed the heavy losses among the youth on the battlefields compared to the "café dwellers," many of whom were European refugees in London, including young Jews. The British Home Office later ordered compulsory enlistment for British citizens. The foreign Jews initially refused enlistment. Jabotinsky and his supporters clarified to both

1660-463: The British authorities and the young Jews that joining a Jewish battalion was the only way out of the predicament. Two catalysts then appeared: an editorial supporting the idea in the influential newspaper "The Times" and a group of 120 former members of the Zion Mule Corps, along with Trumpeldor, who joined the 20th Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers and formed a Jewish company within it. After

1743-542: The British forces in the hills of Ephraim, an area where the British forces were engaged in skirmishes against the Ottomans. The main enemy of the battalion soldiers was not the Ottomans but malaria , which afflicted many. In mid-August, the battalion was sent to the Jordan front, where it served as a link throughout the British front. In September, at the beginning of the Battle of Megiddo , Patterson received orders to capture

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1826-528: The Egyptian headquarters. As this was against the "agreement," its soldiers refused to comply. Scott supported their stance and excused them from the order. After his service, Scott remained a supporter of Zionism, quoted as saying: "England has been honored: We tore a page from the Bible inscribed with the oldest prophecy—adding England's pledge to the promissory note of God. Such a signature cannot be renounced by

1909-630: The Germans. Therefore, the "German" Jews opposed the battalions vehemently, and Chaim Weizmann yielded to them, opposing the battalions mainly because the one protecting the Yishuv in Palestine was a German general. There was also a real fear that the Ottomans would carry out a massacre of the Jews if they decided that the Jews were a fifth column, as they had done to the Armenians . Pinhas Rutenberg

1992-410: The Jewish Legion. The primary mission of this battalion was to perform guard and security duties. It was formed after the British forces entered Eretz Yisrael, and many local youths wanted to participate in the Jewish military effort. Even before the 38th Battalion arrived, there were already 1,500 youths prepared to volunteer, one-third of whom were women, though the women were not enlisted. The desire of

2075-430: The Jewish people and meet Weizmann. Mintz clarified that for Rutenberg, these were not separate domains. Before his trip, Rutenberg had not spoken about or sought a solution to the Jewish question, but this was a result of Rutenberg's discussions with the SR leadership, who sent him to France. Mintz does not believe that Rutenberg's return to the Jewish people was insincere but emphasizes the alignment between his conduct and

2158-563: The Umm al-Shert Bridge in the Jordan Valley , the only bridge in the area (located directly east of the moshav Netiv HaGdud , named after this operation). The first company sent to the location came under fire, its captain Julian was barely rescued, the lieutenant was wounded and taken prisoner, and a private was killed. Jabotinsky then led the second company to seize the site, and the mission

2241-676: The United States entered World War I in April 1917, their stance changed. This battalion was recruited in the United States. The principal initiators of its establishment were Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and David Ben-Gurion , who were exiled from Palestine during the war by Djemal Pasha . They changed their position after the Balfour Declaration . About 5,000 volunteers (though not all managed to arrive in Eretz Yisrael) formed

2324-455: The Yishuv. For two months, uprisings broke out in Egypt, and the sense of Arab national awakening also reached Eretz Yisrael, but it did not ignite significant actions. After the war ended, the morale of the soldiers in the legion declined, and most of the English and American soldiers wanted to return to their home countries. The British military administration in Eretz Yisrael did not align with

2407-584: The Zion Mule Corps throughout its operations in Gallipoli. Trumpeldor, who had served as the deputy commander of the Mule Corps in Gallipoli and succeeded Patterson in its final months, was initially denied an officer's commission by the British, so he returned to Russia to promote his idea of forming a massive Jewish army to fight on the Caucasus front and advance toward Eretz Yisrael. The Jewish company of

2490-422: The Zionist movement decided on neutrality, in practice, this was not the case, as Zionists in each country supported their homeland. For instance, German Zionists believed that if Germany won the war, the Jews' situation would improve, as their status in Russia was worse compared to Germany. Rutenberg then went to Italy and established an organization for the Jewish cause. The basic idea was that if Italy joined

2573-503: The army, intended to be the command staff of the first battalion of the future guard force. However, after the riots in May 1921, in which the sergeants left their base without permission to assist Jewish defense forces, Colonel Margolin, the force commander, decided to resign, and the military authorities dismissed all personnel and canceled the plan to establish the guard. Some of the dismissed soldiers later became instructors and commanders in

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2656-404: The battalion is clear to anyone capable of honest and fair thinking. War is a terrible thing—a sacrifice of human lives. But today, no one can accuse us: Where were you? Why didn't you demand: Let us, as Jews, give our lives for Eretz Yisrael? – Now we have an answer: Five thousand; and there could have been many more had your leaders not delayed our matter for two and a half years. This moral aspect

2739-440: The battalion, which operated under British command. The battalion’s commander was Colonel Eliezer Margolin . It included a core group of members from the " HaHalutz " (The Pioneer) movement and " Poalei Zion ," meaning, unlike the 38th British Battalion, most of its members were Zionists. In 1918, the battalion’s soldiers were sent to Eretz Yisrael, where the 38th Battalion had also arrived. About half of its members participated in

2822-614: The battalions are described in the song "Aryeh, Aryeh." The Menorah Club was a club for veterans of the 'Jewish Battalions,' established in Jerusalem in 1923. Initially located on Jaffa Street, it moved near the Bezalel Academy in 1929. Various gatherings, parties, and events were held at the club. "Beit HaGdudim" is a museum commemorating their work. It is located in Avihayil , a moshav founded by battalion veterans. It

2905-830: The battalions were disbanded shortly after the war. However, their activities significantly contributed to the establishment of defense organizations like the Haganah and the Irgun (which later became the foundation for the Israel Defense Forces ). During World War I, a debate emerged within the Zionist leadership: whether to support one of the sides—the Entente Powers versus the Central Powers —or to maintain neutrality, and which policy would best ensure

2988-664: The battalions. Pinhas Rutenberg and Chaim Weizmann also supported Jabotinsky's initiative, but the Zionist Organization strongly opposed it, and its executive committee issued an order to all Zionists in Europe to fight against the propaganda supporting the Jewish Legion. Jabotinsky eventually reached London, focusing his efforts there for the next two years. He decided to concentrate on around 30,000 Jews, mostly young men who were refugees from Russia, Poland , and Galicia , residing as refugees in London, particularly in

3071-477: The cancellation of the name "The Jewish Regiment" and the menorah symbol. Instead, it was given the name of a regular British battalion—the 38th Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers. The War Minister promised, however, that the battalion would regain its symbols after proving itself in combat. The public and the press still referred to it by its original name, the recruitment office displayed Hebrew signs, and

3154-557: The combat Jewish battalions formed later. Its recruits were Jews exiled to Egypt by the Ottoman Empire. It was established in the spring of 1915 and was responsible for transporting supplies to the front lines during the Battle of Gallipoli in Turkey . The unit was praised for its performance. After the failed campaign, and as the British refused to transfer it to another front, the corps was disbanded, and some of its members joined

3237-609: The consumer co-operative known as Hamashbir with the goal of supplying the Jewish communities of Palestine with food at affordable prices during the terrible shortage years of the First World War . When the British army reached southern Palestine in 1918, Katznelson joined the Jewish Legion . He was released from the army in 1920 and resumed his activities in the Labor Zionist movement. He helped to establish

3320-498: The demand to establish a Jewish national entity in Eretz Yisrael. Military experience gained within the battalions, as well as the spirit of volunteerism, was later transferred to defensive frameworks like the Tel Aviv Keda Group, most of whose members were former battalion members, and later also into the underground movements operating in the land. In his book "The Legion Scroll," Jabotinsky wrote: The moral value of

3403-595: The freedom of Jews in a free Jewish land—about workshops and cathedrals, about plowed fields and theaters, and perhaps also about members of parliament and ministers. And you will be lost in thought, and the newspaper will slip from your hand; and you will remember the Jordan Valley, and the desert behind Rafah, and the hills above Aboein . Stand up then, approach the mirror, and look with pride upon yourself, stand tall and salute: This is—your very own handiwork. The enlistment, service, and experience of military life in

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3486-605: The idea of "common work, life and aspirations." Together with his cousin, Yitzhak Tabenkin , Katznelson was one of the founding fathers of the workers union, the Histadrut founded in 1920 in Mandatory Palestine and then part of the Yishuv (the body of Jewish residents in the region before Israel's creation). In this capacity, together with Meir Rothberg of the Kinneret Farm , Katznelson founded in 1916

3569-584: The idea of a republic in Israel. To convince the Entente Powers, Jewish legions composed of Jewish exiles needed to be established. According to Prof. Matityahu Mintz, Rutenberg preceded Jabotinsky. Rutenberg acted in September 1914, while Jabotinsky began in 1915. The question arises as to what motivated Rutenberg, who was traveling on behalf of the SR to the capitals of Britain and France to pressure Russia for greater democratization, to engage with

3652-556: The interests of the party and Russia. The evidence for maintaining ties and prioritizing the party's interests was Rutenberg's rapid and smooth integration into the government leadership after the February Revolution of 1917 during Alexander Kerensky's social-revolutionary administration. The SR, as well as the Cadets, thought that the number of Jews in Russia was too large, and it would be better if they left Russia before

3735-439: The land of Israel. In 1915, Jabotinsky arrived at Camp Jabari, near Alexandria , where 1,200 Jews expelled from Palestine by the Ottomans or who fled due to the harsh living conditions gradually gathered, along with Yosef Trumpeldor. Jabotinsky presented his ideas for establishing a Jewish military unit. On the 18th of Adar , 5675, a document was drafted stating the decision to establish a Jewish battalion offering its services to

3818-537: The land. In the Autumn Offensive of Allenby 1918, only "a battalion and a half" participated, but a year later, the battalions numbered 5,000 soldiers (actually, according to British War Office records, 10,000 men were accepted into the battalions, but half did not reach Eretz Yisrael because the war had already ended). The presence of the battalions in Eretz Yisrael moderated the Arab population's attitude toward

3901-659: The local Palestinian Jewish youth to enlist met the initiative of Major General John Hill, commander of the 52nd Division, who called on the young men of the Yishuv in areas already conquered by the British to join the army and assist in further conquests of the land. Most of the volunteers were young "activists" from the labor camp, members of the Jaffa Group and the Small Assembly, as well as high school students from Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium , who campaigned vigorously for recruitment. Their initiative met resistance, and

3984-569: The military campaigns in the Jordan Valley and Samaria during the time the 38th Battalion was also present there. After the capture of the Umm-Shert Bridge, half of the battalion moved to the area of Jericho and then to Gilead to complete the British conquest of Eretz Yisrael. Some members of the battalion only arrived in the land after the war ended. The 40th Battalion was known as " the Palestinian Battalion " of

4067-406: The nation." The composition of the three battalions by country of origin was estimated as follows: 1,700 Americans, 1,500 Palestinian Jews, 1,400 English, 300 Canadians, 50 Argentinians, and about 50 Jewish prisoners released from Ottoman captivity. In the first year after the conquest of Eretz Yisrael (1919), the battalions comprised a significant portion of the British forces maintaining order in

4150-412: The newly formed Haganah. Even though the battalions’ contribution to the campaign was limited, their existence was significant as the first Jewish military force of the modern era. It was an open, non-clandestine force bearing Jewish symbols, and its language was Hebrew. The existence of the battalions provided proof of the possible strength of the Jewish people and gave moral and ethical justification for

4233-641: The opinion that this is the best of all solutions, and in the days of gloom I was reinforced in my awareness that it must come someday. But I never imagined that the transfer would be merely to the neighborhood of Nablus. I always believed that they were destined to be transferred to Syria and Iraq. Katznelson also spoke of Jewish self-hatred , saying: "Is there another People on Earth so emotionally twisted that they consider everything their nation does despicable and hateful, while every murder, rape, robbery committed by their enemies fill their hearts with admiration and awe?" Katznelson died of an aneurysm in 1944 and

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4316-513: The opposition from the leadership of HaPoel HaTzair, there were volunteers from this movement who joined the battalion. In parallel with the enlistment campaign conducted in Tel Aviv , which resulted in one company of volunteers, Baron James de Rothschild led a recruitment campaign in Jerusalem , producing a second company of recruits. The volunteers from Jerusalem included some students from

4399-583: The paper between 1970 and 1990. After the formation of the Labor Party by the merger of Mapai , Ahdut HaAvoda and Rafi in 1968, LaMerhav , the Ahdut HaAvoda-affiliated newspaper merged into Davar . Its last edition published on 31 May 1971 with Davar officially renamed " Davar – Meuhad Im LaMerhav " (lit. Davar – United with LaMerhav ). By the 1980s the paper was in severe financial difficulties. After Zemer retired in 1990,

4482-404: The paper had joint editors Yoram Peri and Daniel Bloch . The paper was renamed Davar Rishon and Ron Ben-Yishai took over as editor. However, the Histadrut closed the newspaper in 1996. Its building on the corner of Melchett and Shenkin streets in Tel Aviv was demolished and replaced by an apartment block. In 2016, Davar Rishon was relaunched as a web-only news publication. In April, 2019

4565-415: The pogrom led to the end of their service and closed the chapter on the planned "militia." The "First Judean" battalion was disbanded by the British in May 1921. The disbandment of the battalions thwarted Jabotinsky’s vision of establishing an official Jewish army and led the Yishuv to establish a clandestine armed force—the " Haganah ," which, as its name suggests, was primarily defensive. The disbandment of

4648-473: The pro-Zionist sentiments of London and sought to disband the battalions, which they saw as potentially igniting conflict with the local Arabs. By spring 1920, the first two battalions were already disbanded, and the remnants of their soldiers joined the Palestinian battalion, now under Margolin's command. The War Minister’s promise was fulfilled, and the battalion was renamed the "First Judean." Its symbol

4731-399: The proud soldiers of the legion were received with loud cheers in the streets. The next day, the battalion set off for France, then through Italy to Egypt. The 38th Battalion trained in Egypt and was later sent to Eretz Yisrael. There were already many volunteers from among the local youth who would later form the 40th Battalion. In early June, the battalion was stationed on the front lines of

4814-528: The revolution, as it would be beneficial for the Jews as well. The SR was aware of the Jews' animosity toward the autocratic regime in Russia, alongside the growing Jewish sympathy for Germany, which had granted them freedom and rights. Rutenberg adopted this SR stance. The idea of battalions that would conquer the land from the Ottomans, allies of the Germans, served the interests of the Russian homeland, allied with France and Britain. Mintz noted that even when

4897-412: The soldiers and officers wore Star of David insignias on their left arm (the 38th Battalion had a light purple Star of David , the 39th was red, and the 40th was blue). The soldiers trained at a camp near Portsmouth. On 2 February 1918, the Jewish battalion marched through the main streets of London and Whitechapel. Great excitement was felt among the city's Jews, many shops hung blue and white flags, and

4980-530: The strength of the community. Members of the " HaPoel HaTzair " party, including Yosef Sprinzak and A.D. Gordon , were the main opponents, arguing that the Yishuv’s efforts should focus on settlement and agriculture, alongside a pacifist ideology that opposed participation in imperialist and bloody wars. Another argument was the fear of harm to the settlers of the Galilee, who were still under Turkish rule. Despite

5063-457: The subsequent Jewish battalions. Unlike Trumpeldor , Jabotinsky was not satisfied with the formation of the Zion Mule Corps, which was not a combat unit and did not participate in the fight for Eretz Yisrael. He traveled to Europe to continue advocating for the battalions. Jabotinsky made contact with numerous statesmen but faced failures in gaining genuine support for his initiative in Britain, France, and Russia. The resistance stemmed from both

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5146-483: The support for a Jewish national home in the land when a new world order was established after the war. The idea for the battalions was proposed by Pinhas Rutenberg , Dov Ber Borochov , and Ze'ev Jabotinsky , and carried out by Jabotinsky and Joseph Trumpeldor , who aspired for the battalions to become the independent military force of the Yishuv in Eretz Yisrael . Their vision did not fully materialize, as

5229-467: The survival of the Jewish community in Palestine during the war and benefit its aspirations for a national home afterward. This debate created a rift between those who supported the Entente Powers and those who supported the Central Powers. At that time, Jews of German origin were patriotic to their country of origin, while the battalions were a British initiative against the Ottomans, allies of

5312-464: The teacher's seminary and mostly members of the old Yishuv who enlisted with the blessing of the rabbis. General Allenby was initially reluctant to the idea of a unit of Jewish soldiers under his command, but Zionist political activity in London led to its establishment, and 1,000 volunteers were accepted into its ranks. Smilansky, who also enlisted, spearheaded the recruitment campaign. This battalion

5395-500: The transfer of the natives of Palestine be extended, citing as a positive model the Soviet deportation of the Volga Germans to Siberia. In a 1937 congress of the Mapai he stated: The question of the transfer of population has given rise to discussion among us: is it allowed or forbidden? My conscience is clear on this point absolutely. A remote neighbor is better than a close enemy. They will not lose from being transferred and we shall certainly not lose from it . . . I have long been of

5478-419: The war on the side of the Entente Powers, the first Jewish battalions would be formed in Italy. Dov Ber Borochov also arrived in Italy from Vienna after the Austrian police made it clear that it would be better for him to leave the Austro-Hungarian Empire , an ally of Germany. In Milan , Rutenberg and Borochov met after David Goldstein, a member of Poale Zion , connected them. Borochov joined Rutenberg and

5561-420: The war would shake the tsarist regime and therefore should enlist and aid the British to bring the revolution closer. There was also an opposing trend led by Viktor Chernov , a rival to Rutenberg, who opposed this approach. Rutenberg went to London, met with Weizmann, and tried to convince him to support the establishment of the Jewish battalions. Rutenberg told Weizmann that the war was an opportunity to advance

5644-415: The website was closed for several weeks in a labor dispute. It reopened with a new editorial desk. In October 2019 it started to publish also an English edition. In January 2020 it started to publish an Arabic edition. Berl Katznelson Berl Katznelson ( Hebrew : ברל כצנלסון ‎, 25 January 1887 – 12 August 1944) was one of the intellectual founders of Labor Zionism and was instrumental to

5727-467: The work. Rutenberg would work in the United States , and Jabotinsky in Britain, as Rutenberg aimed to establish a non-Zionist Jewish Congress in the U.S. According to Mintz, Rutenberg brought a booklet, manifesto, to the U.S., began participating in conferences, organized a committee, and started a newspaper for the Jewish Congress. Borochov was the editor of the newspaper and also wrote the articles. A conflict broke out between Rutenberg and Ben-Gurion, who

5810-409: The yishuv in general, was taken without Berl's opinion being sought first." Katznelson is commemorated in many places, in name. Beit Berl near Tzofit , Ohalo (lit. his tent ) on Sea of Galilee , and Kibbutz Be'eri (which takes Katznelson's literary name ). Many streets throughout Israel are named in his memory, including a High School in Kfar Saba , and the Israeli Postal Service has issued

5893-401: The yoke of subjugation rushed to place this yoke on the shoulders of others. Over the generations in which we were persecuted and exiled and slaughtered, we learned not only the pain of exile and subjugation, but also contempt for tyranny. Was that only a case of sour grapes? Are we now nurturing the dream of slaves who wish to reign? In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Katznelson advocated that

5976-474: Was Christian. The battalion did not participate in battles, and its soldiers served in support roles for the British army and guarded prisoners. In December 1918, the battalion was moved to the Sarafand (now Tzrifin) area, and some of its soldiers, those who found work, were released from service. By the end of 1919, part of the battalion was stationed at Rafah and received an order to send 80 of its soldiers to

6059-555: Was a member of the Socialist Revolutionary (SR) party, which, unlike the Bolsheviks , supported an alliance with Britain. David Ben-Gurion and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi were pro-Ottoman and opposed the battalions. What changed their minds completely was the Balfour Declaration , after which they enlisted in the battalion. During the period leading up to the outbreak of the war in 1914, revolutionaries were waiting for

6142-543: Was active in leading this organization. He managed to organize not only Jews but also intellectuals, politicians, and Italian ministers, like Luigi Luzzatti . In 1915, they joined, but Rutenberg decided to go to the United States. Before that, he traveled to Bari in Italy and invited Jabotinsky, Ben-Gurion, and Ben-Zvi to present the plan. Ben-Gurion and Ben-Zvi refused to come, and only Jabotinsky met with Rutenberg before Jabotinsky's trip to London. Rutenberg and Jabotinsky divided

6225-464: Was also in the U.S., as Ben-Gurion continued to support the Ottoman orientation. Ben-Zvi joined Ben-Gurion, although Mintz notes that their relationship soured in the U.S. because Ben-Gurion published a book in which he attributed all the work to himself. According to Mintz, there is no doubt that Ben-Gurion downplayed Ben-Zvi's contributions. There was no conflict between Ben-Zvi and Borochov, as Ben-Zvi

6308-556: Was an outspoken opponent of the Peel Commission 's partition plan for Palestine. He stated: I do not wish to see the realization of Zionism in the form of the new Polish state with Arabs in the position of the Jews and the Jews in the position of the Poles, the ruling people. For me this would be the complete perversion of the Zionist ideal... Our generation has been witness to the fact that nations aspiring to freedom who threw off

6391-645: Was buried at his request in the cemetery on the shores of the Sea of Galilee , next to Sarah Shmukler. In her biography, Golda Meir remembers Berl Katznelson as a pivotal figure in the life of the Jewish community in Palestine: "Berl was not at all physically impressive. He was small, his hair was always untidy, his clothes always looked rumpled. But his lovely smile lit up his face, and [he] looked right through you, so that no one who ever talked to Berl forgot him. I think of him as I saw him, hundreds of times, buried in

6474-401: Was formed in Eretz Yisrael. Among the enlistees were Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, David Ben-Gurion, and Berl Katznelson , who were already public leaders in the Yishuv but served as privates in the battalion. The 40th Battalion completed its initial training near Tel El-Kebir in Egypt, under the command of Colonel Margolin. After Margolin was appointed to command the 39th Battalion, Colonel Frederick Samuel,

6557-425: Was from Borochov's hometown, his student, and a close friend, and they respected each other. One of the most prominent figures supporting the activist line was Ze'ev Jabotinsky , who, knowing the Ottoman Empire, predicted its days were numbered during the war and that this would impact the future governance of Eretz Yisrael. He argued that the Jews should openly support Britain and help its military efforts to capture

6640-514: Was set as a transport unit on the Gallipoli front in Turkey. The means of transport of that time gave the unit its name: the "Zion Mule Corps." However, its activities were not connected to Eretz Yisrael, as Britain did not yet plan to attack there. Several bodies and groups opposed the establishment of the battalions, and some actively tried to stop their formation: The Zion Mule Corps preceded

6723-468: Was successfully completed on the 22nd of the month. From there, the battalion advanced to the area of As-Salt, east of the Jordan River, where the 39th Battalion had already preceded them, and it established a garrison there. In Gilead , the British completed their conquest of Eretz Yisrael, and the battalion returned to its western side, taking Ottoman and German prisoners. Subsequently, the battalion

6806-560: Was tasked with guarding military facilities. The 39th Battalion was known as " the American Battalion ," with most of its soldiers coming from the Jewish community in the United States, and a minority from England. The origins of its formation lie in Pinhas Rutenberg ’s 1915 initiative to create a military unit composed of American and Canadian Jews. Initially, American Jews did not agree to his initiative, but when

6889-475: Was the menorah, and its motto was "Kadima." It was the first military body to have all its symbols in Hebrew. The Palestinian volunteers attempted to remain despite the demobilization orders strongly enforced by the military command. Many were torn between military service and labor, but some managed to extend their service by several months. Gradually, only 400 soldiers remained. Herbert Samuel planned to establish

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